Cameroon: The Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC), including leadership, structure, objectives, activities, requirements and procedures to become a member; relations with authorities; location and contact information; documents issued to members, including letterhead, seal and authorized signatories (2015-June 2018) [CMR106136.E]

Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa

For information on the SCNC for the period of 2010 to 2014, see Response to Information Request CMR104800 of March 2014.

1. Leadership and Structure

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a Southern Cameroons journalist, who is also a political and social activist who advocates for statehood for Southern Cameroons, explained that the "SCNC has various leaders at different levels" and that "there are many factional bodies today headed by leaders who were members of the SCNC and who collaborate in areas of strategic importance" (Journalist 14 June 2018). The same source also explained the following regarding the structure of the SCNC:

It's a governing council with leaders known as the chairman and the vice chairman, elected by the governing council members. However, the leadership structure spreads through the entire political landscape with county representatives, district heads and zonal coordinators. In the diaspora, there are country representatives and ambassadors. .... There are [also] activists who represent the SCNC [in] major institutions, NGOs and universities. (Journalist 14 June 2018)

Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

According to sources, former SCNC National Chairman Ayamba Ette Otun died on 18 June 2014 (SCNC 20 June 2014; Political Handbook of the World 2017, 245). Sources indicate that [Nfor] Ngala Nfor is the SCNC National Chair (Political Handbook of the World 2017, 245; RFI 18 Jan. 2017; Journalist 14 June 2018).

Sources provide information regarding the SCNC leadership, including the following:

  • A March 2015 article by CamerounWeb, a news website on Cameroon, indicates that Peter Forchu Chesami is claiming the leadership of the SCNC (CamerounWeb 11 Mar. 2015). A February 2018 address to the nation, published on the website thebritishsoutherncameroons.org, is signed by Peter Forchu Chesami, "National Chairman of [t]he [SCNC]" (Chesami 5 Feb. 2018);
  • The March 2015 article by CamerounWeb indicates that Agbor Ayamba Daniel, the son of former leader Ayamba [Ette Otun], was chosen to be the new SCNC chair "in a controversial election held in Mamfe" in early March 2015 (CamerounWeb 11 Mar. 2015);
  • The March 2015 CamerounWeb article indicates that Arrey Bessong Matthias "is also laying claims to the [SCNC] chairmanship job … [and] insisted that he remains the SCNC acting National Chairman" (CamerounWeb 11 Mar. 2015);
  • Thomas Nwancham is described as: the leader of one of the SCNC's factions (The Guardian Post 29 Sept. 2014); as claiming the leadership of the SCNC (CamerounWeb 11 Mar. 2015); as "[an] SCNC leader," and formerly "Executive Secretary General of Justice Frederick Ebong's SCNC faction" (CamerounWeb 18 Apr. 2015);
  • The Political Handbook of the World lists other SCNC leaders, including: Frederick Ebong Alobwede (National Chair and President of the Federal Republic of the Southern Cameroons); Hitler Mbinglo (Chair of the Northern Zone); James Sabum (Secretary General); Henry Fossung (Chair of the SCAPO ["a faction of the SCNC" (CamerounWeb 18 Apr. 2015)]/Ambazonia faction); and Augustine Ndangam (Deputy Chair of the SCAPO/Ambazonia faction) (Political Handbook of the World 2017, 245);
  • A June 2017 article by Cameroon Postline, a news website on Cameroon, indicates that Ngewi Asungwain was the former SCNC Secretary General (Cameroon Postline 30 June 2017).

Sources indicate that the SCNC has a youth wing (International Crisis Group 2 Aug. 2017, 7; Elong Ebolo Dec. 2012, 20; Bareta News 28 Sept. 2016), called the Southern Cameroons Youth League (SCYL) (International Crisis Group 2 Aug. 2017, 7; Elong Ebolo Dec. 2012, 20).

2. Objectives and Activities

Sources describe the SCNC as secessionist (Le Monde 18 Jan. 2017; Political Handbook of the World 2017, 244; Journal du Cameroun 30 Aug. 2017). Other sources describe the SCNC as federalist (International Crisis Group 2 Aug. 2017, 7; Jeune Afrique 8 Sept. 2017). According to sources, the SCNC is a group that advocates for the secession of the two Anglophone regions of Cameroon, the Northwest and the Southwest (Germany 30 Jan. 2017, 4; Jane's Country Daily Risk Report 23 Jan. 2017; BBC 9 Nov. 2017), "via referendum" (Jane's Country Daily Risk Report 23 Jan. 2017). The journalist explained that it is a grassroots organization "leading the political quest for self-determination in the English-speaking regions in the Cameroons, now referred to as Ambazonia" (Journalist 14 June 2018).

According to sources, the SCNC pursues its aim in a peaceful way (Jeune Afrique 8 Sept. 2017; Panapress 12 Jan. 2018). Similarly, sources describe the SCNC as non-violent (Journalist 14 June 2018; International Crisis Group 2 Aug. 2017, 24). International Crisis Group further indicates that since 1996, the SCNC has taken "diplomatic initiatives at the UN, the African Court of Banjul, the Commonwealth and national embassies" to demand two-state federalism or secession (International Crisis Group 2 Aug. 2017, 7).

In contrast, sources report that the SCNC has an [translation] "armed wing" (Xinhua News Agency 10 Aug. 2017; APA News 22 Sept. 2017; CIR 12 Nov. 2017) called the Liberation Movement of Southern Cameroon (LMSC) (Xinhua News Agency 10 Aug. 2017). Further information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

A 2016 article written by the SCNC Communication Department, and published by Bareta News, "a pro-separatists website that believes in the restoration of Southern Cameroons Statehood "(Bareta News n.d.), states that a SCNC National Council meeting, attended by 95 delegates, was held in Bamenda on 25 September 2016 (SCNC 1 Oct. 2016). The same source indicates that during the meeting, a referendum for the "British Southern Cameroons Sovereign Independence" was launched, with referendum cards and forms (SCNC 1 Oct. 2016).

According to sources, protests against the use of French in courts and schools in Southern Cameroons, and to "complai[n]" of discrimination against English-speaking people, were held in Bamenda in November 2016, during which "[a]t least" 100 people were arrested (BBC 23 Nov. 2016; IBTimes 24 Nov. 2016). The Pan African News Agency (Panapress) indicates that the [translation] "crisis" that began in November 2016 was started by SCNC separatists (Panapress 22 Sept. 2017). A January 2017 briefing note prepared by the German Information Centre for Asylum and Migration (Informationszentrum Asyl und Migration, IZAM) [1] states that a [translation] "series of anti-government demonstrations and protests supported by the SCNC," which began in October and November 2016 in Cameroon's English-speaking regions, "resulted in violent clashes with security forces" (Germany 30 Jan. 2017, 4). Similarly, according to CNN, in response to "clashes" between police and anglophone protesters in November and December 2016, the SCNC "responded with a series of strikes and 'Operation Ghost Town' - an instruction to all supporters to stay at home as a mode of nonviolent resistance" (CNN 2 Jan. 2018). The news website Agence de presse africaine (APA News) reports, in a November 2017 article, that the SCNC [translation] "regularly organizes disapproval actions against the [Cameroonian government]" (APA News 8 Nov. 2017).

Le Monde reports that every 1st of October, the SCNC claims the independence of Southern Cameroons (Le Monde 28 Nov. 2016). Similarly, according to International Crisis Group, SCNC militants "organise protests in the Anglophone regions every 1 October and spectacular actions such as [proclaming] independence" (International Crisis Group 2 Aug. 2017, 7). APA News indicates that the SCNC announced on 1 October 2017 that they would "proclaim the independence of the English-speaking part of the country" (APA News 1 Oct. 2017).

International Crisis Group reports that five groups, including the SCNC, formed the "'Federal Republic of Ambazonia' (the name given by secessionists to their self-proclaimed state)" (International Crisis Group 21 Dec. 2017). Similarly, the journalist indicated that the SCNC participates in and endorses "the Southern Cameroons Interim Government" and that "apart from the SCNC, there are many different movements, all of which are fighting for the restoration of the independence of Southern Cameroons, now called Ambazonia" (Journalist 14 June 2018).

Sources report that former SCNC leaders joined the Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front (SCACUF) (Journal du Cameroun 20 Feb. 2018; Journal de Kin 20 Feb. 2018), "which advocates peaceful means to advance independence" (Journal du Cameroun 20 Feb. 2018). According to The Citizen, a South African news publication, exiled members of the SCNC joined the SCACUF (The Citizen 25 Oct. 2017). Similarly, Reuters indicates that, according to a Southern Cameroons political activist, "independent separatist coalitions, many of which are run by diaspora Cameroonians," formed the SCACUF (Reuters 2 Oct. 2017). According to a news blog, written by a South Africa-based journalist "with years of in-depth reporting experience on African issues" (Amabo n.d.), the SCNC is one of the signatories of SCACUF resolutions signed in Buea (Southern Cameroons) on 9 July 2017 (Amabo 10 July 2017). According to the same source, the resolutions call for, among other things, the release of Southern Cameroonians arrested by the government, the creation of a "governing body … with a mandate to oversee the restoration of the independence of the Southern Cameroons," and the creation of an "Education Board" to develop "a new curriculum more adapted to the Anglo-Saxon education system" (Amabo 10 July 2017).

A November 2017 article published by the Journal du Cameroun, a Cameroonian news website, reports that [translation] "'heavily armed'" SCNC activists killed two police officers at a check point in Bafut (Bamenda), in the Anglophone Northwest region (Journal du Cameroun 8 Nov. 2017a). A December 2017 article by APA News reports that, according to [translation] "security sources," approximately 15 "heavily armed" SCNC activists killed three police officers at a station in Mamfe, in the Southwest region (APA News 26 Dec. 2017). According to a November 2017 article by the Cameroon Intelligence Report (CIR), a news website, "[t]he Yaounde regime has blamed the killings of its security agents ["four elements of the defense and security forces on duty" in the Southern Cameroons] on SCACUF and the armed wing of the SCNC" (CIR 12 Nov. 2017). Further and corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

3. Relations with Authorities

According to sources, on 17 January 2017, the Cameroonian government banned the activities of the SCNC (Amnesty International 20 Jan. 2017; US 20 Apr. 2018, 19; CNN 2 Jan. 2018), stating that they are contrary to the constitution and could "jeopardize" the security of the State, territorial integrity, and national integration (US 20 Apr. 2018, 19; CNN 2 Jan. 2018). Regarding the January 2017 ban, the journalist stated that the Cameroonian government considers the SCNC "a terrorist organization" (Journalist 14 June 2018). In an interview with Radio France internationale (RFI), Nfor Ngala Nfor explained that "[t]he issue of the ban is meaningless" for the SCNC as they "operate within [their] homeland, [they] are not operating in la République du Cameroun" (RFI 18 Jan. 2017). Cameroon Postline reports that according to a former SCNC Secretary General, Nfor Ngala Nfor "is operating underground, following the banning of SCNC and its activities in Cameroon by the [g]overnment" (Cameroon Postline 30 June 2017).

RFI reports that, according to Nfor Ngala Nfor, the SCNC "was intimidated by troops during recent dialogue with local authorities"; he added that the Cameroonian authorities "'shot some of our people'" (RFI 18 Jan. 2017). Further and corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

According to sources, in August 2017, Cameroon's Communication minister informed cable companies that they will be closed should they broadcast the Southern Cameroon Broadcasting Channel (SCBC), a channel transmitting the "propaganda" of the SCNC (Agence Ecofin 30 Aug. 2017; Journal du Cameroun 30 Aug. 2017; APA News 30 Aug. 2017). Agence France-Presse (AFP) describes the SCBC as a separatist cable television channel, which is "officially banned but operates from South Africa" (AFP 24 Oct. 2017).

3.1 Arrests

The Political Handbook of the World reports that "an increasing number of SCNC activists [were] arrested or detained by government forces" in 2015 (Political Handbook of the World 2017, 245). According to a 2016 article published by Minority Rights Group International (MRG), members of the SCNC "are often arrested and detained" (MRG 23 March 2016). Le Monde indicates that SCNC members are arrested every 1st of October, when they claim the independence of Southern Cameroons (Le Monde 28 Nov. 2016). According to the journalist, "even before" the ban of the SCNC, the Cameroonian government had "taken actions to persecute" anyone associated with the SCNC, for example by arresting, imprisoning, torturing and "eliminat[ing]" them (Journalist 14 June 2018). Sources report arrests and detentions of SCNC members or activists, including the following:

  • In July 2016, 15 SCNC activists [2] were arrested (Update Direct 14 Oct. 2016; Bareta News 4 Sept. 2016; CamerounWeb 29 July 2016), in a restaurant in Buea (Update Direct 14 Oct. 2016; CamerounWeb 29 July 2016). The activists faced up to six months of imprisonment and a fine of up to 100 000 Central African Francs (CFA) [approximately C$231] (Update Direct 14 Oct. 2016; CamerounWeb 29 July 2016) for "'unlawful public meetings and processions'" (CamerounWeb 29 July 2016). They were released on bail (Bareta News 4 Sept. 2016; Update Direct 14 Oct. 2016) on 30 August 2016 (Bareta News 4 Sept. 2016).
  • Simon Nfor Ngwa, said to be the SCNC National Youth Officer, was arrested by police in Kumba (south-western region) on 29 September 2016, "in possession of a Southern Cameroons Passport"; he was released on 3 October 2016 (Cameroon Postline 8 Oct. 2016). This arrest "came in the wake of security measures [the] [g]overnment put in place to circumvent any secessionist activities on October 1[st]"; soldiers and police officers were present in Kumba, as well as in "[o]ther presumed SCNC strongholds such as Ekombe in Mbonge Subdivision and parts of Kupe-Muanenguba and Manyu" (Cameroon Postline 8 Oct. 2016).
  • Ochie Ndocky Henry Ewane, an SCNC member, was arrested in 2016 on national day celebrations; he "is reported to have been in possession of a placard bearing secessionist messages … [and] [i]f found guilty, he is likely to serve a heavy jail term" (Update Direct 14 Oct. 2016).
  • In January 2017, Ayah Paul Abine, Advocate General at the Supreme Court, was arrested and detained at the State Secretariat for Defence (Secrétariat d'État à la défense, SED) for allegedly being a SCNC leader; he was released on 31 August 2017 (Camer.be n.d.).
  • In November 2017, 15 international arrest warrants were issued by the Cameroonian authorities against SCNC leaders (BBC 9 Nov. 2017; The Guardian 10 Nov. 2017; Journal du Cameroun 8 Nov. 2017b).
  • On 5 January 2018, 10 SCNC members, "legally living in Nigeria," were arrested by Nigerian authorities during a meeting in Abuja; "[h]uman rights lawyers in Nigeria have said that an extradition request has been made by the Cameroonian government, but no details have been made public" (Panapress 12 Jan. 2018). Nfor Ngala Nfor was arrested in January 2018 in Abuja, Nigeria (CNBC Africa 6 Jan. 2018; Sahara Reporters 8 Jan. 2018; Cameroon Concord News 12 Jan. 2018). The journalist explained that Nfor Ngala Ngor is currently in the custody of the Cameroonian authorities, "after being abducted in Nigeria by unknown men, together with the entire leadership of the Southern Cameroons Interim Government in exile," after which they were sent to Cameroon (Journalist 4 June 2018).
  • Sources report the arrest of Maxwell Oben, an SCNC activist (Bareta News 4 Sept. 2016; MRG 23 Mar. 2016; Cameroon Postline 26 Jan. 2018), who has been in detention since 2014 (Bareta News 4 Sept. 2016) or 2013 (MRG 23 Mar. 2016). "[C]harged with plotting to incite civil strife and destabilise the [s]tate", he was released on bail "after spending four years at the Buea Central Prison" (Cameroon Postline 26 Jan. 2018).

4. Location and Contact Information

Information on the location of SCNC offices was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. A 2016 letter published by the SCNC National Chairman, Nfor Ngala Nfor, indicates that the SCNC National Secretariat is located in Bamenda (SCNC 3 Oct. 2016). Similarly, an SCNC Facebook page with a link to the website "scncforsoutherncameroons.net" [a domain that appears to be for sale] indicates that the SCNC is located on "Cow street Nkwen Bamenda/North West Region 00237" (SCNC n.d.). According to the journalist, the headquarters of the SCNC are in Bamenda, in the Northwest region of Cameroon, "but due to political hostility and crackdown, [the SCNC] operates where it is considered [to have] strongholds, with more powerful cells where the pace of events is often dictated and directed" (Journalist 14 June 2018).

SCNC contact information, including telephone numbers, could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

5. Requirements and Procedures to Become a Member, Including Documents

Information on requirements and procedures to become a member and on documents issued to members was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. The journalist provided the following information regarding the requirements and procedures to become a member of the SCNC:

The requirement is simply to be a Southern Cameroonian, a term used to describe someone of English-speaking [background] from the Southwest and Northwest regions in the Cameroons, and [to] take the pledge to fight and defend the sovereignty of the former British Southern Cameroons as a patriotic duty. Upon taking the pledge of allegiance, adherents or activists are given a membership card. In most cases, however, because of resource constraints, newly "baptized" activists are monitored for loyalty for some time before being [issued] a membership card, while some may elect not to be identified [as such].

Members, depending on where their cards [are] issued, pay a token [fee] of 500 CFA [approximately C$1] and are obliged to commit to contributions in other forms. (Journalist 14 June 2018)

The same source provided the following information regarding documents issued to members of the SCNC:

[T]hose who pledge their allegiance to defend the state and … were involved in … other field task[s] or domestic operations, [receive] the membership card ... It must be stated that in the diaspora, members are free to design their own card ...

Another [document] issued [to members] could be the Sworn Affidavit of Support. This [document] is issued by any designated authority (Chairperson(s) and Secretaries General of the SCNC) to any Southern Cameroonian who demonstrates the need of such [a document] if they have applied for protection as a refugee in any country where they may find themselves. For example, in Belgium, there is a fully constituted SCNC Bureau which can issue such documents to any Southern Cameroonian/Ambazonian who applies for asylum protection in Belgium, after verifying and finding that [the] applicant is a duly registered member of the SCNC in any of the structures of the SCNC. (Journalist 14 June 2018)

Copies of SCNC membership cards dated from 2011, provided by the journalist, are attached to this Response (Attachment). Further information on documents issued to members, including letterhead, seal and authorized signatories could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Notes

[1] The Information Center on Asylum and Migration (IZAM) is part of the German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, BAMF); it provides information "to the employees of the [BAMF], other German and foreign authorities, the courts and … members of the public" (Germany 27 Feb. 2013).

[2] Sources list the following arrestees: Isaac Kanjo (Update Direct 14 Oct. 2016), Nke Valentine [Yong], Njuosi [Njousi] David Abang, Shey Alfred Sembe, Tabot James [Arrey], Asoh Cletus, Besong [Bissong] Mathias Arrey, Fonjo [Tonjoh] Peter [Fehbi], Fonkum [Fokum] Andrew, Tebo [Tebot] Titaniji [Titanji] Christain [Christian], [Check] Nyah [Watal], Chief Ekene [Ekane] Ivoson [Maths] (Update Direct 14 Oct. 2016; Bareta News 4 Sept. 2016), Moto James, Mokube Alus Ngoe and Mbua Richard (Bareta News 4 Sept. 2016).

References

Agence de presse africaine (APA News). 26 December 2017. "Cameroun : trois gendarmes abattus par les sécessionnistes." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Agence de presse africaine (APA News). 8 November 2017. "Cameroun : des mandats d'arrêt internationaux contre des leaders sécessionnistes." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Agence de presse africaine (APA News). 1 October 2017. "Cameroonians March for National Unity." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Agence de presse africaine (APA News). 22 September 2017. "Une attaque terroriste perpétrée vendredi à Douala." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Agence de presse africaine (APA News). 30 August 2017. "Cameroun : le gouvernement met en garde contre une chaîne diffusant des messages « haineux »." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Agence Ecofin. 30 August 2017. "Cameroun : les autorités interdisent aux câblodistributeurs de diffuser les programmes de la SCBC TV, la chaîne de la région sécessionniste." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Agence France-Presse (AFP). 24 October 2017. "Secessionist Struggle in Anglophone Cameroon Led from Exile." (Factiva) [Accessed 13 June 2018]

Amabo, Solomon. 10 July 2017. "Southern Cameroons Now Owns a Self-Defense Committee… Read Full Resolutions of 3rd SCACUF Conclave." Solomon Amabo's Blog. [Accessed 6 June 2018]

Amabo, Solomon. N.d. "About the Blog." Solomon Amabo's Blog. [Accessed 11 June 2018]

Amnesty International. 20 January 2017. "Cameroon: Arrests and Civil Society Bans Risk Inflaming Tensions in English-Speaking Regions." [Accessed 6 June 2018]

Bareta News. 28 September 2016. Mark Bareta. "Southern Cameroon Youths to Hijack SCNC Leadership." [Accessed 11 June 2018]

Bareta News. 4 September 2016. Mark Bareta. "CRTV Debates SCNC as Calls Intensifies for Maxwell Oben Release." [Accessed 11 June 2018]

Bareta News. N.d. "About. " [Accessed 23 June 2018]

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 9 November 2017. "BBCM Africa Watchlist for 9 November." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 23 November 2016. "Bamenda Protests: Mass Arrests in Cameroon." [Accessed 14 June 2018]

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Camer.be. N.d. Mutations. "Cameroun : affaire Ayah Paul Abine : L'Union africaine demande des preuves :: Cameroon." [Accessed 13 June 2018]

Cameroon Concord News. 12 January 2018. Fru James. "Family of the Abducted Ambazonia Leader Plead for his Safety and Urgent Return." [Accessed 14 June 2018]

Cameroon Intelligence Report (CIR). 12 November 2017. Sama Ernest. "Federal Republic of Ambazonia: French Cameroun Governor Imposes Indefinite Curfew." [Accessed 13 June 2018]

Cameroon Postline. 8 October 2016. Maxcel Fokwen. "SCNC Activist Arrested with Southern Cameroons Passport." [Accessed 7 June 2018]

Cameroon Postline. 26 January 2018. "Release SCNC Firebrand Warns Gov't Against Looming Danger." (Factiva) [Accessed 6 June 2018]

Cameroon Postline. 30 June 2017. Chris Mbunwe. "Where Is SCNC Leader, Nfor Ngala Nfor?" (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

CamerounWeb. 29 July 2016. Cameroon Journal. "Bail Denied 15 SCNC Activists Held in Detention." [Accessed 12 June 2018]

CamerounWeb. 18 April 2015. Cameroon Journal. "Govt Accused of Bribery in Anglophone Case." [Accessed 13 June 2018]

CamerounWeb. 11 March 2015. "SCNC Splits Again over Election of Ayamba's Son as New Chairman." [Accessed 13 June 2018]

Chesami, Peter Forchu. 5 February 2018. "National Chairman Address to the Nation." [Accessed 6 June 2018]

The Citizen. 25 October 2017. "Secessionist Struggle in Anglophone Cameroon Led from Exile." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

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Jane's Country Daily Risk Report. 23 January 2017. IHS Markit. "Banning of Civil Society Groups Unlikely to End Protests in Cameroon's Anglophone Regions; Businesses to Remain Closed." [Accessed 11 June 2018]

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Journal du Cameroun. 8 November 2017b. "Crise anglophone : des mandats d'arrêt internationaux contre des leaders sécessionnistes." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Journal du Cameroun. 30 August 2017. "Cable Distributors Warned Against Broadcasting SCBC Channel." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Journalist, Southern Cameroons. 14 June 2018. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.

Minority Rights Group International (MRG). 23 March 2016. George Ngwane. "From West Cameroon Statehood to Anglophone Cameroon Minorityhood." [Accessed 14 June 2018]

Le Monde. 18 January 2017. Josiane Kouagheu. "Au Cameroun, dans les régions anglophones, la crise se durcit." [Accessed 11 June 2018]

Le Monde. 28 November 2016. Josiane Kouagheu. "Pourquoi le malaise de la partie anglophone du Cameroun persiste." [Accessed 11 June 2018]

Pan African News Agency (Panapress). 12 January 2018. "Rights Body Seeks Justice for Arrested Cameroonian Leaders." (Factiva) [Accessed 11 June 2018]

Pan African News Agency (Panapress). 22 September 2017. "Trois policiers blessés jeudi dans l'explosion d'une bombe artisanale dans le nord-ouest du Cameroun." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. 2017. "Cameroon." Edited by Thomas Landsford. Washington, DC: CQ Press. [Accessed 6 June 2018]

Radio France internationale (RFI). 18 January 2017. Daniel Finnan. "Pro-Independence Anglophone Group Defies Cameroon Government Ban." [Accessed 6 June 2018]

Sahara Reporters. 8 January 2018. Femi Falana San. "Nigeria Must Release Detained Cameroonian Freedom Fighters." [Accessed 14 June 2018]

Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC). 1 October 2016. Bareta News. "SCNC Jumps on Signature Referendum." [Accessed 11 June 2018]

Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC). 3 October 2016. "Deliberate Efforts of Intimidation and Sabotage by the Annexationist Regime." [Accessed 14 June 2018]

Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC). 20 June 2014. "Southern Cameroons: SCNC Leader Chief Ayamba Passes Away at the Age of 91." Unrepresented Nations and People Organization (UNPO). [Accessed 13 June 2018]

Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC). N.d. Facebook. "About." [Accessed 14 June 2018]

Reuters. 2 October 2017. Edward McAllister. "State Crackdown Fuels Independence Push in Anglophone Cameroon." [Accessed 11 June 2018]

United States (US). 20 April 2018. Department of State. "Cameroon." Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017. [Accessed 6 June 2018]

Update Direct. 14 October 2016. George Njanjobea. "SCNC Activists Indicted." [Accessed 12 June 2018]

Xinhua News Agency. 10 August 2017. "Cameroun : arrestation de cinq terroristes présumés dans le Nord-Ouest (gouvernement)." (Factiva) [Accessed 8 June 2018]

Additional Sources Consulted

Oral sources: Freelance journalist based in Cameroon; International Crisis Group; Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front; Southern Cameroons Broadcasting Corporation; Southern Cameroons National Council; Southern Cameroons National Council – Belgium; Southern Cameroons National Council United Kingdom; Southern Cameroons Youth League.

Internet sites, including: Cameroon – Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization; Freedom House; Infos Plus Gabon; International Law Association – Nigerian Branch; IRIN; The Jamestown Foundation; Southern Cameroons Broadcasting Corporation; Southern Cameroons Youth League.

Attachment

Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC). 2011. "Membership Cards." Sent to the Research Directorate by a Southern Cameroons journalist, 14 June 2018.

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