Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: 1) Allgemeine Lage in der Region Sool; Allgemeine Lage der Ashraf in Somalia; 2) Zwangsrekrutierung durch die al-Shabaab in Kismaayo [a-7963]

10. April 2012
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1) Allgemeine Lage in der Region Sool; Allgemeine Lage der Ashraf in Somalia
Laut einem von Conciliation Resources (CR) veröffentlichten Bericht der Autoren Mark Bradbury und Sally Healy von 2010 sei Puntland ein „Ethno-Staat“, der auf der Einheit des Harti-Clans beruhe. Der Harti-Clan vereine die ethnischen Gruppen Majeerteen, Dhulbahante und Warsengeli, die in den Regionen Sool und Eastern Sanaag angesiedelt seien. Diese Regionen würden auch von Somaliland beansprucht. Die territorialen Konflikte zwischen Puntland und Somaliland hätten zeitweise zu gewaltsamen Zusammenstößen geführt:
„Puntland is a form of ‘ethno-state’, founded on the unity of the Harti clan. Along with the Majeerteen, this includes the Dhulbahante and Warsengeli clans of Sool and Eastern Sanaag regions over which Somaliland also claims sovereignty. The territorial dispute between Puntland and Somaliland has at times escalated into violent clashes and remains a deep fault line in Somali politics.“ (CR, 2010, S. 3)
Laut einem Artikel von Somalia Report vom Mai 2011 sei es in der Region Sool nahe dem Bezirk Tukaraq zu Zusammenstößen zwischen Streitkräften Puntlands und Somalilands gekommen:
“Puntland and Somaliland forces have today clashed in Gambara near Tukaraq district in Sool region, some 28 kilometers away from the provincial capital of Las'anod, after Somaliland forces moved towards Puntland's base in Tukaraq.
There are varied reports on killed and wounded soldiers, but both sides and witnesses said there were no civilian casualities. Local residents told Somalia Report that 2 Puntland soldiers and 3 Somaliland soldiers were killed. However, Somaliland official, Yasin Abdi Mire, denied Puntland soldiers were killed, but that 3 Puntland soliders were wounded in the fighting. Sources close to the military of Somaliland said at least of four of Somaliland forces were injured.” (Somalia Report, 30. Mai 2011)
Der UNO-Generalsekretär berichtet im August 2011, dass im Juni 2011 nach monatelangen Verhandlungen in der Region Sool zwischen der Sool-Sanag-Cayn-Allianz und dem Subclan Dhulbahante eine Versöhnungskonferenz abgehalten worden sei. Unter anderem sei die Freilassung von Häftlingen vereinbart worden:
“After months of negotiations, initiated by the ‘Somaliland’ President, a reconciliation conference was held from 23 to 26 June for the Sool region, between the Sool-Sanag-Cayn alliances and the Dhulbahante sub-clan. The conference resulted in an agreement covering prisoner release, illegal land-grabbing and digging of boreholes. Meanwhile, a survey organized by an officially appointed committee found support for an expansion in the number of political parties allowed to register.” (UNSC, 30. August 2011, S. 3)
Somalia Report berichtet im Dezember 2011, dass Bewaffnete in der Region Sool, Bezirk Taleh, einen Beamten des Finanzministeriums von Puntland ermordet hätten, während dieser sich auf dem Weg in sein Büro in der Ortschaft Tukaraq befunden habe. Fünf Tage zuvor sei der Bruder des Vizepräsidenten von Puntland von unbekannten Bewaffneten getötet worden. Zwischen Puntland und Somaliland sei es mehrmals zu Kämpfen in Zusammenhang mit der Kontrolle über die Regionen Sool, Sanaag und Cayn gekommen. Es sei eine Konferenz geplant worden, an der Intellektuelle, Geschäftsleute und Mitglieder des Darod-Subclans der Dhulbahante teilnehmen sollten. Die Konferenz sei jedoch verschoben worden:
“Armed men assassinated a Puntland official and injured his driver, in the disputed Taleh district of Sool region on Saturday, according to eyewitnesses who spoke with Somalia Report. Keyse Abdisalam Musse, a representative of Puntland’s finance ministry for the Sool region, was shot and killed by unidentified gunmen while he was leaving a local restaurant. He was returning to his office in Tukaraq village, 50 km far away from Garowe, the capital city of the semi-autonomous region of Puntland. Sugulle Abdullahi, an eyewitness, told Somalia Report by phone that Musse and his driver were injured and taken to the hospitals in Garowe city to receive treatment, but that Musse died from the injuries and his body was buried in Garowe. The driver of the deceased official was admitted to a local hospital in Garowe to receive treatment. No one has been arrested as yet, although a large number of security forces from Puntland have reached the venue and started investigations for those who are behind these killings. This incident comes five days after unidentified gunmen killed Jama Ali Shire, brother of Puntland’s vice president General Abdisamad Ali Shire. He was attacked and killed between Taleh and Garowe. Taleh is a area of dispute between the Somaliland and Puntland administrations in northern Somalia, which have fought several times for the control of the disputed regions of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC). Residents of the region claim independence and wish to remain semi-autonomous from both Somaliland and Puntland. The Somaliland administration is keen to control the disputed distict of Taleh. For this purpose, a conference has been planned involving elders, intellectuals, businessmen and elements of the Dhulbahante subclan of Darod. This week, however, they postponed the conference for another three weeks. Taleh is considered a historical site in Somalia, and the Puntland government has proposed for it to be recognized as a World Heritage Site, as the Headquarters of the Dervish Freedom Fighters led by Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan.” (Somalia Report, 17. Dezember 2011)
Reuters – Alert Net berichtet im Februar 2012, dass es im Jänner 2012 zu Kämpfen gekommen sei, als die Anführer der Regionen Sool, Sanaag und Cayn die Gründung des Staates Khatumo erklärt und die Unabhängigkeit gefordert hätten:
„The breakaway territory of Somaliland is battling its own secessionists in a dispute that has raised tensions with neighbouring Puntland, in an area of Somalia usually more peaceful than the rest of the country. The fighting first erupted in January after the leaders of the northern regions of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn decided to band together into a new state called Khaatumo and declared they wanted to be an independent region within Somalia.“ (Reuters – Alert Net, 10. Februar 2012)
Der somalische Radiosender RBC Radio berichtet im April 2012, dass es zwischen Truppen Somalilands und Kämpfern des neuen Khatumo-Staates in den Regionen Sool und Togdher zu schweren Zusammenstößen mit 26 Toten und 31 Verletzten gekommen sei:
“At least 26 people were killed while 31 others injured after heavy clashes renewed between Somaliland forces and those loyal to new born Khatumo state in two separate locations in northern Somalia regions of Sool and Togdher on Sunday, RBC Radio reports.” (RBC Radio, 2. April 2012)
Laut einem Bericht von Chatham House vom Februar 2011 würden Mitglieder von Minderheiten in den drei Regionen Somalias (Somaliland, Puntland und Süd-Zentralsomalia) unterschiedlich behandelt. Die Minderheitenrechte seien in Somaliland am weitesten fortgeschritten, jedoch gebe es weiterhin Diskriminierung bezüglich Bildung und Mischehen. In Puntland seien Mitglieder von Minderheiten von Binnenvertreibung durch pastorale Gemeinschaften betroffen. Zudem hätten sie nicht die Möglichkeit effektiv rechtliche Wege zu durchlaufen und Frauen seien von geschlechtsspezifischer Gewalt betroffen:
“It should be emphasised that the three regions within Somalia (Somaliland, Puntland and South Central Somalia) treat their minorities in different ways. Somaliland has provided the most rapidly progressive region in advancing minorities’ rights but educational discrimination and objections to intermarriage are still major barriers facing these causes. Minorities in Puntland are regularly internally displaced by pastoralist communities, lack effective avenues for justice and minority women in particular are subjected to genderbased violence. The situation for minorities in South Central Somalia is the most fraught, with the ongoing conflict causing wide-ranging human rights abuses across the region.” (Chatham House, 23. Februar 2011)
Allgemeine Informationen zur Lage der Ashraf in Somalia finden Sie in folgenden Dokumenten:
·      ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation: Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: Informationen zum Clan der Reer-ow-Xassan (Reer aw Hassan) (Minderheitenclan und Schutz) [a-7879 (ACC-SOM-7879)], 6. Februar 2012 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_209792.html
·      ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation: Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: 1) Lage der Asharaf; Gehören die Asharaf dem Sub-Clan der Hassan und dem Hauptclan der Arab an? 2) Heirat zwischen Angehörigen von Minderheiten und Mehrheitsclanangehörigen; 3) Situation von Frauen (Gefahren für alleinstehende Frauen) a-7230, 29. April 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_141627.html
·      ARRT - Australian Refugee Review Tribunal - Country Advice: RRT - Somalia – SOM36945 – Asharaf clan – Ceelasha Biyaha – Al-Shabaab – Amputation – Recruitment – Ethiopian Invasion – Musa Zude Yalahow – Yaqshid, 9. Juli 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1295369458_som36945 .pdf
·      BAA Staatendokumentation: Analyse zu Somalia: Die Ashraf 2011? Herkunft, Status, aktuelle Lage - Update zur Analyse Ashraf vom Dezember 2009, 5. September 2011 (Login erforderlich)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1729_1315565996_soma-baa-analy-2011-09-ashraf-update-as.doc
·      IRB - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada: Information on the Ashraf clan, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans, risks they face from other tribes; whether the name Sharif is given to a male at birth, 23. November 2010
http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca:8080/RIR_RDI/RIR_RDI.aspx?id=453239&l=e
 
2) Zwangsrekrutierung durch die al-Shabaab in Kismaayo
Das UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) berichtet im Februar 2012, dass es im Jahr 2011 in den südlichen und zentralen Landesteilen Somalias unter anderem zur Zwangsrekrutierung durch Milizen gekommen sei:
„In 2011, protection of civilians was a major concern in Somalia and for the estimated 200,000 plus Somalis who sought refuge in camps in Kenya and Ethiopia. In Puntland, restrictive security policies and decreasing protection space led to problems of arbitrary detention and forced relocation of IDPs. In southern and central Somalia, forced recruitment into militias (including children) was reported, while gender-based violence, particularly sexual violence against women and girls is continuing with inadequate multi-sectoral response.” (UNOCHA, 22. Februar 2012, S. 4)
Somalia Report berichtet im November 2011, dass die al-Shabaab weiterhin Zwangsrekrutierungen durchführe und in Baidoa, Kismayo und Marka neue Büros eröffnet habe. Laut Angaben der al-Shabaab sei die muslimische Gemeinschaft in Baidoa, Kismayo und anderen Städten zum Kampf aufgerufen worden. 400 Menschen, darunter Jugendliche, seien bereits ausgebildet worden:
„With offers of a few dollars and new mobile phones, al-Shabaab continued its forced recruitment drive by opening registration offices in Baidoa, Kismayo and Marka, and requiring young men, mainly from minority clans, to register to join their jihad against the Somali and Kenyan governments, according to local al-Shabaab officials who spoke to Somalia Report. ’Our decision to do this is to get our minority brothers to fight against our enemy. The Muslim community in Baidoa, Kismayo and other towns were called to fight and they applied. So far have we registered and trained more than 400 people, including young people,’ said al-Shabaab official Sheikh Abdi Kadir Abeyna. Somalia Reportasked Sheikh Abeyna to clarify the reason behind forcing young people from minority clans, mainly the Bantu clan (also known as Jareer), to join. ’They are Muslim, they have to fight and defend Islam. I hope we register about 200 more people. We are calling on them to continue registering and we are also collecting weapons and funds, ’he explained. The newly registered people were taken to a military camp called Bara’Ibnumalik east of Baidoa town, which is known for recruiting and training child soldiers. Sheikh Mahad Omar, the governor of Bay region, asked minority clans in Bakol region to fight and defend the Juba regions from the Kenyan forces. ‘We are Muslim so we don’t want to separate families. There is no discrimination in the religion and you have to emphasize the killing of anti-Islam coalitions in Somalia,’ Sheikh Mahad said during a meeting with elders in Hudur Bakol region. Locals reported seeing a large number of recruits in the city. ‘This could be their biggest recruitment drive so far. Many of the new recruits, after training, were deployed to Kismayo and around Dhobley district. The administration also asked any clan to contribute 20 AK-47s and at least 30 people,’ Haji Hassan, a shop owner in Baidoa told Somalia Report.“ (Somalia Report, 24. November 2011)
Agence France-Presse (AFP) berichtet Ende März 2012, dass die al-Shabaab aus den meisten ihrer Hochburgen vertrieben worden sei. Eine erwähnenswerte Ausnahme bilde die südliche Hafenstadt Kismayo:
„Since abandoning fixed positions in Mogadishu in August, the Shebab have been chased out of most of their strongholds, with the notable exception of the southern port of Kismayo.“ (AFP, 31. März 2012)
Weitere Informationen zur Zwangsrekrutierung durch die al-Shabaab finden sich in folgenden Dokumenten:
·      ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation: Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: Zwangsrekrutierung von erwachsenen Männern durch die al-Shabaab [a-7878 (ACC-SOM-7878)], 6. Februar 2012 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_de_209791.html
·      HRW - Human Rights Watch: No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attacks on Schools in Somalia, Februar 2012 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/2016_1330009031_somalia0212forupload.pdf
 
 

Quellen: (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 10. April 2012)
1) Allgemeine Lage in der Region Sool; Allgemeine Lage der Ashraf in Somalia
·      ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation: Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: Informationen zum Clan der Reer-ow-Xassan (Reer aw Hassan) (Minderheitenclan und Schutz) [a-7879 (ACC-SOM-7879)], 6. Februar 2012 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_209792.html
·      ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation: Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: 1) Lage der Asharaf; Gehören die Asharaf dem Sub-Clan der Hassan und dem Hauptclan der Arab an? 2) Heirat zwischen Angehörigen von Minderheiten und Mehrheitsclanangehörigen; 3) Situation von Frauen (Gefahren für alleinstehende Frauen) a-7230, 29. April 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_141627.html
·      ARRT - Australian Refugee Review Tribunal - Country Advice: RRT - Somalia – SOM36945 – Asharaf clan – Ceelasha Biyaha – Al-Shabaab – Amputation – Recruitment – Ethiopian Invasion – Musa Zude Yalahow – Yaqshid, 9. Juli 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1295369458_som36945 .pdf
·      BAA Staatendokumentation: Analyse zu Somalia: Die Ashraf 2011? Herkunft, Status, aktuelle Lage - Update zur Analyse Ashraf vom Dezember 2009, 5. September 2011 (Login erforderlich)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1729_1315565996_soma-baa-analy-2011-09-ashraf-update-as.doc
·      Chatham House: Meeting Summary No Redress: Somalia’s Forgotten Minorities, 23. Februar 2011
http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/4288~v~No_Redress__Somalias_Forgotten_Minorities.pdf
·      CR – Conciliation Resources (Autoren: Mark Bradbury und Sally Healy): Endless war: a brief history of the Somali conflict, 2010
http://www.c-r.org/sites/www.c-r.org/files/Accord%2021_3Endless%20war_a%20brief%20history_2010_ENG.pdf
·      IRB - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada: Information on the Ashraf clan, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans, risks they face from other tribes; whether the name Sharif is given to a male at birth, 23. November 2010
http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca:8080/RIR_RDI/RIR_RDI.aspx?id=453239&l=e
·      RBC Radio: SOMALIA: 26 killed in northern region battle, tensions on high, 2. April 2012
http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/04/somalia-26-killed-in-northern-region-battle-tensions-on-high/
·      Reuters – Alert Net: Somaliland clashes with secessionists, 10. Februar 2012
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somaliland-clashes-with-secessionists/
·      Somalia Report: Puntland and Somaliland Clash in Sool Region, 30. Mai 2011
http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/subcategory/73/Home_LAND/Regions/052011///1
·      Somalia Report: Representative of Finance Ministry Assassinated, 17. Dezember 2011
http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/2346/Representative_of_Finance_Ministry_Assassinated
·      UNSC - UN Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia [S/2011/549], 30. August 2011 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1316013516_n1148176somalia.pdf
 
2) Zwangsrekrutierung durch die al-Shabaab in Kismaayo
·      ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation: Anfragebeantwortung zu Somalia: Zwangsrekrutierung von erwachsenen Männern durch die al-Shabaab [a-7878 (ACC-SOM-7878)], 6. Februar 2012 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_de_209791.html
·      AFP - Agence France-Presse: Residents flee Mogadishu Islamist rebel bastion, 31. März 2012
http://reliefweb.int/node/486892
·      HRW - Human Rights Watch: No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attacks on Schools in Somalia, Februar 2012 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/2016_1330009031_somalia0212forupload.pdf
·      Somalia Report: Al-Shabaab Continues Forced Recruitment, 24. November 2011
http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/2117
·      UNOCHA - UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: Humanitarian Bulletin Somalia; Issue 01, 22 February 2012, 22. Februar 2012 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1788_1330713329_120222-humanitarian.pdf