Dokument #1255924
IRB – Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (Autor)
1) Le mot Sunkwa, dans la langue Akan
(l'une des langues du Ghana), signifie "Cri pour la vie" (Sun veut
dire Cri et Kwa Santé ou Vie spirituelle) [Cette information
a été fournie par une représentante de la
Communauté ghanéenne à Ottawa, conversation
téléphonique du 7 novembre 1989.]. Aucune
corroboration écrite n'a pu être localisée dans
la littérature, mais il importe de garder à l'esprit
que le nombre de sectes religieuses au Ghana est très
élévé, la chrétienté à
elle seule comprenant 78 dénominations [Clévenot M.
ed. 1984, L'état des religions dans le monde, Paris
et Montréal: Le Découverte, Le Cerf et Boréal:
219.]. L'infinité des sectes à travers l'Afrique sont
un mélange fort complexe d'éléments
traditionnels et de doctrines venues du monde chrétien ou
musulman [Bureau R. 1989, "L'Afrique noire", in: Le grand atlas
des religions, J. Bersani et al., eds., Bruxelles, Lausanne et
Montréal: Encyclopaedia Universalis: 80-81.].
Le Ghana vient tout juste (juin 1989) de se
doter d'une Loi sur les organisations religieuses (PNDCL 221)
restreignant l'enregistrement et la reconnaissance officiels des
sectes, de même que l'usage des titres religieux ["Ghana: Law
on Religious Bodies", West Africa, 21-27 août 1989:
1394.]. Cent-quarante (140) des quatre-cents-quatre-vingts (480)
groupes religieux de la seule région d'Accra ont
postulé pour le statut officiel sous la nouvelle loi et dix
(10) d'entre eux ont déjà été
refusés [ Idem.].
En février 1982, les forces
armées ont tué 75 personnes dans une confrontation
avec des membres d'une secte religieuse, dont le nom n'est
malheureusement pas mentionné dans les documents; le
Prophète Odifur Asare, dirigeant de la secte en question, a
alors été tué, son corps exposé en
public, puis brûlé [ "Rampaging Troops Kill Religious
Sect Members", Agence France Presse, [Paris, en anglais], 23
février 1982, 0717 Greenwich Mean Time.].
2) Dans la tradition religieuse
ghanéene, Nana Nyamé signifie Créateur du
monde, c'est-à-dire Dieu [ Pratt K. 1989, "The Rebel
Priest", West Africa, 25 septembre-1er octobre 1989: 1597.].
Un bulletin de la Ghana Broadcasting Corporation,
contrôlée par le gouvernement, a récemment mis
en doute la moralité de l'Eglise Nyamé Som Pa, en
recommandant l'extension de l'interdiction des activités
religieuses de certaines églises, en juin 1989, à
d'autres groupes religieux tels Nyamé, l'Eglise de
Jésus Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours et les Mormons
[British Broadcasting Corporation, 1989, "Ghana Jehovah's
Witnesses' Publications Banned, Radio Calls for Ban on Other
Sects", Summary of World Broadcasts, 20 juin 1989.]. Suite
à cette recommendation, l'Eglise Nyamé Som Pa a
été bannie complètement le 14 juin 1989 [BBC.
1989, "Ghana Government Bans Activities of Four Religious Sects",
Summary of World Broadcasts, 16 juin 1989.].
Les seules autres références
à la secte Nyamé se trouvent dans des articles du
Washington Post en 1979 et 1983, qui indiquent que le culte
de Nyamé est observé dans la communauté
ouest-africaine des Etats Unis [Graham B.J. 1983, "Celebration
Combines Thanksgiving With an Old West African Ceremony",
Washington Post, 23 novembre 1983; Bernhardt M. 1979,
"Blacks Hold Traditional Rites: Anacostia Store Serves as African
Temple of Nyame", Washington Post, 27 avril 1979.].
NOTES
24 October 1989
Ghana - Summer 1989: Information on the
relationship between church and state.
From:
IRBDC Ottawa
Keywords:
civil and political rights / freedom of
expression / religious groups / political systems / government /
Ghana
Although there is a large degree of freedom
of religious expression in Ghana, the present government has
attempted to persuade the Christian churches to use their influence
and organization in mobilizing their congregations in support of
its Economic Recovery Programme (ERP), as well as in its
constitution of new political structures [ "No More Abstract
Kingdom of God", Ghanaian Times (Accra), 22 November 1988:
1.]. The Ghanaian government has also attempted to curb the
influence of certain fundamentalist and evangelical sects, which it
perceives as disruptive to Ghanaian society ["Ministry Expresses
Concern about Activities of Some Religious Bodies", People's
Daily Graphic (Accra), 8 November 1988: 8.].
Jehovah's Witnesses "refuse military
service, will not join political parties, do not vote, do not hold
elected public office, and will not participate in patriotic
exercises such as flag salute ceremonies" [ Howard R.E., 1986,
Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa, New Jersey: Rowand
& Littlefield Publishers: 109.]. The Ghanaian government has
been very critical of the Jehovah's Witnesses because the latter
refuses to recognize Ghanaian symbols of authority. Consequently,
some local congregations have been closed down by the government
because of strict adherence to religious precepts which are deemed
offensive "to the morals of the average Ghanaian," [United States
of America, Department of State, 1989, Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices for 1988, Washington: Government Printing
Office: 139.]. In June 1989, the Ghanaian government froze the
activities of Jehovah witnesses, who are no longer permitted now to
join for worship or to print religious documents [ Telephone
conversation with a spokesperson from the World Headquarters of
Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn, New York, July 1989.]. The foreign
missionaries involved with Jehovah's Witnesses were expelled from
Ghana this summer [ Idem.].
Although "Jehovah's Witnesses in Africa" in
The Minority Rights Group Report 1985, does not elaborate on
Ghana, it does however, state that in 1975 there were 20,324 active
Jehovah's Witnesses. This had increased by 12% since 1974. As of
1976, there were 399 Jehovah's Witness congregations [ Hodges T.
1985, Jehovah's Witnesses in Africa, Londres: Minority
Rights Group, no.27: Appendix, Table 1.].
Muslim Ghanaians, who constitute 25% of the
population, supported the 1981 coup but did not owe their primary
political allegiance to the leaders of the coup [ Ray J.I. 1986,
Ghana Politics, Economics and Society, London: Frances
Pinter Publishers: 92.].
Please find attached, for additional
information, the following documents:
Kurian G.T. ed. 1987, Encyclopedia of
the Third World, vol.I, New York and Oxford: Facts on File:
729.
"`Prophet' Ekwam's Arrest is Timely",
The Mirror (Accra), 29 October 1988: 1.
"Ministry Expresses Concern About
Activities of Some Religious Bodies", People's Daily Graphic
(Accra), 8 November 1988: 8.
"Religious Activities Continue Despite
Ekwam's Arrest", People's Daily Graphic, 10 November 1988:
1.
"Spiritual Onslaught", West Africa,
17-23 April 1989: 584-585.