Dokument #1019006
IRB – Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (Autor)
2) In one attached article from May 1989,
the author appears to equate "Ziaism" with loyal support for Zia's
policies, but does not specify which policies are most important to
the concept. [ Anthony Hyman, "The waning of Benazir's honeymoon",
The Middle East, May 1989, p. 5, and A. Hyman, "Benazir inherits a
divided country", The Middle East, January 1989, p. 17.] The
term does not appear to have a precise definition, though it may
refer to support for Zia's policy of gradual Islamisation.
Under Zia ul-Haq, Pakistan's "domestic policies reflected the
president's Islamic faith, and Islamic laws and customs were
elevated to a prominence that formerly had prevailed only in the
most orthodox circles." [ Henry Kamm, "Army likely to claim ruler's
vast powers", New York Times, 18 August 1988.] Islamic
groups fearing a reversal of Islamisation actively revived Islamic
sentiment shortly after Zia's death. [ "Power up for grabs", p.
13.] Fundamentalists have organized rallies against Salman
Rushdie's book, and have "urged the government to send commandos to
Britain to bring him to Pakistan to be publicly hanged." [ Ahmed
Rashid, "War of Nerves", Far Eastern Economic Review, 16
March 1989, p. 24.] Some mullahs have condemned the liberalization
and secularism of Bhutto's government, and recently issued a
religious edict prohibiting women from occupying positions of
leadership in Islamic nations. [Ibid. Other mullahs denounced the
rulings.] In response to this edict, Bhutto issued a statement that
the "government would repeal all laws which are discriminatory to
women of Pakistan" and a verbally condemned the mullahs
responsible. [ Ibid.] Reprisal by the state against this group of
mullahs has not been reported in sources available to the IRBDC at
the present time.
One of the greatest political threats to
the PPP government is the fact that the Islamic Democratic Alliance
(IJI) is the ruling party in the Punjab, the most highly populated
province in Pakistan. The Punjab is the only province where the PPP
does not either control or rule in alliance with other local
parties [ Ahmed Rashid, "Friends or foes", Far Eastern Economic
Review, 30 March 1989, p. 28.] (though reports from May 1989
indicate significant problems are growing within the political
alliances in the other three provinces). [ Anthony Hyman, "The
waning of Benazir's Honeymoon", The Middle East, May 1989.]
The IJI has 108 seats to the PPP's 94 in the Punjab provincial
assembly, ["Testing time, again", 26 January 1989.] and Sharif won
an important vote of confidence in the Punjab provincial assembly
in March. [ "Friends and foes", 30 March 1989.] In the past, he has
called for a jihad (holy war) against Bhutto, and more recently has
been accused of "masterminding the Islamic fundamentalist protests
against the government" over the Rushdie affair. [ "War of Nerves",
16 March 1989, p. 23.]
The military have allegedly supported the IJI and Sharif thus far
in a bid to maintain a political balance of power and restrain
Bhutto's government. [ "War of nerves", 16 March 1989 p. 24;
"Friends and foes", 30 March 1989, p. 28.] An incident reported in
March highlights the confidence the IJI feels with respect to its
mandate to govern in Punjab province. The Punjab police arrested
one of Bhutto's staff at the PPP Rawalpindi office for making
"objectionable speeches" against Sharif, but it is not known what
form, if any, government reprisal took, as Sharif denied having
ordered the raid. [ "War of nerves", p. 24.]
Please find the attached information:
1) The Europa Year Book 1988.
London: Europa Publications
2) Keesing's Record of World
Events, Volume XXXIV, December 1988, pp. 36347-36348.
3) Results of a database search, in particular the articles entitled "Pakistan Moslem League breaks into two Factions"; "Zia's Replacement directs Pakistan toward open vote"; "Bhutto, Military now hold key to future in Pakistan"; and "Army likely to claim ruler's vast power".
4) Far Eastern Economic Review, a
selection of articles
between August 1988 and March 1989 referred to in the endnotes.
5) Hyman, Anthony. "The waning of
Benazir's honeymoon", The Middle East, May 1989.
6) Hyman, Anthony. "Benazir inherits a
divided country", The Middle East, January 1989.
Endnotes