1) Pakistan Muslim League; 2) the development of "Ziaism" [PAK0857]

1) The information already provided to you in the World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties covers the history of the Muslim League (founded in 1906), and the history of the Pakistan Muslim League (the Pagara and Chathha factions) through 1986.
The Pakistan Muslim League (PML) was the dominant political party in Pakistan from 1986 until 29 May 1988, when Zia ul-Haq dissolved the government of (former) Prime Minister Mohammed Khan Junejo (PML party). Before the end of August 1988, the PML had broken into two factions. [ "Pakistan Moslem League breaks into two factions", Globe and Mail, 27 August 198; Husain Haqqani, "Shifting Sands of Patronage", Far Eastern Economic Review, 22 September 1988, p. 35; Husain Haqqani, "Power up for Grabs", Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 September 1988, p. 12.] The two groups were the "Fida" faction (led by Mr. Fida Muhammad Khan, the former governor of the North-West Frontier Provinces, and Mr Nawaz Sharif, the Chief Minister of Punjab province), and the "Junejo" faction (led by former Prime Minister Mohammed Khan Junejo). The Junejo group joined with the Tehrik-i-Istiqlal and the Jamaat-i Ulemi-i Pakistan on October 9 to form the Pakistan Awami Tehrik (PPA, Pakistan People's Alliance). [Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume XXXIV, December 1988, p. 36347.] The stated aim of the PPA was to work for an Islamic, welfare, parliamentary system. [ Ibid.] The Fida faction had joined with seven other parties and groups to form the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI, Islamic Democratic Alliance). The other parties in the IJI included the Jamaati-i Islami, the National People's Party, the Jamiatul Ulema-e Islam (Darkhwasty Group), the Markazi Jamaat-i Ahle Hadith (Lakvi Group), Jamaat-ul Mashaikh (Sahebzada Fazle Haq Group), Hizbe Jihad, the Azad Group, and the Nizami-i Mustafa Group. [ Ibid.]
On 15 October 1988, the Junejo PML faction joined the IJI, and its former alliance partners formed the Pakistan Awami Ittehad. [ Ibid.] The IJI won 54 seats in the November elections, but the Pakistan Awami Ittehad gained only three [Ibid.] Benazir Bhutto's party, the Pakistan People's party, won 92 of the 205 seats. [ Ahmed Rashid, "Testing time, again", Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 January 1989, (the Keesing's article indicates 93).] Nawaz Sharif was the only leader of the IJI to gain a seat in the national assembly. [ Keesing's, p. 36348.] The distribution of the remaining seats is described in the attached article from Keesing's Record of World Events, (December 1988, p. 36348).

2) In one attached article from May 1989, the author appears to equate "Ziaism" with loyal support for Zia's policies, but does not specify which policies are most important to the concept. [ Anthony Hyman, "The waning of Benazir's honeymoon", The Middle East, May 1989, p. 5, and A. Hyman, "Benazir inherits a divided country", The Middle East, January 1989, p. 17.] The term does not appear to have a precise definition, though it may refer to support for Zia's policy of gradual Islamisation.
Under Zia ul-Haq, Pakistan's "domestic policies reflected the president's Islamic faith, and Islamic laws and customs were elevated to a prominence that formerly had prevailed only in the most orthodox circles." [ Henry Kamm, "Army likely to claim ruler's vast powers", New York Times, 18 August 1988.] Islamic groups fearing a reversal of Islamisation actively revived Islamic sentiment shortly after Zia's death. [ "Power up for grabs", p. 13.] Fundamentalists have organized rallies against Salman Rushdie's book, and have "urged the government to send commandos to Britain to bring him to Pakistan to be publicly hanged." [ Ahmed Rashid, "War of Nerves", Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 March 1989, p. 24.] Some mullahs have condemned the liberalization and secularism of Bhutto's government, and recently issued a religious edict prohibiting women from occupying positions of leadership in Islamic nations. [Ibid. Other mullahs denounced the rulings.] In response to this edict, Bhutto issued a statement that the "government would repeal all laws which are discriminatory to women of Pakistan" and a verbally condemned the mullahs responsible. [ Ibid.] Reprisal by the state against this group of mullahs has not been reported in sources available to the IRBDC at the present time.

One of the greatest political threats to the PPP government is the fact that the Islamic Democratic Alliance (IJI) is the ruling party in the Punjab, the most highly populated province in Pakistan. The Punjab is the only province where the PPP does not either control or rule in alliance with other local parties [ Ahmed Rashid, "Friends or foes", Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 March 1989, p. 28.] (though reports from May 1989 indicate significant problems are growing within the political alliances in the other three provinces). [ Anthony Hyman, "The waning of Benazir's Honeymoon", The Middle East, May 1989.] The IJI has 108 seats to the PPP's 94 in the Punjab provincial assembly, ["Testing time, again", 26 January 1989.] and Sharif won an important vote of confidence in the Punjab provincial assembly in March. [ "Friends and foes", 30 March 1989.] In the past, he has called for a jihad (holy war) against Bhutto, and more recently has been accused of "masterminding the Islamic fundamentalist protests against the government" over the Rushdie affair. [ "War of Nerves", 16 March 1989, p. 23.]
The military have allegedly supported the IJI and Sharif thus far in a bid to maintain a political balance of power and restrain Bhutto's government. [ "War of nerves", 16 March 1989 p. 24; "Friends and foes", 30 March 1989, p. 28.] An incident reported in March highlights the confidence the IJI feels with respect to its mandate to govern in Punjab province. The Punjab police arrested one of Bhutto's staff at the PPP Rawalpindi office for making "objectionable speeches" against Sharif, but it is not known what form, if any, government reprisal took, as Sharif denied having ordered the raid. [ "War of nerves", p. 24.]
Please find the attached information:

1) The Europa Year Book 1988. London: Europa Publications

Limited, 1988.

2) Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume XXXIV, December 1988, pp. 36347-36348.

3) Results of a database search, in particular the articles entitled "Pakistan Moslem League breaks into two Factions"; "Zia's Replacement directs Pakistan toward open vote"; "Bhutto, Military now hold key to future in Pakistan"; and "Army likely to claim ruler's vast power".


4) Far Eastern Economic Review, a selection of articles
between August 1988 and March 1989 referred to in the endnotes.

5) Hyman, Anthony. "The waning of Benazir's honeymoon", The Middle East, May 1989.

6) Hyman, Anthony. "Benazir inherits a divided country", The Middle East, January 1989.
Endnotes

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