a-7050 (ACC-KGZ-7050)

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Die UN-Sonderberichterstatterin zu Gewalt gegen Frauen berichtet im November 2009 über einen soeben abgeschlossenen Einsatz in Kirgisistan und hält fest, dass verschiedene Formen der Gewalt gegen Frauen eher zuzunehmen scheinen würden. Seit der Unabhängigkeit Kirgisistans seien legislative und politische Fortschritte von weitverbreiteter Armut, ungenügenden Investitionen und Reformen im Bereich Sozialleistungen und einer Wiederbelebung der (patriarchalen) Traditionen begleitet gewesen, wodurch Frauen mehr Gewalt, Ausbeutung und Armut ausgesetzt seien. Meist würde Gewalt gegen Frauen häusliche Gewalt, Brautentführungen, Verheiratung Minderjähriger, nicht-registrierte Ehen, Menschenhandel, Polygamie, Gewalt und Diskriminierung wegen sexueller Orientierung mit einschließen, sowie Gewalt durch Exekutivbeamte.     
Gründe für diese Gewalt seien mangelhafte Implementierung von gesetzlichen und politischen Maßnahmen, Armut, Arbeitslosigkeit, traditionelle und religiöse Praktiken, Migration und fehlende Verantwortlichkeit der Behörden, die die Menschenrechte verletzen würden. Neben anderen Kritikpunkten erwähnt die UN-Sonderberichterstatterin auch Straflosigkeit für Gewalt gegen Frauen, sowohl von staatlichen, als auch nicht-staatlichen Akteuren: 
“BISHKEK -- The UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Rashida Manjoo, at the end of a mission to the Kyrgyz Republic, said that despite the Government's encouraging commitments to address the many challenges relating to violence against women, much still needs to be done to combat various forms of violence directed against Kyrgyz women, some of which appear to be increasing rather than diminishing. […]
The Special Rapporteur, however, noted that ‘since the independence of the Kyrgyz Republic, formal legislative and policy efforts have been accompanied by widespread poverty on the ground, insufficient investments and reforms in social services, and a resurfacing and reinterpretation of traditions and values which have strengthened patriarchal systems of control over women, gender stereotypes and de facto discrimination. In this context, women and girls' vulnerability to violence, exploitation and destitution has increased’.
Ms. Manjoo said the most prevalent forms of violence against women -- two thirds of whom live in rural areas -- include domestic violence, bride-kidnapping, under-age marriages, unregistered marriages, trafficking, polygamy, violence and discrimination against women based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, and violence committed by law enforcement agents.
She noted that the causes of such violence include ‘the lack of effective implementation of legislative and policy measures, poverty, unemployment, traditional and religious practices, internal and external migration, and the lack of accountability in relation to state agents who violate the human rights of citizens.’ As a result, she said, ‘there is an increase in the prevalence levels of violence against women and girl-children, homelessness, migration, the numbers of women being incarcerated for drug-related offences and also for the killing of family members, rates of HIV/AIDS infections, maternal mortality rates, levels and forms of corruption, and impunity for acts of violence against women by both state and non-state actors.’” (UN, 17. November 2009)
Freedom House (FH) hält im Bericht “Freedom in the World” vom Juli 2009 fest, dass kulturelle Traditionen und Teilnahmslosigkeit der Exekutive Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt und Vergewaltigungen davor abschrecken würden, sich an die Behörden zu wenden:
„Cultural traditions and apathy among law enforcement officials discourage victims of domestic violence and rape from contacting the authorities. The trafficking of women and girls into forced prostitution abroad is a serious problem, and some victims report that the authorities are involved in trafficking. The practice of bride abduction persists despite being illegal, and few perpetrators are prosecuted. Women are well represented in the workforce, the parliament (where they hold nearly a third of all seats), and institutions of higher learning, but poor economic conditions have had a negative effect on women’s professional and educational opportunities.” (FH, 16. Juli 2009)
Im Menschenrechtsbericht des US Department of State (USDOS) vom Februar 2009 heißt es, häusliche Gewalt sei gesetzlich verboten, Gewalt gegen Frauen bleibe aber ein Problem. Aufgrund psychologischen Drucks, kultureller Traditionen und Untätigkeit der Beamten würden viele Verbrechen gegen Frauen nicht angezeigt.
Einige lokale NGOs würden Betroffenen von häuslicher Gewalt rechtliche, medizinische und psychologische Unterstützung anbieten und sich für neue Gesetze engagieren.  
Im August sei ein Gesetz über die Gleichberechtigung von Männern und Frauen im politischen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen und in anderen Bereichen unterzeichnet worden. Auch im Justizsystem hätten Frauen die gleichen Rechte wie Männer, in der Praxis gebe es jedoch Diskriminierung gegen Frauen:
„The law specifically prohibits domestic violence and spousal abuse; however, violence against women remained a problem. Many crimes against women were not reported due to psychological pressure, cultural traditions, and the apathy of law enforcement officials. Penalties ranged from fines to 15 years' imprisonment (if abuse resulted in death). There were 300 reported crimes committed against women in 2007, the latest year for which crime statistics are available, and the majority of those cases were sent to court.
Several local NGOs provided services for victims of domestic violence, including legal, medical, and psychological assistance, a crisis hot line, shelters, and prevention programs. Organizations involved with battered women also lobbied for new laws on domestic violence. The government provided offices for the Sezim Shelter and paid its bills. […]
Although prohibited by law, the traditional practice of kidnapping women and girls for forced marriage continued in rural areas. Cultural traditions discouraged victims from going to the authorities.
On August 5, the president signed a law providing for equal rights for men and women. According to the presidential press service, the ‘document establishes state guarantees in terms of providing equal rights and opportunities for persons of various sexes in political, social, economic, cultural, and other fields…and aims to protect men and women against discrimination on the basis of sex.’ Women have the same rights as men, including under family law, property law, and in the judicial system, although discrimination against women persisted in practice. Average wages for women were substantially less than for men. Women made up the majority of pensioners, a group that was particularly vulnerable to deteriorating economic conditions. In the countryside, traditional attitudes toward women relegated them to the roles of wife and mother and curtailed educational opportunities. Data from NGOs working on women's issues indicated that women were less healthy, more abused, less able to work outside the home, and less able to dispose of their earnings independently than men. […]
According to the Operational Response Center of the Interior Ministry, police respond to almost 10,000 cases of family conflict each year. Nearly 15 percent of crimes committed during family conflicts resulted in deaths or serious injuries. According to a poll conducted by the Women's Development Fund of the UN, 80 percent of respondents said that there was physical violence against women in the home. The National Council on the Issues of Family, Women and Gender Development, under the president, is responsible for women's issues.” (USDOS, 25. Februar 2009, Sec. 5)
Im November 2008 veröffentlicht die das UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) einen Bericht über Kirgisistan, der folgende Informationen zu häuslicher Gewalt enthält: Diese sei trotz der Gesetze zu rechtlichem und sozialem Schutz vor Gewalt in der Familie weiterhin weit verbreitet. Die Polizei arbeite in solchen Fällen ineffektiv, und Betroffene würden eher Krisenzentren als Behörden kontaktieren.
CEDAW erwähnt, dass es trotz gesetzlicher Verbote und trotz Hervorhebung dieses Problems in früheren Berichten nach wie vor Brautentführungen und in der Folge Zwangsehen gebe:
“Violence against women
19. The Committee remains concerned about the fact that, despite existing legislation (law on social and legal protection against violence in the family) and other efforts, domestic violence remains widespread. It is also concerned that the police approach to such violence is ineffective and that police officers frequently prefer to qualify such incidents as constituting mere hooliganism. In addition, victims of violence prefer to contact crisis centres, mainly run by NGOs, rather than addressing the State authorities. The Committee also expresses concern about the lack of detailed information on sexual violence against women, including sexual harassment in the workplace, in the report of the State party. […]
21. The Committee remains seriously concerned at the continuing existence of bride abduction, despite its prohibition in the law, and notes that this matter was also highlighted in its previous concluding observations. It is also concerned that this practice results in forced marriages, in contradiction to article 16 of the Convention. The Committee is also concerned at the existence of polygamy, despite its legal prohibition in the State party.” (CEDAW, 14. November 2008, S. 3f.)
Human Rights Watch (HRW) stellt im Jänner 2009 im World Report zu Kirgisistan fest, dass die kirgisische Regierung häusliche Gewalt und Brautentführungen nicht adäquat unterbinde und bestrafe. In einer Anhörung des Parlaments zum Gesetz über häusliche Gewalt von 2003 hätten die TeilnehmerInnen fehlende Institutionen, ungenügende Ressourcen, mangelhafte Statistiken und inadäquates Training der Exekutive als Faktoren angeführt, die die Effektivität des Gesetzes verhindern:    
“In Kyrgyzstan the government does not adequately prevent and punish domestic violence and bride kidnapping. Thousands of women are isolated in their homes, beaten, humiliated, raped, and sometimes killed, generally with impunity. According to nationwide statistics provided by the governmental judiciary committee, in the first nine months of 2008, in three court cases involving forced marriage the defendant was found guilty, and four other cases were dismissed.  
In June parliament held its first hearing on the 2003 domestic violence law. Participants highlighted the absence of national gender institutions, insufficient resources, poor statistics, and inadequate training of law enforcement bodies as factors that hinder the law's effectiveness.” (HRW, 14. Jänner 2009)
Im September 2006 veröffentlicht HRW einen Bericht über Schutzfähigkeit des Staates bei familiärer Gewalt, siehe:
HRW - Human Rights Watch: Reconciled to Violence, 26. September 2006
http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/09/26/reconciled-violence
 
Quellen:(Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 22. Dezember 2009)
 
CEDAW - UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women - Kyrgyzstan, 14. November 2008
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/494ba8cf0.html  
FH - Freedom House: Freedom in the World - Kyrgyzstan (2009), 16. Juli 2009
http://freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/inc_country_detail.cfm?year=2009&country=7641&pf
HRW - Human Rights Watch: Reconciled to Violence, 26. September 2006
http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/09/26/reconciled-violence
HRW - Human Rights Watch: World Report 2009 - Kyrgyzstan (Events of 2008), 14. Jänner 2009 
http://www.hrw.org/en/node/79353
UN – United Nations: UN expert on Violence against Women ends visit to Kyrgyz Republic, 17. November 2009
http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/2D7973E4EA1E0A76C1257671005C1AA0?opendocument
USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2008 - Kyrgyzstan, 25. Februar 2009
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119136.htm