a-6187-1 (ACC-IRN-6187)
Nach einer Recherche in unserer Länderdokumentation und im Internet können wir Ihnen zu oben genannter Fragestellung Materialien zur Verfügung stellen, die unter anderem folgende Informationen enthalten:
In den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Materialien konnten im Rahmen einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche keine Informationen über eine türkische Minderheit im Iran gefunden werden. Es finden sich jedoch Berichte über die Minderheit der (türkischsprachigen) Aseris (auch Azeris oder Aserbaidschaner geschrieben) sowie die Gruppe der Turkmenen.
Lage der Aseris (alternative Schreibweise: Azeris, auch Aserbaidschaner genannt)
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy bemerkt in einem Artikel vom 6. Juni 2006:
“Azeri Turks, concentrated mainly in the oil-poor northwest of Iran (along the border with Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), make up an estimated one-fourth of Iran’s population of 70 million. Azeris often claim a population share close to 40 percent, a number that includes ethnic brethren such as the Turkmen, Qashgais, and other Turkic-speaking groups. Unlike other ethnic groups in Iran such as Sunni Kurds and Arabs, the Azeri Turks are Shiites like the Persians.” (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 6. Juni 2006, Kap. „Deeper Issues at Play“)
[Textpassage entfernt]
In einer von Amnesty International (AI) im März 2008 veröffentlichten Urgent Action, in der von der Verhaftung eines Aktivisten für die Rechte von Aserbaidschanern berichtet wird, liefert AI folgende Hintergrundinformation:
„Iranerinnen und Iraner aserbaidschanischer Herkunft sprechen Turkmenisch und sind überwiegend schiitische Muslime. Sie stellen die größte Minderheit im Iran und leben hauptsächlich im Norden und Nordwesten des Landes sowie in der Hauptstadt Teheran. Viele von ihnen verlangen zunehmend mehr kulturelle und sprachliche Rechte, darunter auch das verfassungsmäßige Recht auf Bildung in aserbaidschanischem Türkisch. Artikel 15 der iranischen Verfassung schreibt Persisch als Amtssprache fest, die in „offiziellen Dokumenten, Korrespondenz (...) sowie in Lehrbüchern“ zu verwenden ist. Ergänzend heißt es allerdings darin, dass „neben Persisch auch die Verwendung regionaler Sprachen und Sprachen ethnischer Gruppen in der Presse und anderen Medien sowie im Schulunterricht über die eigene Literatur erlaubt ist“.
Eine kleine Minderheit möchte die aserbaidschanischen Provinzen vom Iran abspalten und sie der Republik Aserbaidschan angliedern. Die iranischen Behörden sind in den letzten Jahren gegenüber den Minderheiten im Iran, die häufig in Grenzgebieten leben, zunehmend misstrauisch geworden und haben ausländische Regierungen wie die der USA und Großbritanniens beschuldigt, sie aufzuwiegeln. Von den iranischen Behörden werden alle, die sich für die kulturelle Identität und die sprachlichen Rechte der Aserbaidschanerinnen und Aserbaidschaner im Iran einsetzen, mit Argwohn betrachtet und oftmals vage formulierter Anschuldigungen wie der „Unterstützung des Pan-Turkismus“ bezichtigt.“ (AI, 6. März 2008)
Amnesty International (AI) erwähnt im Jahresbericht 2007 (Berichtszeitraum 2006), der im Mai 2007 erschien, Protestdemonstrationen von Aserbaidschanern im Nordwesten des Landes im Mai 2006 und Hunderte Festnahmen:
„Nach der Veröffentlichung einer Karikatur in der staatlichen Zeitung Iran, die von der aserbaidschanischen Minderheit als beleidigend empfunden wurde, kam es im Mai in mehreren Städten im Nordwesten des Landes, in denen vor allem Aserbaidschaner leben, verbreitet zu Protestdemonstrationen. Die Sicherheitskräfte nahmen Hunderte, wenn nicht Tausende Menschen in Haft und waren Berichten zufolge für zahlreiche Todesfälle verantwortlich. In amtlichen Quellen wurde die Zahl der Festnahmen und Tötungen heruntergespielt. Weitere Verhaftungen erfolgten vor allem im Zusammenhang mit für die aserbaidschanische Gemeinschaft wichtigen Daten und Ereignissen wie dem alljährlichen Treffen auf der Burg Babek in Kalayber im Juni.“ (AI, 23. Mai 2007)
Das US Department of State (USDOS) beschreibt in seinem Jahresbericht zur Menschenrechtslage für das Jahr 2007, veröffentlicht im März 2008, die Lage der Aseris im Iran wie folgt:
“Ethnic Azeris composed approximately one-quarter of the country's population, were well integrated into the government and society and included the supreme leader. However, Azeris complained of ethnic and linguistic discrimination, including banning the Azeri language in schools, harassing Azeri activists or organizers, and changing Azeri geographic names. The government traditionally viewed Azeri nationalism as threatening, particularly since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the creation of an independent Azerbaijan. Azeri groups also claimed that there were a number of Azeri political prisoners jailed for advocating cultural and language rights for Iranian Azerbaijanis. The government has charged several of them with "revolting against the Islamic state."
In May 2006 there were large-scale riots in the Azeri majority regions of the northwest following publication of a newspaper cartoon considered insulting to Azeris. The cartoon depicted a cockroach speaking in the Azeri language. Police forcibly contained the protests, and police officials reported that four persons were killed and several protesters were detained. Authorities blamed foreign governments for inciting unrest.
According to AI, on May 14, authorities beat and detained Azeri language-rights activist Amir Abbas Banayi Kazimi in Tabriz. His family claimed he was subject to torture.“ (USDOS, 11. März 2008, Sektion 5 - National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities)
Weitere Informationen zur Lage der türkischsprachigen Aseri bzw. Aserbaidschaner im Iran entnehmen Sie bitte folgenden Dokumenten:
Lage der Turkmenen
Amnesty International (AI) beschreibt im Mai 2008 die Lage der turkmenischen Minderheit wie folgt:
„The Turkmen of Iran number around 2.2 million (no more than 3% of the population), and speak a Turkic language. They are Sunni Muslim and live in the north-west of the country. They are allowed no education or social services in their mother tongue, though a small number of newspapers are allowed to publish in Turkmen. Turkmen cannot obtain senior positions in even local government, under discriminatory selection policies.” (AI, 22. Mai 2008)
Laut AI wurden bei Unruhen in der Küstenprovinz Golestan nach der Tötung eines turkmenischen Fischers durch iranische Sicherheitskräfte Ende Dezember 2007 200 bis 300 iranische Turkmenen verhaftet:
“Between 200 and 300 Iranian Turkmen living in the coastal province of Golestan, near the city of Bandar-e Torkman, were arrested after the killing of an Iranian Turkmen fisherman by maritime security officers on 28 December 2007. The fisherman was one of a group fishing without a license in the Caspian Sea. The killing caused severe and widespread unrest in Turkmen areas around Bandar-e-Torkman. Government buildings and other public and private property was reportedly damaged.
Most of those detained were released without charge in January. Eighty-four people were charged with public order offences and released on bail, amounting to the equivalent of around US$3,350 for each person. Most of those arrested are thought to be fishermen, labourers and students.
The trials of the 84, including Jamshid Arazpour and Haji Aman Khadivar, were scheduled to start on 6 May. Reports from human rights defenders mention that some of the defendants did not have access to legal assistance. The outcomes of the trials are not yet known.
At least six of those detained in January, students under the age of 15, were held for between seven and 12 days by security forces. According to their testimony, they were repeatedly beaten and kicked, and they were raped with an object. Amnesty International has previously received reports of the practice of male rape by security officials using, for example, glass bottles. The students say that their feet were bound with a wire or filament and they were subjected to electric shocks. One student claimed that the torture left him deaf for several days. Other detainees were kept outside, in sub-zero temperatures, for several hours, and food was denied to some prisoners. The students claim that in order to avoid being tortured, some of the detainees accepted all that was said about their alleged activities, even if they had nothing to do with the unrest. […]
According to a statement made by the Organisation for the Defence of Human Rights in Turkmen Sahra, on or around 8 February, a Turkmen fisherman was injured by gunfire. On or around 5 April, maritime security forces were reported to have seized fishing equipment and other property belonging to Turkmen fishermen in various towns and villages near the Caspian Sea for reasons that are not known.
The parliamentary representative for Bandar-e Torkman, who is himself a Turkmen, has reportedly complained to parliament on three occasions about the killing of the fisherman and the subsequent mass arrests of his constituents. In one of his statements he is reported to have said that, "One cannot tell poor villagers that they should continue to live in hunger."” (AI, 22. Mai 2008)
Im vom konservativen US-Think-Tank The Jamestown Foundation veröffentlichten „Terrorism Monitor“ vom 2. August 2007 heißt es in Bezug auf die iranischen Turkmenen:
“Indeed, Tehran attributes the steady rise in incidents of violence and terrorism across the country by ethnic Baloch, Arab and Kurdish minority rebel groups and signs of growing ethnic Azeri and Turkmen dissent to foreign meddling in its internal affairs by U.S. and other foreign intelligence services. [… ] The Congress of Iranian Nationalities, an association of Iranian opposition groups based in the diaspora representing ethnic Kurds, Arabs, Azeris, Turkmen and Baloch, called for the federalization of Iran along ethnic lines in a joint manifesto issued in February 2005 [1]. In other cases, armed rebel groups representing ethnic Kurdish, Baloch and Arab interests in Iran have taken up arms, while communities such as the Azeris and Turkmen have staged protests in an effort to assert themselves. [...] Turkmen number between one and two million and are mostly Sunnis. […]
Iran's ethnic Turkmen community, a predominantly Sunni population that inhabits northern parts of Iran along the border with Turkmenistan, appears to be following the lead of other Iranian minorities and raising its voices in protest against what it sees as a deliberate policy to stifle its cultural identity and rights, especially in regards to religion, language and education. Ethnic Turkmen are also emboldened by the plight of their kin in Iraq and their attempt to return to oil-rich Kirkuk, where they were expelled along with other minorities as part of the former Baath regime's "Arabization" program. Tehran accuses foreign elements based in Iraq and the wider Turkic world of supporting Turkmen dissent in Iran. Iranian Turkmen are represented by the Organization for Defense of the Rights of Turkmen People and the Turkmensahra Liberation Organization (http://www.azatlyk.net).” (The Jamestown Foundation, 2. August 2007, Kap. „The Domestic Threat“, „The Demographic Picture“, „Violence and Rebellion“)
Diese Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen. Diese Antwort stellt keine Meinung zum Inhalt eines bestimmten Ansuchens um Asyl oder anderen internationalen Schutz dar. Wir empfehlen, die verwendeten Materialien zur Gänze durchzusehen.
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