Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

1. Legislation – Federal

According to sources, same-sex sexual relations are not criminalized in Mexico (ILGA World 2025; Outright 2025-05-17) and were decriminalized in the Federal Penal Code of 1871 (ILGA World 2025). Sources indicate that marriage equality is recognized across all 32 Mexican states (Human Rights Watch 2025-01-17; AP 2022-10-27; Infobae 2022-10-26).

The Mexico's constitution provides the following:

Article 1

…

Any form of discrimination, based on ethnic or national origin, gender, age, disabilities, social status, medical conditions, religion, opinions, sexual orientation, marital status, or any other form, which violates the human dignity or seeks to annul or diminish the rights and freedoms of the people, is prohibited. (Mexico 1917)

The Federal Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination (Ley Federal para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación) provides the following:

[translation]

Article 1.- The provisions of this Law are of public order and social interest. The purpose of this Law is to prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination against any person under the terms of Article 1 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, as well as to promote equality of opportunity and treatment.

For the purposes of this law, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

…

III. Discrimination: For the purposes of this law, discrimination shall be understood as any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference that, by action or omission, intentionally or unintentionally, is not objective, rational or proportional, and has the purpose or result of hindering, restricting, impeding, impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of human rights and freedoms, when it is based on one or more of the following grounds: ethnic or national origin; skin colour; culture; sex; gender; age; disability; social, economic, health or legal status; religion; physical appearance; genetic characteristics; immigration status; pregnancy; language (lengua); opinions; sexual preferences; political identity or affiliation; marital status; family situation; family responsibilities; language (idioma); criminal record or any other reason;

Discrimination shall also be understood to include homophobia, misogyny, any manifestation of xenophobia, racial segregation, anti-Semitism, as well as racial discrimination and other related forms of intolerance;

… (Mexico 2003, bold in original)

The Federal Penal Code (Código Penal Federal) provides the following:

[translation]

Article 149 Ter. There will be a penalty of one to three years imprisonment or one hundred and fifty to three hundred days of community service and up to two hundred days' fine to anyone who, for reasons of ethnic or national origin or affiliation, race, skin colour, language, gender, sex, sexual preference, age, marital status, national or social origin, social or economic status, health status, pregnancy, political opinions or any other reason, violates human dignity or nullifies or undermines the rights and freedoms of persons through any of the following behaviours:

I. Denying a person a service or benefit to which he or she is entitled;

II. Denying or restricting labour rights, primarily on the basis of gender or pregnancy; or limit a health service, primarily to women in connection with pregnancy; or

III. Denying or restricting educational rights.

… (Mexico 1931, bold in original)

The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Intersex Association (ILGA World), a "worldwide federation that campaign[s] for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex human rights" (ILGA World n.d.), reports that there are "no provisions for aggravating penalties for crimes motivated by the victim's 'sexual orientation' at the federal level," but the penal codes of "several" states [including Mexico City] contain such provisions (2025).

1.1. Legislation – Yucatán

The Political Constitution of the State of Yucatán (Constitución Política del Estado de Yucatán) provides the following:

[translation]

Article 2.-

…

Any discrimination based on race; ethnic origin; nationality; gender and gender identity; age; disability; health, social, economic or linguistic status; sexual preference; sexual identity; filiation; education; religion; political ideology; or any other reason that violates human dignity and seeks to nullify or impair the rights and freedoms of individuals is prohibited; …

(Yucatán 1918, bold in original)

The Penal Code for the State of Yucatán (Código Penal del Estado de Yucatán) provides the following:

[translation]

Article 243 Ter.- The crime of discrimination is committed by anyone who, on the basis of ethnic, social, national or regional origin, colour or any other genetic characteristic, sex, language, religion or beliefs, opinions or political ideology, social or economic or socio-cultural status, age, disability, health status, pregnancy, physical appearance, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, occupation or activity, or for any other reason

I. provokes or incites hatred or physical or psychological violence;

II. denies a person a service or benefit to which he or she is entitled;

III. harasses or excludes any person or group of persons, or

IV. denies or restricts the exercise of any right.

… (Yucatán 2000, bold in original)

1.2. Legislation – Nuevo León

The Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination in the State of Nuevo León (Ley para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación en el Estado de Nuevo León) provides the following:

[translation]

Article 5.- Any form of discrimination is prohibited, with discrimination understood to mean the denial, exclusion, distinction, impairment, impediment or restriction of any or some of the human rights of individuals, groups and/or communities, whether or not they are in a situation of discrimination attributable to individuals, legal entities or public entities, intentionally or unintentionally, maliciously or negligently, by act or omission, on the following grounds: their ethnic or national origin; race; language; sex; gender; Indigenous identity; gender identity; gender expression; age; disability; legal, social or economic status; physical appearance; health conditions; genetic characteristics; pregnancy; religion; political, academic or philosophical opinions; political identity or affiliation; sexual orientation or sexual preference; marital status; way of thinking, dressing, acting, or gesturing; tattoos or body piercings; consuming psychoactive substances; or any other ground that has the effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms, as well as the equality of persons in the exercise of rights. Biphobia, homophobia, lesbophobia, transphobia, misogyny, xenophobia, racial segregation and other related forms of intolerance, and any form of anti-Semitism will also be considered discrimination. (Nuevo León 2017, bold in original)

1.3. Legislation – Mexico City

The Political Constitution of Mexico City (Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México) provides the following:

[translation]

Article 4

Principles of Interpretation and Application of Human Rights

…

C. Equality and Non-Discrimination

…

2. Any form of discrimination, formal or de facto, that violates human dignity or seeks or results in the denial, exclusion, distinction, impairment, impediment or restriction of the rights of individuals, groups and communities, motivated by ethnic or national origin, physical appearance, skin colour, language, gender, age, disability, social status, immigration status, health conditions, pregnancy, religion, opinions, sexual preference, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, sexual characteristics, marital status or any other ground shall be prohibited.

…

Article 6

City of Freedoms and Rights

…

E. Sexual Rights

Every person has the right to sexuality—to make decisions about it and with whom to share it; to exercise it in a free, responsible and informed manner, without discrimination, with respect for sexual preference, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sexual characteristics, without coercion or violence—as well as to education on sexuality and comprehensive health services, with complete, scientific, non-stereotyped, diverse and secular information. The progressive autonomy of children and adolescents shall be respected.

…

Article 11

Inclusive City

…

H. Rights of LGBTTTI persons

1. This Constitution recognizes and protects the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transvestite, transsexual and intersex persons to live a life free of violence and discrimination.

2. Equal rights are recognized for families formed by LGBTTTI couples, with or without children, through civil marriage, cohabitation or any other civil union.

3. The authorities shall establish public policies and adopt the necessary measures to address and eradicate exclusionary or discriminatory behaviours and attitudes on the grounds of sexual orientation, sexual preference, gender identity, gender expression or sexual characteristics.

(Mexico City 2017, bold in original)

The 2002 Penal Code for the Federal District of Mexico City (Código Penal para el Distrito Federal), updated in 2024, provides the following:

[translation]

Article 138. Homicide and battery are aggravated when they are committed with an advantage, with breach of trust, with malice aforethought, for compensation, with cruelty, in a voluntarily impaired state or with hatred.

…

VIII. Hatred exists when the perpetrator commits the act because of the victim's social or economic status; affiliation with, membership in, or relationship to a defined social group; ethnic or social origin; nationality or place of origin; colour or any other genetic characteristic; sex; language; gender; religion; age; opinions; disability; health conditions; physical appearance; sexual orientation; self-perceived gender identity; gender expression; marital status; occupation or activity.

… (Mexico City 2002, bold in original)

The same law further provides as follows:

Article 206. One to three years of imprisonment or twenty-five to one hundred days of community service and a fine of fifty to two hundred times the unit of measurement and update (unidad de medida y actualización, UMA) [1] shall be imposed on anyone who, on the basis of age, sex, marital status, pregnancy, race, ethnic origin, language, religion, ideology, sexual orientation, skin colour, nationality, social position or origin, job or profession, economic status, physical characteristics, disability or health status, or any other ground that violates human dignity and has the purpose of nullifying or impairing the rights and freedoms of individuals,

1. - provokes, incites, or promotes the spread of actions based on hatred, violence or discrimination against any person or group of people;
2. - denies a person a service or benefit to which the individual is entitled. For the purposes of this section, every person is considered to be entitled to the services or benefits offered to the general public;
3. - harasses or excludes any person or group of persons; or
4. - denies or restricts labour rights.

… (Mexico City 2002, bold in original)

According to sources, Mexico City classified transfemicide [the murder of trans women] as a crime in August 2024 (EFE 2024-08-24; Infobae 2024-08-23). Sources indicate that in December 2024, Mexico City established a Transfemicide Crime Investigation Unit (Unidad de Investigación del Delito de Transfeminicidio) within the Office of the Attorney General of Mexico City (Fiscalía General de Justicia de la Ciudad de México) (Mexico City 2024-12-26; Letra S 2025-05, 11). The 2002 Penal Code for the Federal District of Mexico City provides the following in its August 2024 update:

Article 148 ter. A person commits the offence of transfemicide when, on the basis of gender identity or gender expression, they take the life of a transgender woman or of a person whose actual or perceived gender identity or expression falls within the female gender spectrum.

…

A person who commits transfemicide shall be sentenced to thirty-five to seventy years of imprisonment. (Mexico City 2002, bold in original)

2. State Protection

Freedom House reports that Mexico has "strong legal protections [for individuals of diverse SOGIESC] which are unevenly enforced" (2025-02-26, Sec. F4). The US Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023 indicates that Mexico's federal law "prohibit[s] discrimination" against individuals of diverse SOGIESC, but that the government "generally" does "not enforce the law" (US 2024-04-22, 44). ReportOUT, a registered charity in England and Wales that "document[s] the lived experiences of sexual and gender minorities" around the world (ReportOUT n.d.), notes that Mexico is a "paradox ... between robust legal protections" for individuals of diverse SOGIESC, "and the daily reality of harassment and prejudice in everyday society" (2024-06-24).

A 2018 press release by the federal Attorney General's Office (Fiscalía General de la República) [also translated as the Office of the Prosecutor General] indicates that Mexico established a National LGBTI+ Action Protocol (Protocolo Nacional de Actuación LGBTI+) requiring that law enforcement agencies have a specialized unit of trained personnel who can, for instance, offer group and individual psychological services to victims of crime and identify psychosocial needs in affected communities, as well as provide outreach services and support to other government agencies (Mexico 2018-08-28). Presentes, an independent regional news organization based in Mexico City and Buenos Aires that reports on issues related to gender and sexual diversity in Latin America (Presentes n.d.), states that despite the existence of the national protocol, [translation] "institutions do not use it" (2025-01-16). Verificado MX, an independent media organization in Mexico (Verificado MX n.d.a) that fact-checks statements from public figures, such as political leaders, and major online publications (Verificado n.d.b), cites the coordinator of the National Observatory of Hate Crimes Against LGBTI+ People in Mexico (Observatorio Nacional de Crímenes de Odio Contra Personas LGBTI+ en México, ONCO) [2] as saying that the protocol is [translation] "'just a document'" and that it lacks a guideline on "how to investigate different cases of abuse" towards the community (2022-05-17). The same source adds in another article that there are no specialized state institutions that document attacks against members of the sexually diverse community (Verificado MX 2024-08-09).

According to ILGA World, 8 out of 32 states provide for aggravating penalties for crimes motivated by the victim's sexual orientation (2025). However, US Country Reports 2023 cites "reports [that] the government did not always investigate and punish those complicit in abuses" against LGTBQI+ individuals, "especially outside Mexico City" (US 2024-04-22, 44).

2.1. Conversion Therapy

According to sources, in April 2024, the Mexican Senate approved an amendment to the Federal Penal Code and the General Health Law (Ley General de Salud) banning and criminalizing conversion therapies targeting a person's sexual orientation or gender identity (El País 2024-04-26; Infobae 2024-04-26). Sources report that the penalty for conducting conversion therapies is 2 to 6 years of imprisonment and a fine, with heavier penalties in cases involving minors (ILGA World 2025; Infobae 2024-04-26).

However, according to Infobae, a Spanish-language news website from Argentina (The Washington Post 2016-06-08), states must ratify the ban in their respective jurisdictions and provide corresponding guidelines and penalties that comply with local legislation (Infobae 2025-05-07). Mexico-based digital news outlet Animal Verificado indicates that in June 2025, Tamaulipas became the 21st state to criminalize conversion therapies, following states such as Nuevo León and Yucatán (2025-06-18). The same source notes that in the remaining states, similar proposals have been introduced in local legislatures (Animal Verificado 2025-06-18). Commenting on the law in Nuevo León, ILGA World reports that its ban on "conversion therapies" "appears to encompass only non-consensual practices administered on adults" (2025).

ZonaDocs, a Jalisco-based organization that focuses on investigative and documentary reporting (ZonaDocs 2019-03-17), citing the co-director and coordinator of the anti-torture division of the Justice Centre for Peace and Development (Centro de Justicia para la Paz y el Desarrollo, CEPAD) [3], reports that conversion therapies in Mexico "mostly occur in clandestine and unsupervised settings, often with the knowledge or consent of authorities" (ZonaDocs 2025-07-02). The source adds that Mexico lacks [translation] "specialized" prosecutors' offices and public policies aimed at preventing and eliminating conversion therapies (ZonaDocs 2025-07-02).

2.2. Transgender Individuals

A 2018 press release by Mexico's Supreme Court states that

[translation]

the change of name and in general the adjustment of public records and identity documents to be consistent with self-perceived gender identity constitutes a right protected both by the American Convention on Human Rights and by the Constitution, since the adjustment of gender identity ensures the free development of personality, the right to identity, the right to privacy, the recognition of legal personality and the right to a name; therefore, the states have the obligation to recognize, regulate and establish appropriate procedures for such purpose. (Mexico 2018-10-17)

According to sources from 2025, 22 states have administrative procedures for legal recognition of a person's gender identity (LexLatin 2025-06-27; Human Rights Watch 2025-03-31). Human Rights Watch adds, however, that legal gender recognition for children is only available in 7 states (2025-03-31). ILGA World notes that in February 2023, non-binary voters could register with an "X" with the Federal Electorate Registry and in May 2023, the first non-binary passport was delivered (2025). Sources further report that in March 2022, the Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional the requirement to be 18 years or older before obtaining a new birth certificate reflecting one's gender identity (Presentes 2022-03-10; El Universal 2022-03-03).

The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), a research and advocacy organization that focuses on human rights (WOLA n.d.), states that a "contradictory situation" exists in Mexico: it has "several legal protections for trans people" while also recording "the second-highest number of trans people murdered in the world" (2025-06-18).

Sources report that violence against trans persons in Mexico is exacerbated by factors such as impunity and the absence of a gender lens in criminal justice proceedings (KAS 2025-03-31; CIEG 2025-06-09), in addition to [translation] "the lack of official records, the limited classification of these crimes in state criminal codes," and "persistent social prejudices" (CIEG 2025-06-09).

According to sources, under Nuevo León law penalties are not more severe for crimes committed on the basis of gender identity or gender expression (ILGA World 2025; Verificado MX 2024-08-09).

2.3. Intersex Individuals

According to sources, there is no law at the federal level that explicitly bans non-lifesaving medical interventions for the purpose of altering the sex characteristics of intersex minors without their [translation] "free, prior and full informed consent" (ILGA World 2025; Presentes 2023-12-13). However, ILGA World states that the Ministry of Health published a protocol in 2022 indicating that "surgery on 'newborns, girls and boys, should only be carried out in cases where there is a risk to life and/or impairment of the patient's functionality'" (2025). Published in May 2022 by the Mexican Social Security Institute (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS), the protocol includes the following provision:

[translation]

Any intervention on a person, whether physical or psychological, must be supported by written, timely, and informed consent, based on the right of beneficiaries and users to decide, based on the best possible information, the best course of care for their condition. (Mexico 2022-05-17, 16)

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, Brújula Intersexual, a Mexican NGO that advocates for the human rights of intersex individuals, including in public policymaking (Brújula Intersexual n.d.), noted that while adoption of the federal guidelines by hospitals is not [translation] "mandatory," they are meant to "set a standard of no harm" (Brújula Intersexual 2025-08-12).

3. Treatment of Individuals of Diverse SOGIESC by Society and Authorities

According to El País, a Spanish-language international newspaper based in Spain, Mexico [translation] "remains an uncomfortable, even violent or discriminatory, country" for members of the LGBTQ+ community (2025-06-27). US Country Reports 2023 indicates, citing civil society groups, that police "routinely subjected LGBTQI+ persons to mistreatment while in custody" (US 2024-04-22, 44). Presentes reports that [translation] "most" hate crimes against individuals of diverse SOGIESC go unpunished in Mexico (2025-01-16).

Letra S, Sida, Cultura y Vida Cotidiana (Letra S), a non-profit organization based in Mexico City that promotes public awareness on matters of health and sexuality and advocates for the human rights of LGBTI people and those living with HIV (Letra S n.d.), documented 66 murders of individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mexico in 2023 and [translation] "at least" 80 in 2024 (Letra S 2025-05, 14). The same source adds that 43 trans women were murdered in 2023 and 55 in 2024, which was the [translation] "highest [figure] in the last 3 years" (Letra S 2025-05, 17).

Sources describe the following incidents involving individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mexico:

• A trans woman activist was murdered in southern Jalisco in August 2025 (Infobae 2025-08-14; Reforma 2025-08-12). No arrests have been reported by law enforcement (Proceso 2025-08-13).
• A young trans woman was murdered on 18 August 2025 in the municipality of Amacuzac, in Morelos (El Universal 2025-08-19; Sin Líneas Multimedia 2025-08-19); no arrests have been made (Sin Líneas Multimedia 2025-08-19).
• A trans woman sex worker in the State of México denounced the [translation] "torture, threats and transphobic violence" she experienced while in police custody in the municipality of Naucalpan (Infobae 2025-07-30). The Naucalpan City Council had not responded to the complaint (El Universal 2025-07-27).
  
  

According to the 2022 National Survey on Discrimination (Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación, ENADIS) [4] conducted by Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI), 37.3% of the [translation] "sexual and gender diverse" population experienced "discrimination" over the previous year, 44.6% of whom were women (Mexico 2023-11-17, 163). The 2021 National Survey on Sexual and Gender Diversity (Encuesta Nacional sobre Diversidad Sexual y de Género, ENDISEG) [5] found that 21.8% of the intersex individuals surveyed said that they had experienced discrimination over the preceding 12 months, compared to 13.7% of non-intersex persons (Mexico 2022-11, 7).

The 2024 Mexico National Survey on the Mental Health of LGBTQ+ Young People [6] conducted by The Trevor Project, a US and Mexico-based organization that specializes in crisis and suicide prevention among LGBTQ+ youth, reports that 40% of LGBTQ+ youth respondents felt they lived in an accepting community, while only 22% said that they lived in an LGBTQ+ accepting home (2024-02-21, 67, 79). The same source states that 33% of respondents had attempted suicide over the preceding year; this statistic was 45% for trans and non-binary youth, compared to 25% for cisgender youth (The Trevor Project 2024-02-21, 23). The 2024 survey further notes that among respondents who had attempted suicide in the previous year, 77% identified issues in their family as the motive (The Trevor Project 2024-02-21, 28). The 2021 ENDISEG survey indicates that 12.9% of intersex respondents had attempted suicide in the past, compared to 4.9% of non-intersex persons (Mexico 2022-11, 8).

3.1. Treatment in Mérida – State of Yucatán

According to Haz Ruido, a digital media platform that reports on human rights issues concerning women, Maya peoples, and the LGBTQI+ community (SembraMedia n.d.), while Yucatán is home to the second largest LGBTQI+ population in Mexico, cases of discrimination and violence against the community persist (2025-05-15). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, Yaaj México, a civil society organization that advocates for the human rights of LGBTI+ persons (Yaaj México n.d.), noted that Yucatán's [translation] "more conservative character" when compared to Mexico City has resulted in "greater stigma" against trans people and sex workers, and "normaliz[ed] acts of discrimination" (Yaaj México 2025-09-10). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, the Trans Identities Support Centre (Centro de Apoyo a las Identidades Trans, CAIT) [7] stated that Mérida is a [translation] "conservative entity," noting the criminalization of sex work in many of its municipalities as well as its slower adoption of marriage equality in 2022 and gender identity recognition in 2024 (CAIT 2025-08-25). Diario de Yucatán, a Yucatán daily newspaper, cites the Director of the Yucatán State Commission on Human Rights (Comisión de Derechos Humanos Estatal de Yucatán, CODHEY) as stating that the [translation] "high levels of discrimination" against individuals of diverse SOGIESC in the state go unseen due to a lack of response by judicial and legislative institutions (Diario de Yucatán 2025-06-10).

Media sources describe the following incidents involving individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mérida:

• In August 2025, a trans woman was subjected to [translation] "insults" when using a women's bathroom at a shopping centre in northern Mérida (Por Esto! 2025-08-05).
• In November 2023, several individuals were arrested for the murder of a gender nonconforming man in Mérida (Inspector Nocturno 2023-11-16; Sol Yucatán 2023-11-09).
  
  

ONCO indicates that between 2023 and 2025, there were 5 reported murders or disappearances of LGBTQI+ persons in Yucatán (2026-01). According to data compiled by Visible, a platform that documents cases of violence and discrimination against LGBTQ+ persons in Mexico (Visible n.d.), from 2022 to 2024, there were 35 recorded cases of violence and discrimination targeting LGBT+ persons in Yucatán, 29 of which took place in the capital, Mérida (2025-09). For these 35 cases, Visible's data categorizes the type of abuse, including cases in the following categories: [translation] "impediment to entry, denial of services or rights" (5 cases), verbal abuse (8) and psychological abuse (5) (2025-09). The most common perpetrators were unidentified persons (5 cases), a doctor, psychologist, nurse, or public health representative (4), a shop assistant or professional (4), and an employer or other private source of income (4) (Visible 2025-09). Noticieros Cadena RASA, a news radio company in Yucatán (Noticieros Cadena RASA n.d.), cites the head of an LGBTQ+ development program in Yucatán's State Youth Secretariat as indicating that 93% of LGBTQ+ persons in Yucatán have faced discrimination (2025-05-20).

3.2. Treatment in Monterrey – State of Nuevo León

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, Explora T, a non-profit organization in Monterrey that promotes the mental health and human rights of individuals of diverse SOGIESC, including by offering psychological support and development opportunities (Explora T n.d.), stated that in the state of Nuevo León, there is both progress in making the LGBTQI+ community more visible and continued institutional and societal exclusion (2025-08-07). According to Visible, between 2022 and 2024, there were 74 recorded cases of violence and discrimination against LGBT+ persons in Nuevo León, 38 of which took place in the capital of Monterrey (2025-09). The 74 cases of abuse in the state included the following categories: verbal abuse (31 cases), an [translation] "impediment to entry, denial of services or rights" (9), and psychological abuse (8) (2025-09). The most common perpetrators were unidentified persons (18 cases), an employer or other private source of income (11), and a shop assistant or professional (6) (Visible 2025-09).

Quadratín, a digital news source based in Michoacán (Quadratín n.d.), reports that according to official figures, 148 trans persons have been reported missing in Nuevo León since 2018, including 3 in the first half of 2025 (2025-07-17). According to Mexican news company Telediario (Grupo Multimedios n.d.), violence against trans persons in Nuevo León has [translation] "reached alarming levels" and investigations into violent deaths have "yield[ed] no results" (2024-08-02). Explora T, citing a 2024 report by the Nuevo León state chapter of ONCO, indicated that over 80% of reported cases of violence based on the victim's sexual orientation or gender identity did not result in a formal investigation or were classified as common crimes (2025-08-07). Verificado MX, citing ONCO, noted that [translation] "only" 2 of the 20 "violent deaths" against individuals of diverse SOGIESC registered by the organization in Nuevo León since 2014 have resulted in the perpetrators being arrested (2024-08-09).

Sources describe the following incidents involving individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Monterrey:

• In July 2025 a young LGBT man was [translation] "violently murdered" in the municipality of Guadalupe, Nuevo León; a suspect was subsequently detained (Infobae 2025-07-04).
• In July 2024, a trans woman was found dead in Monterrey after she was reported missing (Presentes 2024-07-31; Animal Verificado 2024-08-12; Milenio 2024-08-12), and a suspect was subsequently arrested by police (Animal Verificado 2024-08-12; Milenio 2024-08-12).
• In July 2024, a trans woman [and a trans rights activist (Clóset LGBT 2024-07-30)] was found dead (Presentes 2024-07-31; Clóset LGBT 2024-07-30). She was murdered in Monterrey while doing sex work (Presentes 2024-07-31).
• In May 2024 a gay couple was [translation] "physically assaulted" in downtown Monterrey; despite a filed police complaint, no investigation was opened into the case (Explora T 2025-08-07).
  
  

Citing a report by the National Council for the Prevention of Discrimination (Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación, CONAPRED) [8], sources note that in 2024, Nuevo León registered the second highest number of discrimination complaints among Mexican states (ABC Noticias 2025-06-17; La Crónica de Hoy 2025-06-16). The same sources add that nationwide, sexual orientation was among the 5 most common motives cited for cases of discrimination (ABC Noticias 2025-06-17; La Crónica de Hoy 2025-06-16).

Citing data from the 2021 ENDISEG survey, Explora T notes that in Nuevo León, the following groups face [translation] "greater rejection" by society: trans persons, followed by gay men with "non-normative gender expressions," individuals [of diverse SOGIESC] living with AIDS, and youth [of diverse SOGIESC] living without family support (2025-08-07). CAIT noted that similarly to other parts of Mexico, there are [translation] "high levels of rejection and violence" against trans persons in Nuevo León (2025-08-25). Sources report that in September 2024, authorities in the municipality of San Nicolás de los Garza [part of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area] banned shows featuring drag queens in public spaces to [translation] "protect" children from content that is deemed "not appropriate" for their age (Animal Verificado 2024-09-23; Excélsior 2024-09-25). Sources indicate that in 2023, the International Book Fair of Monterrey cancelled an event featuring drag queens reading stories to children (Proceso 2023-10-06; El País 2023-10-10), due to [translation] "concerned voices" (Proceso 2023-10-06), or [translation] "pressure from some conservative groups" (El País 2023-10-10).

3.3. Treatment in Mexico City

According to Posta, a Mexican digital news source, despite Mexico City's reputation as a [translation] "beacon of progressivism and rights" for individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Latin America, "violence and discrimination persist" (2025-06-17). Yaaj México stated that while Mexico City is perceived to be "a relatively safe place for LGBT+ persons," there have been reported instances of exclusion, particularly towards trans women, who have faced "hostile responses" in public spaces and on social media (2025-09-10). La Crónica de Hoy, a Mexican daily newspaper, reports that crimes against individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mexico City increased 175% between 2016 and 2024 (2025-06-23). CAIT stated that while Mexico City has put in place policies supportive of individuals of diverse SOGIESC, it has historically ranked 5th out of 32 states in the number of transfemicides registered (2025-08-18). According to Letra S, Mexico City was the federal entity with the highest number (17) of homicides against individuals of diverse SOGIESC in 2024, including 4 against gay men, and 11 against trans women (2025-05, 27). Visible indicates that from 2022 to 2024, there were 425 incidents of violence and discrimination against LGBT+ persons in Mexico City, making it the federal entity with the highest number of incidents of violence and discrimination against individuals of diverse SOGIESC tracked by Visible (2025-09). Although Mexico City has a dedicated unit to investigate transfemicides within the prosecution office specializing in femicide (Fiscalía Especializada para la Investigación del Delito de Feminicidio), Presentes notes that, according to activists and family members of victims of transfemicides in Mexico City, there had been [translation] "no progress in the investigations" and "impunity prevails" (2024-06-13). Yaaj México stated that there have been reported instances of [translation] "institutional neutrality" in response to violence against individuals of diverse SOGIESC (2025-09-10).

Sources describe the following incidents involving individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mexico City:

• In June 2025, a trans woman and a trans man were [translation] "physically assaulted" by a private security guard in Mexico City (Vanguardia 2025-06-12; Excélsior 2025-06-12) while they were working (Vanguardia 2025-06-12). The guard had previously [translation] "harassed" their group (Vanguardia 2025-06-12; Excélsior 2025-06-12) on several occasions, despite the "multiple harassment complaints" previously filed with the authorities "without any preventive measures" put in place (Vanguardia 2025-06-12). The security guard was subsequently arrested on site by police (Vanguardia 2025-06-12; Excélsior 2025-06-12).
• In May 2025, the body of a trans woman was found in a children's play area in Mexico City; the victim was [translation] "murdered during a dispute" (El Heraldo de México 2025-05-28).
• In January 2024, a trans woman who was a trans rights activist was shot dead while in a car in the borough of Xochimilco in Mexico City (El País 2024-01-15; El Economista 2024-01-15); she had also previously been a Senate candidate for Morena [the ruling party] (El País 2024-01-15).
• In October 2023, [translation] "around 20" (Infobae 2023-10-27) or [translation] "more than fifteen" (Presentes 2023-10-27) police officers were seen beating and robbing a young LGBT couple in the borough of Venustiano Carranza in Mexico City (Infobae 2023-10-27; Presentes 2023-10-27). The officers "shouted homophobic insults" at the couple (Presentes 2023-10-27). Five police officers were subsequently placed under investigation (Infobae 2023-10-27; Presentes 2023-10-27).
  
  

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, Inspira Cambio, a civil society organization based in Mexico City that provides support services to LGBTQI+ persons and those living with HIV (Milenio 2024-12-18), indicated that Mexico City lacks [translation] "impartial" enforcement of its laws aimed at protecting the rights of individuals of diverse SOGIESC and noted that the organization has "observed discriminatory practices led by police officers, healthcare workers and administrative authorities" (Inspira Cambio 2025-08-27). The same source added that [translation] "constants in Mexico City's reality" include denial of medical care to trans persons for not having identity documents that match their gender identity, raids in public spaces that "criminalize" the expression of same-sex affection, and "institutional violence" against individuals of diverse SOGIESC in shelters or immigration detention centers (Inspira Cambio 2025-08-27). Inspira Cambio stated that in Mexico City, there are

[translation]

units serving vulnerable populations that do a good job of bringing people in the community closer to justice processes with trained personnel. However, in the rest of the country (and in the outskirts of [Mexico City]), a different reality is experienced. (2025-08-27)

Citing the 2025 Trans Women Mexico City Survey (Encuesta Mujeres Trans CDMX) [9] by CAIT, the Mexico City legislature states that 78% of trans women [translation] "suffer verbal and psychological violence in the capital," adding that the most common sources are family members, romantic partners, and school and work environments (Mexico City 2025-03-22).

4. Access to Housing, Employment, Education, and Health Care in Mexico

The 2022 ENADIS reports that 33.4% and 29.8% of the population would not be willing to rent a room in their home to a trans person or a gay or lesbian person, respectively (Mexico 2023-11-17, 30). Citing a founding member of an LGBTQI+ housing cooperative in Mexico City, an article from a research program at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM) indicates that "same-sex couples are denied rental housing, are evicted or are victims of harassment by neighbours, primarily if they live with a partner or are transgender" (PUEC 2022-06-24).

According to CONAPRED, 1 out of every 3 discrimination complaints it receives relates to the workplace, and 14% of complaints relate to discrimination in accessing public services (Mexico 2023-11, 5). Additionally, El País reports that a poll by Enkoll, an [translation] "agency specializing in electoral and public opinion polls" (Enkoll n.d.), indicates that the workplace is the second most common location (17%) where people have [translation] "witnessed or experienced" discrimination or violence against LGTBIQ+ persons (El País 2025-06-27).

CONAPRED notes that in the workplace, 53.8% of people have witnessed [translation] "negative comments, actions or attitudes towards colleagues due to their sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression," and 31.6% have been on the receiving end of such conduct (Mexico 2023-11, 4). According to Presentes, 1 in 2 individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mexico hide their sexual orientation or gender identity at the workplace due to [translation] "discrimination and harassment" (2022). Estrategia & Negocios (E&N), a business magazine in Central America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean (E&N n.d.), notes that individuals of diverse SOGIESC face [translation] "higher levels of social rejection at work, including unequal treatment in terms of employment benefits or harassment and mockery" (2024-06-28).

Citing 2021 data from ENDISEG, a June 2023 report by the National Commission for Minimum Wages (Comisión Nacional de los Salarios Mínimos, CONASAMI), adds that relative to other SOGIESC populations, trans women have a higher probability of being denied work (18.8%), facing violence in the workplace (36.9%) and receiving unequal treatment in terms of employee benefits and promotions (31.4%) (Mexico 2023-06, 12, 14, 15). In an interview with the Research Directorate, a lawyer who heads a law firm that specializes in serving individuals of diverse SOGIESC, indicated that while [translation] "discrimination affects all LGBTQI+ people," it affects trans people "more specific[ally]," regardless of their educational qualifications (Lawyer 2025-08-27).

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, the Alliance for Labour Diversity and Inclusion (Alianza por la Diversidad e Inclusión Laboral, ADIL), a Mexican company that [translation] "offers consulting services that promote inclusion and respect towards all people in the workplace" (ADIL n.d.), stated the following:

[translation]

[Gay and bisexual] men have historically enjoyed the greatest visibility and progress in their acceptance in the workplace. [Lesbian and bisexual] women continue to suffer from double discrimination based on their gender and diverse sexual orientation. In addition to being a highly classist and racist country, [in Mexico] there is a significant gap in privilege based on whiteness and access to secondary and higher education among all LGBTQ+ populations. (ADIL 2025-08-18)

The same source added that despite having a trans population estimated between 650,000 and 1 million people, there are only 218 businesses that publicly present themselves as [translation] "trans/LGBTQ-inclusive" (ADIL 2025-08-18). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

According to CONAPRED, 87.8% of respondents polled expressed having witnessed mockery or bullying in a school setting toward another person aimed at their sexual orientation or gender identity, and 26.8% of respondents experienced physical aggression for the same reasons (Mexico 2023-11, 4). The Trevor Project’s 2024 survey notes that among youth of diverse SOGIESC that have attempted suicide in the preceding year, 60% cited the school environment as the reason (2024-02-21, 27). Citing complaints of discrimination made by various trans rights organizations and families of trans children, El Financiero, a Mexican [translation] "newspaper specializing in finance, economics, and business" (El Financiero n.d.), states that [translation] "some schools have denied or obstructed [trans children] from enrolling on the grounds that they do not have the 'necessary facilities to serve them'" (2023-12-16). Citing a representative of the Association for Transgender Children (Asociación por las Infancias Transgénero), the same source adds that the "'opposition'" from other parents and the use of bathrooms or changing rooms for sports activities are among the "'biggest'" and "'most alarming'" issues trans children face (El Financiero 2023-12-16).

A 2021 Survey on the Sexual Health of Trans Women in Mexico published by the National Institute of Public Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública) indicates that 39% of the 320 trans women polled [10] expressed having faced problems when trying to access healthcare services in the past due to their gender identity (Mexico 2023-05, 4). According to the National Centre for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS (Centro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del VIH y el SIDA, CENSIDA) [11]:

[translation]

In the healthcare system, many transgender people living with HIV experience dehumanizing treatment, medical neglect, and a lack of staff trained in inclusive care. Incorrect use of names or pronouns, denial of services, or moral judgment for living with HIV are common experiences. This causes many people to avoid going to clinics or to abandon their treatment. (Mexico 2025-06, 5)

5. Access to Housing, Employment, Education, and Health Care in Mérida, Monterrey, and Mexico City

Information on access to housing, employment, education, and healthcare for individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mérida, Monterey, and Mexico City was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

5.1. Mérida – State of Yucatán

5.1.1. Access to Housing in Mérida

According to Yaaj México, same-sex couples face challenges renting and accessing housing loans, [translation] "especially in conservative contexts like Mérida" (2025-09-10).

5.1.2. Access to Employment in Mérida

According to CAIT, trans and non-binary persons face high rates of unemployment and underemployment, as well as a lack of professional development opportunities (2025-08-25). Citing the president of Yucatrans, a civil society organization in Mérida that [translation] "empowers trans and non-binary populations" (Red Civica IEPAC Yucatán n.d.), a 2022 Haz Ruido report notes that despite [translation] "greater openness" within the private sector to hiring trans persons, there is "still no space" for them in municipal town halls or the state government (2022-03-31). The same article indicates that in 2022, civil society organizations presented to Yucatán's Congress a legislative initiative for 1% of government positions to be reserved for trans persons (Haz Ruido 2022-03-31). According to CAIT, this initiative did not pass (2025-08-25).

5.1.3. Access to Education in Mérida

Citing the CODHEY, Diario de Yucatán reports, without providing further details, that there have been [translation] "documented" cases of students of diverse SOGIESC experiencing "rejection" from educational institutions (2025-06-10).

5.1.4. Access to Healthcare in Mérida

CAIT indicated the following regarding access to health services in Mérida:

Receiving comprehensive medical care can be complicated for trans people living in Mérida, Yucatán. This is due to the poor service provided by the Mexican public health system and the high cost of accessing private healthcare for hormone replacement therapy, among other specific issues related to trans health. If you live in this city and decide to undergo hormone replacement therapy, you will encounter a huge barrier of disinformation. There are no health campaigns informing residents about these topics; hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery remain taboo subjects in Mérida. (2025-08-25)

Yaaj Mexico noted that in Mérida and Monterrey, access to healthcare varies depending on the personal views of healthcare personnel, adding that [translation] "discriminatory treatment [is] common, particularly against trans women" (2025-09-10).

5.2. Monterrey – State of Nuevo León

5.2.1. Access to Housing in Monterrey

Explora T noted that there have been cases of landlords refusing to rent their units out to individuals of diverse SOGIESC and added that housing discrimination in Monterrey is [translation] "particularly concerning" for gay couples and trans persons seeking to rent in conservative areas of the city (2025-08-07). According to CAIT, a [translation] "large proportion of the trans population" rents housing or hotel rooms and there are no government-supported public shelters that provide care to trans persons living on the street (2025-08-25).

5.2.2. Access to Employment in Monterrey

According to Explora T, citing a 2022 CONAPRED survey, 49.6% of individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Nuevo León reported being denied employment due to their sexual orientation or their gender identity (2025-08-07). A 2023 survey on the experiences of trans and gender nonconforming people in the workplace, conducted by 2 researchers of the Universidad de Colima [12], found that 42.2% of respondents indicated that they had not had employment in the preceding year (Reyes Ortiz & Larios Deniz 2023-09-28, 10). The same source indicates that among trans and non-binary respondents that had engaged in sex work over the previous year (35.3%), 55.5% [13] expressed having been [translation] "assaulted" by authorities, 36.1% by clients and 47.3% by people other than clients (Reyes Ortiz & Larios Deniz 2023-09-28, 37−38).

5.2.3. Access to Education in Monterrey

According to Explora T, discrimination, bullying, and the absence of policies with a [translation] "gender and diversity lens," are common challenges in the education system in Monterrey (2025-08-07). The same source indicated that the [translation] "lack of legal recognition of gender identity is a persistent barrier to school life" (Explora T 2025-08-07).

5.2.4. Access to Healthcare in Monterrey

Explora T stated that [translation] "many" individuals of diverse SOGIESC face challenges, including abuse, denial of treatment or lack of trained personnel (2025-08-07).

5.3. Mexico City

5.3.1. Access to Housing in Mexico City

According to sources, Mexico City does not collect SOGIESC data as part of its annual census measuring the number of people experiencing homelessness (Mexico City 2023-10-26; La Prensa 2023-10-28).

The lawyer stated that while housing costs in Mexico City are unaffordable for the population at large due to gentrification, individuals of diverse SOGIESC experience the [translation] "most" displacement and have to move to "more vulnerable and remote areas of the city" (2025-08-27). According to CAIT, while accessing housing is a challenge for most, it is [translation] "a greater challenge" for trans people (2025-08-18). The same source added that there are no government-supported shelters for trans persons experiencing homelessness (CAIT 2025-08-18).

5.3.2. Access to Employment in Mexico City

CAIT, citing its 2025 Trans Women Mexico City Survey, stated that 92.8% of trans women in Mexico City faced either [translation] "very high" or "high" barriers to accessing formal sector employment (2025-08-18). According to Inspira Cambio, trans women in Mexico City face [translation] "labour market exclusion" (2025-08-27).

Additionally, Inspira Cambio indicated that there is [translation] "often a criminalization, especially by the judiciary," of sex work done by trans or migrant people, even when such work is legal (2025-08-27).

5.3.3. Access to Education in Mexico City

Sources report, citing the Consultation for Trans Adolescents of Mexico City (Consulta para Adolescencias Trans de la Ciudad de México) [14] presented in May 2025 to the Mexico City Human Rights Commission (Comisión de Derechos Humanos de la Ciudad de México), that 57−60% of respondents expressed facing [translation] "mockery, threats or offensive comments" at school, and 27−29% of respondents expressed being "assaulted" (Buzos 2025-05-21; Infobae 2025-05-21). The same sources add that 61% of trans boys and 43% of trans girls polled stated that their professors [translation] "insisted" on misgendering them (Buzos 2025-05-21; Infobae 2025-05-21). CAIT indicated, citing its 2025 Trans Women Mexico City Survey, that 92.8% of trans women polled faced a [translation] "very high" or "high" lack of "academic preparation" (2025-08-18).

5.3.4. Access to Healthcare in Mexico City

According to Avispa Mídia, an [translation] "independent" digital news source founded by investigative journalists from Brazil and Mexico (Avispa Mídia n.d.), specialized healthcare services for individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mexico [translation] "remain concentrated in Mexico City" (2025-08-25).

Citing a representative of Lleca, an [translation] "LGBT+ shelter" and "community kitchen" based in Mexico City (Homosensual 2025-03-13), Animal Verificado indicates that accessing specialized healthcare services for trans people is possible but [translation] "requires the support of a civil society organization" (2023-09-06). El Heraldo de México notes, citing the 2021 ENDISEG, that 21% of individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mexico City expressed having [translation] "experienced difficulties accessing healthcare services," while 11% faced discrimination from healthcare workers, and 9% indicated having been denied healthcare (2024-01-25). Inspira Cambio stated that access to healthcare in Mexico City is [translation] "unequal" and added that trans persons face challenges accessing hormone therapy, mental healthcare and "adequate" gynecological or urological care, owing to "the extreme bureaucracy of public health services" or "the associated stigma" (2025-08-27).

6. Support Services

6.1. Support Services in Mérida – State of Yucatán

Information on government-provided or government-funded support services for individuals of diverse SOGIESC in Mérida was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

According to sources, in June 2025, the state government established the State Committee for Sexual Diversity (Comité Estatal de la Diversidad Sexual) with a mission to work with government departments to [translation] "mainstream" a "sexual diversity lens" and help build public policies for the LGBT+ community (El Universal 2025-06-01; El Financiero 2025-06-01). Sources indicate that Yucatrans and the Yucatán State Adult Education Institute (Instituto de Educación para Adultos del Estado de Yucatán, IEAEY), a state government body (Yucatán n.d.), signed an agreement to facilitate access to primary and secondary education for trans adults who were unable to complete their education (CAIT 2025-08-25; La Jornada Maya 2021-09-28).

6.2. Support Services in Monterrey – State of Nuevo León

Explora T notes that services provided or funded by the government are [translation] "scarce" and have a "limited reach" (2025-08-07).

According to CAIT, in April 2025, Guadalupe, a city located in the suburbs of Monterrey, inaugurated the Comprehensive Health Unit for Trans People (Unidad de Salud Integral para Personas Trans) (2025-08-25). Sources indicate that the centre offers [free (ABC Noticias 2025-04-08)] medical consultations, gender-affirming therapy, treatment for sexually transmitted infections, pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV, psychological care, social support and vaccines (ABC Noticias 2025-04-08; MVS Noticias 2025-04-01).

Explora T indicates that while Nuevo León has Outpatient Centers for AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Prevention and Care (Centros Ambulatorios para la Prevención y Atención en SIDA e ITS, CAPASITS) that provide care to people living with HIV, the centres lack [translation] "specialized" personnel to care for the needs of trans or non-binary people (2025-08-07).

6.3. Support Services in Mexico City

In response to a question about support services for trans persons funded or provided by the government, CAIT indicated that Mexico City has a health clinic that offers services, such as hormone replacement therapy and psychological support, for trans men and women, as well as non-binary persons (2025-08-18). According to the lawyer, Mexico City's Condesa Clinic provides care to HIV-positive clients (2025-08-27). Chilango, a "news and culture magazine covering Mexico City" (Nieman Lab 2023-09-13), reports that Mexico City has 2 Specialized Condesa Clinics, located in the municipalities of Cuauhtémoc and Iztapalapa, that offer healthcare services for people receiving treatment for HIV, with an additional clinic in the Gustavo A. Madero municipality being under construction (Chilango 2025-01-26).

Sources indicate that Mexico City's Miguel Hidalgo municipality has a Comprehensive Health Unit for Trans People that offers trans, intersex and non-binary people free healthcare services, such as general medicine, hormonal treatment, as well as services relating to endocrinology, nutrition and psychiatry (Animal Verificado 2024-06-27; Presentes 2021-10-05). According to sources, the Cuauhtémoc municipality has a social program under which it provides 250 trans and intersexual residents a financial transfer of 12,000 Mexican pesos (MXN) [C$884] annually, to reduce inequality in access to healthcare (Cuauhtémoc 2025-08-26; CAIT 2025-08-18). Sources note that the Gustavo A. Madero municipality launched the Diversidades GAM program, which aims to [translation] "promote meaningful equality" by providing "up to" MXN 4,000 [C$294] in economic support in 2025 to municipal residents of diverse SOGIESC between the ages of 18 and 59 (MVS Noticias 2025-02-10; Posta 2025-02-08) who live in areas with "low rates of social development" (Posta 2025-02-08). Sources note that the Iztapalapa municipality launched a program under which it will transfer [translation] "up to" MXN 5,000 [C$368] to a "maximum" of 1,400 LGBTQIA+ residents aged 18−59, among groups with low rates of social development, to support their "entrepreneurship" and "empower[ment]"; to be eligible, recipients cannot be receiving any other social benefit when they apply to this program (Eje Central 2025-03-26; El Universal 2025-03-25).

According to CAIT, support services provided or funded by the government are not present in every municipality and are not all specifically supporting trans people (2025-08-18). The lawyer indicated that most of the support programs for individuals of diverse SOGIESC are led by civil society and that the government has [translation] "drastically cut funding" for these organizations (2025-08-27). Citing its Trans Women Mexico City Survey in 2025, CAIT stated that 82.9% of respondents said they did not benefit from [translation] "any type of social support program" (2025-08-18).

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Notes

[1] UMA is an economic reference "unit … used to express amounts" set out in Mexican law, including fines (Human Resources Mexico [2026]). UMA has an "official" value per day, per month and per year, expressed in pesos, and these values are updated yearly by INEGI (Human Resources Mexico [2026]). The daily unit value was set at 117.31 pesos (MXN) [C$9.55] as of 1 February 2026 (Human Resources Mexico [2026]).^[back]

[2] ONCO is a platform created in 2019 to document instances of hate crimes and acts of violence against LGBT+ persons in Mexico (ONCO n.d.).^[back]

[3] CEPAD is a Jalisco-based human rights organisation that investigates [translation] "cases of individual and collective human rights violations" across Mexico through "research, coordination, training … and public advocacy" (CEPAD 2013-04). ^[back]

[4] The 2022 ENADIS surveyed respondents aged 15 and older from 42,302 households across Mexico between 18 July 2021 and 9 September 2022 (Mexico 2023-11-17, 8). ^[back]

[5] The 2021 ENDISEG surveyed 44,189 LGBTQI+ respondents aged 15 and older across Mexico between 23 August 2021 and 16 January 2022 (Mexico [2022]).^[back]

[6] The Trevor Project's 2024 Mexico National Survey on the Mental Health of LGBTQ+ Young People took place between 29 June 2023 and 24 July 2023 and polled 10,635 LBGTQI+ respondents aged 13 to 24 residing across Mexico (2024-02-21, 7).^[back]

[7] CAIT is a Mexican NGO that advocates for the human rights of trans peoples through community engagement and education (CAIT n.d.).^[back]

[8] CONAPRED is a federal state body responsible for [translation] "receiving and resolving complaints of alleged discriminatory acts committed by individuals or federal authorities in the exercise of their functions" (Mexico n.d.).^[back]

[9] According to a copy of the 2025 Trans Women Mexico City Survey shared by CAIT in correspondence with the Research Directorate, the survey included responses from 111 trans women in Mexico City (CAIT 2025-08-18). ^[back]

[10] The 320 survey respondents were aged 18−66 and resided mainly in Mexico City (58%), Mexico State (22%), and Puebla State (13%), with the remaining 6% residing in 10 other states (Mexico 2023-05, 4).^[back]

[11] According to CENSIDA, male sex workers, men who have sex with other men, and trans women are among the groups [translation] "most affected" by AIDS (Mexico 2022-11-08, 9).^[back]

[12] This survey was published in September 2023 and polled 102 people aged 15 years or older residing in Nuevo León (Reyes Ortiz & Larios Deniz 2023-09-28, 3).^[back]

[13] The 55.5% figure includes 47.2% of respondents who have been assaulted by the authorities and 8.3% who specified that they had been assaulted by the authorities [translation] "multiple times"; similarly, the other figures combine the total responses for "yes" and "yes, multiple times" (Reyes Ortiz & Larios Deniz 2023-09-28, 37−38).^[back]

[14] The Consultation for Trans Adolescents of Mexico City conducted by CAIT took place between 12 August 2024 and 4 November 2024 and interviewed 99 trans adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 (Mexico City 2025-05-19).^[back]

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Additional Sources Consulted:

Oral sources: Acción Colectiva por los Derechos de las Minorías Sexuales; Almas Cautivas; Alter-Int; Casa de las Muñecas Tiresias; Casa Frida Refugio LGBT+; Colectivo por la Protección de Todas las Familias en Yucatán; Colmena 41; El Clóset LGBT; Federación Mexicana de Empresarios LGBT+; Fundación Arcoíris/Mx; Género, Ética y Salud Sexual AC; Human Rights Watch; International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Intersex Association – Latin America and the Caribbean region; Letra S, Sida, Cultura y Vida Cotidiana; Litigio Estratégico en Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos LGBTI+; Mexico – Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos; Mexico City – Consejo para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación, Unidad de Atención a la Diversidad Sexual; Nuevo León – Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos; professor of public health at a university in Mexico; Red de Juventudes Trans; Unidad de Atención Sicológica, Sexológica y Educativa para el Crecimiento Personal; Yucatán – Comisión de Derechos Humanos; Yucatrans.

Internet sites, including: Acción Colectiva por los Derechos de las Minorías Sexuales; Amnesty International; Aristegui Noticias; Australia – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; Austrian Red Cross – ecoi.net; Asociación por las Infancias Transgénero; Association for the Prevention of Torture; Belgium – Commissariat général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides; Colectivo Trans Monterrey; Comunidad Metropolitana AC; El Informador; El Tiempo; Escándala; Equaldex; Forbes; France 24; Fundación Dialnet; Fundación Zentro de Amor México; Género, Ética y Salud Sexual AC; Grieta; The Guardian; Heinrich Böll Foundation; Human Rights First; IMER Noticias; It Gets Better México; La Revista Peninsular; The Latin Times; Litiga AC; Los Angeles Times; México Igualitario; Minority Rights Group; Movimiento por la Igualdad en Nuevo León; Mundo Ejecutivo CDMX; National Public Radio; Newsweek; Organization of American States – Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; Periódico El Nuevo Orden; Pew Research Center; Pro Salud Sexual y Reproductiva AC; Pulso de San Luís; Reportacero; Salud Justa Mx; Time Out México; Transgender Law Center; Tecnológico de Monterrey; Trans Lives Matter; Unidad de Atención Sicológica, Sexológica y Educativa para el Crecimiento Personal; Voces de Mujeres en Acción; Wilson Center; Yucatán Today; Yucatán Magazine.