a-7184-1 (ACC-IRN-7184-1)

Das vorliegende Dokument beruht auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen, und wurde in Übereinstimmung mit den Standards von ACCORD und den Common EU Guidelines for processing Country of Origin Information (COI) erstellt.
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Amnesty International (AI) berichtet im November 2009, dass mindestens zehn Mitglieder einer Initiative für Frauenrechte schriftliche Aufforderungen erhalten hätten, vor einer Zweigstelle des Revolutionsgerichts zu erscheinen. Nach Erhalt ihrer Vorladung habe eine der Aktivistinnen einen Telefonanruf erhalten, in dem ihr für den Fall eines Nichterscheinens beim Gerichtstermin „Konsequenzen“ angedroht worden seien:
“In recent days, at least 10 members of the Campaign for Equality – a grassroots women’s rights initiative - have been summoned to appear before a branch of the Revolutionary Court in connection with their peaceful activities on behalf of women’s rights in Iran. […] Maryam Malek, Jelveh Javaheri, Kaveh Mozzafari, Parisa Kakaei, and Khadijeh Moghaddam, who are all members of the Campaign, were the first to receive written summons to appear in court within three days of receipt. The summonses were issued on October 21, 2009. Aida Saadat and Elnaz Ansari have also received written summons. Following receipt of her written summons, Aida Saadat was threatened in a telephone call that if she did not appear in court on 4 November, she should ‘face the consequences’. Several other members of the Campaign have also been contacted by telephone by officials. They are believed to have said that they will not appear at court without receiving a written summons as is required by law. It is likely that they too will receive written summons.” (AI, 5. November 2009)
Das Danish Immigration Service (DIS) schreibt in einem im April 2009 veröffentlichten Bericht zu einer Fact-Finding-Mission in den Iran unter Berufung auf einen Rechtanwalt, dass Vorladungen vom Zivil- Straf- und Revolutionsgericht ausgestellt werden könnten. Weiters lade einer westlichen Botschaft zufolge auch der Geheimdienst Personen vor. Laut Angaben des soeben zitierten Rechtsanwalts stelle das Nichtreagieren auf eine Vorladung eine Rechtsverletzung dar. Ob die betreffende Person dafür rechtlich belangt werde, hänge vom jeweiligen Grund der Vorladung ab. Auch eine Person, die nach einer Vorladung den Iran verlassen habe, würde bei Rückkehr nicht notwendigerweise aus dem alleinigen Grund der Nichtwahrnehmung der Vorladung rechtlich belangt. Laut Angaben einer westlichen Botschaft würden die Behörden nach Personen, die eine Vorladung nicht wahrnehmen, suchen. Dieser Botschaft sei jedoch nicht bekannt, was mit Personen, die einer Vorladung nicht Folge leisten, passiere. Weiters schreibt das DIS in Bezug auf Zivilrechtsfälle, dass eine Person, die nicht auf eine Vorladung reagiere, erneut vorgeladen werde. Bei Nicht-Erscheinen könne das Gericht eine Entscheidung fällen. In strafrechtlichen Fällen könne einer westlichen Botschaft zufolge nach Personen, die einer behördlichen Vorladung nicht nachkämen, gefahndet werden und es könne ein Haftbefehl gegen sie ausgestellt werden. Laut einer westlichen Botschaft könne eine Person, die nach einer Vorladung nicht vor den Behörden erscheine, in Abwesenheit zu einer Haftstrafe verurteilt werden, wenn sie des Verbrechens für schuldig gesprochen werde:
“9. Summonses and reporting at specified times
9.1 Summonses
The Attorney at Law explained that summonses can be issued by the Civil-, Criminal- or Revolutionary Court. A western embassy (3) confirmed that there are different kinds of summonses and added that summonses are also issued by the Secret Service. The Attorney at Law stated that if a person does not respond to a summons, the person is breaking the laws regulating the obligation to report to the authorities when summoned. Failing to report when summoned does not mean that the person will be prosecuted. This would depend on the reason for the person being summoned. The Attorney at Law added that a person who has been summoned and has subsequently left Iran during the investigation phase, will not necessarily face prosecution upon return just because the person has failed to report to the authorities after being summoned. According to a western embassy (3), a person who does not meet when summoned is searched for by the authorities. The embassy does not know what happens to a person who fails to report to the authorities after being summoned. The Attorney at Law stated that summonses can easily be obtained illegally and that it is also easy to forge summonses by erasing information in the summons and adding new details. The attorney at Law also informed that a notice to meet in court can be send by text message (sms) and by e-mail. In terms of the use of text messages a document has to be presented as proof of the text being sent to the person.
9.1.1 Civil cases
According to a western embassy (3), any person being accused of an offence according to the Civil Code will be summoned. If the accused does not respond to the summons the person will be summoned again. The Attorney at Law stated that a civil summons is issued by the Civil Court or branch when a plaintiff has filed a case at the court house. A person who has been served a summons must respond within five days. If the summons is published in the legal gazette the person has 30 days to react to the summons. If a person who has been summoned does not show up, the court may issue a ruling.
9.1.2 Criminal cases
A western embassy (3) explained that a person suspected of having committed a criminal act will be summoned according to the Penal Code. According to the Attorney at Law, when a person is summoned in a criminal case the person must report to the authorities within three days. However, if the summons has been published in the legal gazette, the person must report to the authorities within ten days. If a person fails to report when summoned according to the Penal Code, the person will be searched for and an arrest warrant may be issued. A western embassy (3) added that a person who fails to report to the authorities when summoned may be sentenced in absentia to imprisonment if found guilty of the crime. The sentence may be appealed within 10-20 days.” (DIS, 30. April 2009, S. 43-44)
Laut einem Bericht des Centre for Iranian Studies (CIS) und des Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studien (IMEIS) (beide an der Durham University) vom September 2008 könnten Vorladungen vor eine Justizeinrichtung in zwei Formen ausgestellt, nämlich “Ekhtariyeh” und „Ehzariyeh“, ausgestellt werden. “Ekhtariyeh” sei eine Vorladung zu einem Ermittlungsverfahren, während „Ehzariyeh“ eine Aufforderung an einem Angeklagten sei, in einem Gerichtsverfahren zu erscheinen. Die Konsequenz eines Nichterscheinens nach Ausstellung einer „Ehzariyeh“ sei normalerweise die Ausstellung eines Haftbefehls und eine Verurteilung in Abwesenheit, wenn die betreffende Person nicht gefunden werden könne:
„With regard to court documentation, I would like to add the following. In order to invite an individual to a judicial body, a summons must be issued. This would be in the form of ‘Ekhtariyeh’ (sometimes translated as ‘legal notice’) and ‘Ehzariyeh’, Farsi terms which may both be accurately translated into the legal term ‘summons’. These serve the same purpose and have the same nature, as both give the opportunity to the defendant to attend the court and defend themselves against certain allegations. Both of these documents are issued by the proceeding court after a lawsuit is filed, stating the name of the defendant, the file number of the case, the court and its branch, the name and address of the defendant, and instructions as to the need to attend the court at a certain time or within a given time period. A copy of the document must be served on the defendant or a family member and signed by both the serving Bailiff and the recipient to show the date of service. After service to the defendant, the original document, along with the ‘return of service’ proving the summons and complaint were served, is filed with the court to show that the defendant has been informed and been given the opportunity to respond. Therefore, there is no difference between ‘Ekhtariyeh’ and ‘Ehzariyeh’ in terms of their legal nature and function, as both provide the defendant with the opportunity to voluntarily appear at court and respond to a complaint. However, ‘Ekhtariyeh’ is usually used when someone is called to the court for an investigation that is ongoing against the defendant, whilst ‘Ehzariyeh’ is used when the court intends to hold a trial against the defendant and wants to give a last opportunity for their voluntarily coming forward. The consequence of nonattendance after issuing an ‘Ehzariyeh’ would usually be the issuing of an arrest warrant and an absentia verdict if the person is not found.“ (23. September 2008, S. 19)
Quellen:(Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 23. April 2010)
·       AI – Amnesty International: Iran: Renewed wave of intimidation and harrassment of women's rights activists must end [MDE 13/117/2009], 5. November 2009
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE13/117/2009/en/cc81dab4-32a5-43d6-acef-a64c63c11f04/mde131172009en.pdf
·       CIS - Centre for Iranian Studies/IMEIS - Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, (Autoren: Reza Molavi / Mohammad M. Hedayati-Kakhki): Evaluation of the August 2008 Country of Origin Information Report on Iran, 23. September 2008 (veröffentlicht von APCI - Advisory Panel on Country Information)
http://apci.homeoffice.gov.uk/PDF/eleventh_meeting/APCI.11.2%20Iran.pdf
·       DIS - Danish Immigration Service: Fact finding mission to Iran 24 August - 2 September 2008, 30. April 2009
http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/90D772D5-F2DA-45BE-9DBB-87E00CD0EB83/0/iran_report_final.pdf