Freedom in the World 2025 - South Sudan

Not Free
1
/ 100
Political Rights -3 / 40
Civil Liberties 4 / 60
Last Year's Score & Status
1 / 100 Not Free
A country or territory’s Freedom in the World status depends on its aggregate Political Rights score, on a scale of 0–40, and its aggregate Civil Liberties score, on a scale of 0–60. See the methodology.
 
 

Overview

South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011. A civil war began in 2013, when a rift between President Salva Kiir Mayardit and the vice president he dismissed, Riek Machar, triggered fighting among their supporters and divided the country along ethnic lines. Elections have been delayed since a peace agreement was reached in 2018; elites preside over an uneasy power-sharing arrangement. The country suffers from rampant corruption and dire economic circumstances. Press freedom and civil society are restricted, and insecurity has persisted since the end of the war.

Key Developments in 2024

  • In May, peace talks began in Nairobi, Kenya, between representatives of South Sudan’s transitional government and hold-out groups that did not sign the 2018 peace deal. Separately, in September the parliament approved two transitional justice laws, which aimed to establish a trust and reconciliation commission and a reparations authority. It did not create a third body envisioned by the 2018 peace deal (and an earlier 2015 peace deal), a court that would cooperate with the African Union to adjudicate crimes committed during the war.
  • In September, the transitional government announced that elections set for December would be postponed two years, to December 2026. The head of the UN Mission in South Sudan urged the government to work toward key benchmarks that would help facilitate elections, including preparatory work for voter registration, and developing a code of conduct between political parties, civil society, and the media.
  • In July, lawmakers passed the controversial National Security Act 2014 (Amendment) Bill 2024, which gives the country’s security agency the right to arrest suspected criminals without a warrant.
  • In June, civil servants and other residents in Bor staged a protest against the rising cost of living. National Security Service (NSS) agents arrested Abraham Aleu Anyieth, a civil servant and a photographer with the state-run South Sudan Broadcasting Corporation (SSBC), reportedly for taking part in the protest. Additionally, Bol Deng Bol, executive director of the INTREPID South Sudan civil society group and the chairperson of the Jonglei Civil Society Network (JCSN), fled the country after reportedly being accused of organizing a strike in connection with the protest; authorities also closed the INTREPID office. Bol was later pardoned by the Jonglei State governor and returned to the country.
  • In March, the former mayor of Juba, Kalisto Ladu, was arbitrarily arrested, prompting concern from local leaders, European diplomats, the US embassy, and Amnesty International. He was released in September.

This report has been abridged for Freedom in the World 2025 due to ongoing budget constraints. Freedom in the World is entirely funded by nongovernmental sources such as private foundations, corporations, and individuals like you. Please consider making a donation to support future editions of this vital resource.

For additional background information, see last year’s full report.

Political Rights

A Electoral Process

A1 0-4 pts
Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? 0 / 4
A2 0-4 pts
Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? 0 / 4
A3 0-4 pts
Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies? 0 / 4

B Political Pluralism and Participation

B1 0-4 pts
Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings? 1 / 4
B2 0-4 pts
Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections? 0 / 4
B3 0-4 pts
Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means? 0 / 4
B4 0-4 pts
Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities? 0 / 4

C Functioning of Government

C1 0-4 pts
Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government? 0 / 4
C2 0-4 pts
Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective? 0 / 4
C3 0-4 pts
Does the government operate with openness and transparency? 0 / 4

ADDITIONAL DISCRETIONARY POLITICAL RIGHTS QUESTION

Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group? −4 / 0

Add Q
Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group? -4

Civil Liberties

D Freedom of Expression and Belief

D1 0-4 pts
Are there free and independent media? 0 / 4
D2 0-4 pts
Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private? 1 / 4
D3 0-4 pts
Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination? 1 / 4
D4 0-4 pts
Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution? 0 / 4

E Associational and Organizational Rights

E1 0-4 pts
Is there freedom of assembly? 1 / 4
E2 0-4 pts
Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work? 0 / 4
E3 0-4 pts
Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations? 1 / 4

F Rule of Law

F1 0-4 pts
Is there an independent judiciary? 0 / 4
F2 0-4 pts
Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters? 0 / 4
F3 0-4 pts
Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies? 0 / 4
F4 0-4 pts
Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population? 0 / 4

G Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights

G1 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education? 0 / 4
G2 0-4 pts
Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors? 0 / 4
G3 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance? 0 / 4
G4 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation? 0 / 4
 

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