ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (Autor): „Anfragebeantwortung zu Syrien: Sicherheitslage (sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle, Akteure), insbesondere Damaskus und Umland, Latakia, Tartous [a-12124-2]“, Dokument #2094287

Anfragebeantwortung zu Syrien: Sicherheitslage (sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle, Akteure), insbesondere Damaskus und Umland, Latakia, Tartous [a-12124-2]

9. Juni 2023

Das vorliegende Dokument beruht auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen sowie gegebenenfalls auf Auskünften von Expert·innen und wurde in Übereinstimmung mit den Standards von ACCORD und den Common EU Guidelines for processing Country of Origin Information (COI) erstellt.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Allgemeine Übersicht über im Jahr 2022 von ACLED erfasste Konfliktvorfälle

Kontamination durch explosive Kriegsreste

Sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle - Syrische Sicherheitskräfte

Willkürliche Verhaftungen

Tötungen

Zusammenstöße mit oppositionellen Gruppen

Sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle – Bombenanschläge unbekannter Akteure

Gruppe Islamischer Staat - IS

Mutmaßlich israelische Luftangriffe

Quellen

Anhang: Quellenbeschreibungen und Informationen aus ausgewählten Quellen

Allgemeine Übersicht über im Jahr 2022 von ACLED erfasste Konfliktvorfälle

Eine von ACCORD zusammengestellte Kurzübersicht über von ACLED erfasste Konfliktvorfälle in Syrien im Jahr 2022 zeigt die je Provinz erfassten Konfliktvorfälle, einschließlich jener Konfliktvorfälle, die Todesopfer gefordert haben. Die jeweiligen Akteure sind in dieser Kurzübersicht nicht angezeigt. Laut der Kurzübersicht für das Jahr 2022 habe es in diesem Zeitraum Konfliktvorfälle unter anderem in den Provinzen Damaskus, Damaskus-Land (Rif Dimaschq), Latakia und Tartous gegeben:

· Damaskus: 32 Konfliktvorfälle, davon 14 tödliche Vorfälle mit insgesamt 20 Todesopfern

· Damaskus-Land (Rif Dimaschq): 246 Konfliktvorfälle, davon 153 tödliche Vorfälle mit insgesamt 235 Todesopfern

· Latakia: 210 Konfliktvorfälle, davon 33 tödliche Vorfälle mit insgesamt 68 Todesopfern

· Tartous: 6 Konfliktvorfälle, davon 3 tödliche Vorfälle mit insgesamt 5 Todesopfern (ACCORD, 12. April 2023, S. 4)

Kontamination durch explosive Kriegsreste

In einem Bericht an den UN-Sicherheitsrat vom Februar 2023 informiert der UN-Generalsekretär darüber, dass Berichten zufolge rund ein Drittel aller Gemeinden in Syrien in irgendeiner Form von der Verseuchung mit explosiven Kriegsresten betroffen sei. Unter anderem würden Damaskus-Land (Rif Dimaschq) und Stadtviertel in Damaskus zu den am meisten betroffenen Gebieten gehören und der Zugang zu landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen, Straßen, Märkten, Schulen und anderen öffentlichen Gebäuden sowie zu Krankenhäusern sei durch die Kontamination weiterhin beeinträchtigt (UN Security Council, 21. Februar 2023, S. 7).

Sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle - Syrische Sicherheitskräfte

Willkürliche Verhaftungen

2022

In einem Bericht über die gravierendsten Menschenrechtsverletzungen im Jahr 2022 berichtet das Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) über die Verfolgung und Festnahme von Personen, die einer Sicherheits- und Statusregelung (EN: security settlement) mit der syrischen Regierung zugestimmt hätten, durch syrische Regierungskräfte. Man habe 2022 insgesamt 407 derartige Fälle registriert. Zu den Festgenommen würden auch Personen zählen, die in den damals von anderen Konfliktparteien kontrollierten Gebieten im medizinischen Bereich oder in der humanitären Hilfe tätig gewesen seien. Damaskus-Land sei (neben drei weiteren) eine jener Provinzen, in denen es besonders häufig zu Festnahmen gekommen sei, vor allem an Checkpoints und im Zuge von groß angelegten Razzien (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 20). SNHR beschreibt einen derartigen Fall, wo bei einer von der Militärpolizei durchgeführten Razzia in Dschisreen in der Provinz Damaskus-Land fünf Zivilist·innen festgenommen worden seien; alle hätten zuvor einer Sicherheits- und Statusregelung zugestimmt (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 22). Es sei weiters auch zu Festnahmen durch Sicherheitskräfte, mutmaßlich zum Zweck von Lösegeldforderungen, gekommen. Derartige Festnahmen seien vor allem in vier Provinzen vorgekommen, darunter Damaskus und Damaskus-Land (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 20).

Im Februar 2022 seien fünf in der Stadt Latakia wohnhafte Zivilist·innen von Beamt·innen der Abteilung für Staatssicherheit festgenommen worden. Ihnen werde der Umgang mit verdächtigen aus dem Ausland betriebenen Webseiten vorgeworfen, die den Zweck hätten, das Ansehen des Staates zu verletzen und zu diffamieren (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 22). Zwei Männer seien im August 2022 an einem von der Regierung kontrollierten Checkpoint nahe des Grenzübergangs Kasab im Norden der Provinz Latakia festgenommen worden. Die beiden seien von der Türkei nach Syrien zurückgekehrt, um ihren Sicherheitsstatus zu regeln (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 23).

Das Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) stellt in seiner Übersicht über Vorfälle in den unter Regierungskontrolle stehenden Gebieten im Jahr 2022 fest, dass man die willkürliche Festnahme von insgesamt 986 Personen, darunter 30 Frauen und 3 Kinder, registriert habe. Die Festnahmen seien aus unterschiedlichen Gründen erfolgt, häufig seien die Umgehung der Wehrpflicht und des Reservedienstes, die Kommunikation mit ausländischen Einrichtungen oder Cyberkriminalität genannt worden. Viele der festgenommenen Personen seien nach Zahlung eines Lösegelds freigelassen worden, 220 Personen seien noch in Haft. Die regionale Verteilung dieser Vorfälle sehe folgendermaßen aus:

· Provinzen Damaskus und Damaskus-Land (Rif Dimaschq): 243 Personen (darunter 3 Frauen)

· Provinz Latakia: 52 Personen (darunter 4 Frauen)

· Provinz Tartous: 26 Männer (SOHR, 3. Jänner 2023).

2023

SNHR berichtet in seinen monatlichen Berichten zu Menschenrechtsverletzungen im Februar, März und April 2023 von willkürlichen Festnahmen durch Sicherheitskräfte der Regierung in den Provinzen Damaskus-Land, Damaskus und Daraa: Im Februar 2023 seien 64 Festnahmen dokumentiert worden (SNHR, 4. März 2023, S. 14), im März 2023 seien 71 Festnahmen (SNHR, 6. April 2023, S. 13-14) und im April 2023 seien 87 Festnahmen (SNHR, 5. Mai 2023, S. 13-14) dokumentiert worden.

Laut SOHR habe man im Jänner 2023 die willkürliche Festnahme durch Sicherheitskräfte von landesweit mindestens 42 Zivilist·innen registriert, darunter 31 Personen (davon eine Frau) in Damaskus-Land (Rif Dimaschq) (SOHR, 9. Februar 2023). Landesweite willkürliche Festnahmen von Zivilist·innen seien auch in den Folgemonaten registriert worden. Im Februar 2023 seien es zumindest 13 Personen, darunter je 1 Person in Damaskus und Latakia, gewesen (SOHR, 7. März 2023), im März 2023 zumindest 104 Personen, darunter 52 Personen in Damaskus-Land (Rif Dimaschq) sowie 1 Person in Latakia (SOHR, 7. April 2023), und im April 2023 zumindest 830 Personen, darunter 6 Personen in Damaskus und 8 Personen (davon 3 Frauen) in Damaskus-Land (SOHR, 5. Mai 2023).

Tötungen

Im August 2022 sei ein aus dem Libanon zurückgekehrter syrischer Geflüchteter bei einem Checkpoint von Mitgliedern der 4. Division der syrischen Streitkräfte nahe seines Heimatdorfs Flaita in Damaskus-Land erschossen worden. Er sei nach Syrien zurückgekehrt, nachdem er einem Sicherheitsabkommen mit der syrischen Regierung zugestimmt habe (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 18).

Im Februar 2023 berichtet SOHR vom Tod eines Mannes durch Folter in einem Gefängnis der Regierung, wo er beinahe 11 Jahre festgehalten worden sein soll. Der Mann soll aus dem Al-Jarmuk-Lager[1] in Damaskus stammen und 2012 von der Militärpolizei in Damaskus festgenommen worden sein (SOHR, 2. Februar 2023).

Zusammenstöße mit oppositionellen Gruppen

In seinen monatlichen Menschenrechtsberichten zu Jänner 2023 bis einschließlich April 2023 berichtet SNHR von Bombardierungen und Artilleriebeschüssen seitens der Regierungstruppen im Nordwesten Syriens. Diese würden sich vor allem auf Gebiete konzentrieren, die nahe der Trennlinie zu Einheiten der bewaffneten Opposition gelegen seien, darunter nördliche Vororte von Latakia (SNHR, 4. Februar 2023, S. 1; SNHR, 4. März 2023, S. 5; SNHR, 6. April 2023, S. 1; SNHR, 5. Mai 2023, S. 1).

Im Jänner 2023 habe es zudem Zusammenstöße zwischen Regierungstruppen und Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) im südlichen Idlib und im Norden von Latakia gegeben, wobei es auch zu gegenseitigem Raketenbeschuss gekommen sei (SNHR, 4. Februar 2023, S. 2). Auch SOHR berichtet von Zusammenstößen zwischen Regierungstruppen und HTS sowie anderen oppositionellen Gruppen im Norden der Provinz Latakia in den Monaten Jänner, Februar, März und April 2023, bei denen auch Regierungssoldaten getötet bzw. verletzt worden seien (SOHR, 2. Februar 2023; SOHR, 2. März 2023; SOHR, 1. April 2023; SOHR, 1. Mai 2023). Im Februar 2023 seien zwei Zivilist·innen beim Holzsammeln im Norden Latakias nahe der Frontline bei einem Raketenangriff durch Regierungstruppen getötet worden (SOHR, 2. März 2023).

Die International Crisis Group (ICG) berichtet im März 2023, dass es nach einer mehrwöchigen Unterbrechung aufgrund des Erdbebens im Februar 2023 wieder zu Feindseligkeiten zwischen Regierungstruppen und Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) gekommen sei. HTS habe wieder Angriffe auf Positionen der Regierungstruppen durchgeführt, darunter in der Provinz Latakia (ICG, März 2023). Die Northern Press Agency (NPA) berichtet im Jänner 2023 mit Berufung auf eine russische Quelle, dass zwei Regierungssoldaten bei einem Drohnenangriff in der Provinz Latakia verletzt worden seien (NPA, 1. Jänner 2023).

Sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle – Bombenanschläge unbekannter Akteure

Al Jazeera berichtet im Oktober 2022 mit Berufung auf syrische staatliche Medien, dass bei einem Bombenanschlag auf einen Autobus der syrischen Armee nahe Damaskus mindestens 18 Soldaten getötet und mindestens 27 verletzt worden seien. Die Bombe sei zuvor an den Bus angebracht worden. Bislang habe sich niemand zu dem Anschlag bekannt (Al Jazeera, 13. Oktober 2022). Ebenfalls mit Berufung auf syrische staatliche Medien berichtet Reuters im April 2023 von der Explosion einer Autobombe in Mezzah, einem Vorort von Damaskus. Nach Polizeiangaben sei niemand dabei verletzt worden. Bombenanschläge in der Hauptstadt hätten in den letzten Jahren abgenommen, seit die Regierung die Kontrolle über weite Teile des Landes wiedererlangt habe (Reuters, 2. April 2023). AFP schreibt mit Berufung auf staatliche Medien und eine Aussage des Innenministers, dass bei der Explosion, zu der sich niemand bekannt habe, zwei Personen leicht verletzt worden seien (AFP, 11. Mai 2023).

Action in Armed Violence (AOAV) habe im Februar 2023 43 Vorfälle mit Sprengstoffwaffen registriert, bei 19 davon seien insgesamt 86 Zivilist·innen verletzt oder getötet worden, davon 24 in Damaskus und 2 in Latakia (AOAV, 10. März 2023). Im März 2023 habe AOAV insgesamt 53 Vorfälle mit Sprengstoffwaffen registriert. Bei 26 davon seien insgesamt 95 Zivilist·innen verletzt oder getötet worden, davon je zwei in Damaskus-Land (Rif Dimaschq) und Damaskus (AOAV, 10. April 2023). AOAV bietet keine gesonderte Aufstellung dazu, welche Akteure für die jeweiligen Vorfälle verantwortlich sind.

Gruppe Islamischer Staat - IS

Im Mai 2022 habe ISIS sich zu zwei Bombenanschlägen in Kiswah südlich von Damaskus bekannt. Dies habe Besorgnis über die geographische Reichweite und das Potential der Gruppe hervorgerufen, eine größere Zahl von Zivilist·innen in den städtischen Gebieten zu bedrohen (UN Security Council, 16. Juni 2022, S. 3)

Im Mai 2023 seien bei der Explosion einer Autobombe vor einer Polizeidienststelle im Bezirk Barzeh in Damaskus laut Angaben des Innenministeriums ein Polizist getötet und vier weitere verletzt worden. Einer der Verletzten sei am nächsten Tag seinen Verletzungen erlegen (AFP, 11. Mai 2023). ISIS habe sich zu dem Anschlag bekannt (RUDAW, 11. Mai 2023; NPA, 10 Mai 2023).

Mutmaßlich israelische Luftangriffe

Der UN-Sonderbeauftragte für Syrien, Geir Pedersen, informiert in seinem Bericht an den UN-Sicherheitsrat vom November 2022 über bewaffnete Zwischenfälle im ganzen Land, einschließlich mutmaßlicher israelischer Luftangriffe unter anderem auf Damaskus und Latakia, worauf die syrischen Streitkräfte mit Luftabwehrschlägen reagiert hätten (OSES, 29. November 2022, S. 1). Auch Berichte von Dezember 2022 sowie von Jänner und Februar 2023 erwähnen mutmaßliche israelische Luftangriffe mit Zielen in Damaskus und dem Südwesten des Landes (OSES, 21. Dezember 2022, S. 1), in Damaskus-Land („rural Damascus“) und auf den Flughafen Damaskus (OSES, 25. Jänner 2023, S. 2) sowie im Zentrum von Damaskus („central Damascus“) (OSES, 28. Februar 2023, S. 3). Bei einem Angriff Mitte Februar 2023 auf den Stadtteil Kafr Sousa im Zentrum von Damaskus seien laut staatlichen Medien fünf Personen getötet worden (Al Jazeera, 19. Februar 2023). Dem Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) zufolge seien bei dem Angriff 15 Personen getötet worden (SOHR, 18. Februar 2023). Laut SNHR seien bei dem Angriff zwei Regierungssoldaten getötet worden. Zudem seien zwei Zivilist·innen durch syrische Luftabwehrraketen getötet worden (SNHR, 4. März 2023, S. 6).

The Business Standard und SNHR berichten mit Berufung auf syrische staatliche Medien von israelischen Raketenangriffen auf die Provinzen Hama und Tartous im März 2023 (TBS, 12. März 2023; SNHR, 6. April 2023, S. 3). Laut syrischen staatlichen Medien seien bei dem Angriff drei Soldaten der syrischen Armee verletzt worden (SNHR, 6. April 2023, S. 3).

Voice of America (VOA) berichtet im April 2023 über mutmaßlich israelische Luftangriffe auf Damaskus. Die Angriffe seien gegen Stützpunkte syrischer und iranischer Streitkräfte nahe des Flughafens bei Damaskus und umliegender Gebiete gerichtet gewesen. Laut syrischer staatlicher Medien seien zwei Personen bei den Angriffen getötet worden. Laut Expert·innen sei das vermehrte Aufkommen mutmaßlich israelischer Luftangriffe auf die steigenden militärischen Aktivitäten des Iran in Syrien zurückzuführen (VOA, 5. April 2023). Wenige Tage zuvor, Ende März 2023, berichtete die syrische staatliche Nachrichtenagentur SANA, dass Israel von den Golanhöhen aus Raketen auf Stützpunkte nahe Damaskus abgefeuert habe (SANA, 30. März 2023). Dabei sollen laut des Sprechers des iranischen Außenministeriums zwei Mitglieder des Corps der Iranischen Revolutionsgarden (IRGC) getötet worden sein (Al Jazeera, 31. März 2023).

Quellen: (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am [Veröffentlichungsdatum])

· ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation: Syrien, Jahr 2022: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), 12. April 2023
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2090479/2022ySyria_de.pdf

· AFP – Agence France Press: Second Syrian policeman dead after Damascus car bomb attack, 11. Mai 2023 (verfügbar auf Factiva)

· Al Jazeera: Military bus blast in Syria kills 18 soldiers: State media, 13. Oktober 2022
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/13/military-bus-attack-kills-18-syrian-soldiers-state-media-reports

· Al Jazeera: Five killed in Israeli air strikes on Syria’s capital, Damascus, 19. Februar 2023
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/19/israeli-raids-kill-five-in-syrias-damascus-report

· Al Jazeera: Second IRGC officer dies after Friday attack on Syria by Israel, 31. März 2023
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/31/israel-conducts-air-attacks-near-damascus-syria-state-media

· AOAV – Action on Armed Violence: Explosive Violence in February 2023, 10. März 2023
https://aoav.org.uk/2023/explosive-violence-in-february-2023/

· AOAV – Action on Armed Violence: Explosive Violence in March 2023, 10. April 2023
https://aoav.org.uk/2023/explosive-violence-in-march-2023/

· ICG – International Crisis Group: Crisis Watch, März 2023
https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location[]=83

· NPA – North Press Agency: Two Syrian soldiers wounded in drone attack in Latakia, 1. Jänner 2023
https://npasyria.com/en/89958/

· NPA – North Press Agency: Officer dead, 4 injured in Damascus in IED blast claimed by ISIS, 10. Mai 2023
https://npasyria.com/en/97737/

· OSES – Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria: United Nations Special Envoy for Syria Geir O. Pedersen Briefing to the Security Council, 29. November 2022
https://specialenvoysyria.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2022-11-29_secco_un_special_envoy_for_syria_mr._geir_o._pedersen_briefing_as_delivered_0.pdf

· OSES – Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria: United Nations Special Envoy for Syria Geir O. Pedersen Briefing to the Security Council, 21. Dezember 2022
https://specialenvoysyria.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2022-12-21_secco_un_special_envoy_for_syria_mr._geir_o._pedersen_briefing_as_delivered.pdf

· OSES – Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria: United Nations Special Envoy for Syria Geir O. Pedersen Briefing to the Security Council, 25. Jänner 2023
https://specialenvoysyria.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2023-01-25_secco_un_special_envoy_for_syria_mr._geir_o._pedersen_briefing_as_delivered.pdf

· OSES – Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria: United Nations Special Envoy for Syria Geir O. Pedersen Briefing to the Security Council, 28. Februar 2023
https://specialenvoysyria.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2023-02-28_secco_un_special_envoy_for_syria_mr._geir_o._pedersen_briefing_as_delivered.pdf

· Reuters: Car blast in Syrian capital hits Mezzah suburb, 2. April 2023
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/explosions-heard-near-mezzah-airport-syrian-capital-witnesses-2023-04-02/

· RUDAW: ISIS claims responsibility for deadly Damascus car blast, 11. Mai 2023
https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/11052023

· SANA – Syrian Arab News Agency: Two army personnel injured in Israeli act of aggression on Damascus vicinity, 30. März 2023
https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=304893

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in 2022, 17. Jänner 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/R221213E.pdf

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in January 2023, 4. Februar 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/M230203E.pdf

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in February 2023, 4. März 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/M230303E.pdf

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in March 2023, 6. April 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/M230403E.pdf

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in April 2023, 5. Mai 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/M230503E.pdf

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Regime-controlled areas in 2022 | Nearly 1,900 fatalities in acts of violence…alarming increase in crime rate…deteriorating security situation…chronic stifling crises, 3. Jänner 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/283443/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: “Putin-Erdogan” area in January 2023 | Suspension of Russian aerial operations while ground attacks kill and injure nearly 110 combatants and civilians, 2. Februar 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/287101/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Regime prisons in January 2023 | Seven people died under torture, 2. Februar 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/287166/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Regime-controlled areas in January 2023 | Nearly 190 fatalities in acts of violence…12 assassinations and attacks in three provinces…escalating living crises, 9. Februar 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/288096/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Second attack in 2023 | 15 people killed in Israeli strikes on Damascus, 18. Februar 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/289081/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: “Putin-Erdogan” area in February 2023 | Nearly 50 fatalities in acts of violence…ongoing escalation by ground forces…suspension of Russian aerial operations…Coalition attack leaves two jihadists dead, 2. März 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/291304/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Regime-controlled areas in February 2023 | Nearly 230 fatalities in acts of violence…16 murders…escalating security chaos…earthquake further burdens civilians, 7. März 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/291123/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: “Putin-Erdogan” area in March 2023 | H-T-S military operations and counter attacks by regime forces leave nearly 50 combatants dead, amid ongoing suspension of Russian airstrikes, 1. April 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/294384/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Regime-controlled areas in March 2023 | Over 300 fatalities in acts of violence…26 murders…escalating security chaos…mass immigration in light of disastrous living conditions, 7. April 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/295072/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: “Putin-Erdogan” area in April 2023 | 112 casualties in acts of violence and nearly 50 fatalities among regime forces and their proxies in escalated operations by HTS-led factions, 1. Mai 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/297628/

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Regime-controlled areas in April 2023 | Nearly 285 fatalities in acts of violence…nine assassinations of combatants…seven Israeli attacks…growing discontent over dreadful living conditions, 5. Mai 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/298071/

· TBS – The Business Standard: Israel hits areas in Hama and Tartous countryside, 12. März 2023
https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/middle-east/israel-hits-areas-hama-and-tartous-countryside-598194

· UN Security Council: Implementation of Security Council resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), 2191 (2014), 2258 (2015), 2332 (2016), 2393 (2017), 2401 (2018), 2449 (2018), 2504 (2020), 2533 (2020) and 2585 (2021). Report of the Secretary-General [S/2022/492], 16. Juni 2022
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2074545/N2237552.pdf

· UN-Security Council: Implementation of Security Council resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), 2191 (2014), 2258 (2015), 2332 (2016), 2393 (2017), 2401 (2018), 2449 (2018), 2504 (2020), 2533 (2020), 2585 (2021), 2642 (2022) and 2672 (2023). Report of the Secretary-General [S/2023/127], 21. Februar 2023
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2087886/N2304432.pdf

· UNRWA – United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East: Yarmouk (unofficial camp), ohne Datum
https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/yarmouk-unofficial-camp

· VOA – Voice of America: What Is Behind Israel’s Increased Strikes in Syria?, 5. April 2023
https://www.voanews.com/a/what-is-behind-israel-s-increased-strikes-in-syria/7037852.html

Anhang: Quellenbeschreibungen und Informationen aus ausgewählten Quellen

ACCORD ist das Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation.

[Bild entfernt] (ACCORD, 12. April 2023, S. 4)

Agence France Press (AFP) ist eine internationale Nachrichtenagentur.

· AFP – Agence France Press: Second Syrian policeman dead after Damascus car bomb attack, 11. Mai 2023 (verfügbar auf Factiva)

„A second Syrian police officer has died following a car bombing at a Damascus police station, the interior ministry said Thursday, a day after the blast that was claimed by Islamic State group jihadists.

The ministry said Wednesday that a vehicle exploded at the Barzeh police station in the north of the capital, killing a lieutenant colonel and wounding four others, adding that an investigation was ongoing.

On Thursday it said that a second policeman had died, with his body transferred to the police hospital in Damascus.

Security incidents, including blasts targeting military or civilian vehicles, occur intermittently in Damascus. The capital has been largely spared jihadist violence in recent years, especially since the government retook the last rebel bastion near Damascus in 2018.

In April, state media said an unclaimed car bombing rocked the Damascus district of Mazzeh, with the interior ministry saying two people were slightly injured.” (AFP, 11. Mai 2023)

Al Jazeera ist ein in Qatar ansässige arabischer Nachrichtensender.

· Al Jazeera: Military bus blast in Syria kills 18 soldiers: State media, 13. Oktober 2022
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/13/military-bus-attack-kills-18-syrian-soldiers-state-media-reports

„A bomb exploded on a military bus near Damascus, killing at least 18 soldiers and wounding 27 others, Syrian state media has reported.

‘A military bus in Damascus countryside was targeted this morning by a terrorist detonation with an explosive device that was planted in advance,’ state news agency SANA cited a military source as saying.

The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a war monitor, said the blast occurred on Thursday in the al-Saboura area in the countryside of Damascus, on a highway leading to the Lebanese capital, Beirut. There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the attack, and no comment from Syrian authorities.” (Al Jazeera, 13. Oktober 2022)

· Al Jazeera: Five killed in Israeli air strikes on Syria’s capital, Damascus, 19. Februar 2023
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/19/israeli-raids-kill-five-in-syrias-damascus-report

„At least five people have been killed and 15 wounded in Israeli air strikes on Syria’s capital that have heavily damaged residential buildings.

The raids early on Sunday hit a building in central Damascus’s Kafr Sousa neighbourhood near a large, heavily guarded security complex close to Iranian installations, witnesses said.” (Al Jazeera, 19. Februar 2023)

· Al Jazeera: Second IRGC officer dies after Friday attack on Syria by Israel, 31. März 2023
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/31/israel-conducts-air-attacks-near-damascus-syria-state-media

„Iran’s foreign ministry spokesman, Nasser Kanani, has said the two IRGC members who died in an Israeli attack near Damascus, Syria, died fighting ‘terrorism’ that Israel supports and said the Israeli attacks are a violation of Syrian sovereignty and international law.

Israel carried out an air attack near Damascus on Friday, Syrian state media reported, the second attack near the capital in two days.” (Al Jazeera, 31. März 2023)

AOAV ist eine in London ansässige Nichtregierungsorganisation, die weltweit Informationen zu bewaffneten Gewaltvorfällen gegen Zivilist·innen sammelt, untersucht und verbreitet.

· AOAV – Action on Armed Violence: Explosive Violence in February 2023, 10. März 2023
https://aoav.org.uk/2023/explosive-violence-in-february-2023/

„In February 2023, there were 43 incidents of explosive weapon use recorded in Syria, 19 of which resulted in 86 civilian casualties, of whom 32 were killed and 54 injured. Civilian casualties include at least six children and five women. Overall, civilians accounted for 50% of the total 171 casualties, as there were also 85 recorded armed-actor casualties, 34 of whom were killed and 51 injured.

90% (77) of civilian casualties occurred in populated areas. Specifically, 38% (33) occurred in urban residential areas, 28% (24) on public transport, 13% (11) on roads in populated areas, and 2% (2) in schools, encampments, and armed bases respectively.

The regions in which civilian casualties were reported in Syria were Homs (24 civilian casualties), Damascus (24), Hama (12), Aleppo (8), Deir Ezzor (8), Idlib (3), Hasakah (3), Daraa (2), and Latakia (2).” (AOAV, 10. März 2023)

· AOAV – Action on Armed Violence: Explosive Violence in March 2023, 10. April 2023
https://aoav.org.uk/2023/explosive-violence-in-march-2023/

„In March 2023, there were 53 incidents of explosive weapon use recorded in Syria, 26 of which resulted in 95 civilian casualties, of whom 36 were killed and 59 injured. Civilian casualties include at least seven children and six women. Overall, civilians accounted for 49% of the total 195 casualties, as there were also 100 recorded armed-actor casualties, 68 of whom were killed and 32 injured.

65% (62) of civilian casualties occurred in populated areas. Specifically, 41% (39) occurred in urban residential areas, 17% (16) in villages, 3% (3) in encampments, and 2% (2) in commercial premises and transport-related infrastructure respectively.

The regions in which civilian casualties were reported in Syria were Deir Ezzor (33), Hama (24), Aleppo (20), Daraa (6), Homs (6), Rif Dimashq (2), Damascus (2), Raqqa (1), and Idlib (1).” (AOAV, 10. April 2023)

Die International Crisis Group (ICG) ist eine unabhängige, nicht profitorientierte Nicht-Regierungsorganisation, die mittels Informationen und Analysen gewaltsame Konflikte verhindern und lösen will.

· ICG – International Crisis Group: Crisis Watch, März 2023
https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location[]=83

„Regime and Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) resumed hostilities in north west, tensions flared between U.S. and Iran-backed forces in east, and President Assad sought to end diplomatic isolation.

In north west, cross-line tit-for-tat attacks returned and Turkish-backed militants killed Kurdish civilians. After weeks-long hiatus following earthquake, Idlib’s dominant faction HTS in March resumed raids and sniping operations on regime positions in north west, including in Idlib province 16 March and in Latakia province next day; regime had stepped up shelling of Idlib province following earthquakes.” (ICG, März 2023)

Die North Press Agency (NPA) ist eine syrische kurdische Nachrichtenagentur.

· NPA – North Press Agency: Two Syrian soldiers wounded in drone attack in Latakia, 1. Jänner 2023
https://npasyria.com/en/89958/

„The Russian Reconciliation Center for Syria said on Saturday two soldiers of the Syrian government forces were wounded in the de-escalation zone in northwestern Syria.

Deputy Head of the Russian Coordination Center in Syria, Oleg Egorov, said, two Syrian soldiers were wounded in a ’terrorist’ attack with a drone in the coastal governorate of Latakia.“ (NPA, 1. Jänner 2023)

· NPA – North Press Agency: Officer dead, 4 injured in Damascus in IED blast claimed by ISIS, 10. Mai 2023
https://npasyria.com/en/97737/

„On Wednesday, the Syrian Interior Ministry said that an officer was killed and four policemen were injured in a car explosion that took place near Barzeh Police Station in Damascus city earlier today.

The Islamic State (ISIS) claimed responsibility for the attack. ISIS-linked Amaq News Agency published a statement in which it said that a group of ISIS militants ‘managed to detonate an improvised explosive device that they had planted with a vehicle inside a police station in Masaken Barzeh, Damascus.’ The agency added that the blast resulted in destroying the vehicle, killing an officer and injuring four policemen, all of whom were inside.

This operation is the first claimed by ISIS in Damascus in more than two years in the Syrian capital.

This morning, the Interior Ministry of Syria announced that an officer and four soldiers were injured in a car explosion in the Barzeh Police Station in Damascus city.” (NPA, 10. Mai 2023)

Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria (OSES) ist das Büro des Sondergesandten des Generalsekretärs der Vereinten Nationen für Syrien.

„And this call for restraint and de-escalation is relevant for all other areas in Syria too:

- Idlib has seen very concerning incidents, including rounds of pro-Government air and ground-based air strikes. Some of these hit camps for internally displaced persons, killing and injuring civilians, destroying tents and displacing hundreds of families, while others damaged healthcare infrastructure. There were reported attacks by Security Council-listed Hayat Tahrir al-Sham on Government forces and Government-controlled areas, with civilian casualties.

- Strikes attributed to Israel hit Damascus, Homs, Hama and Latakia, prompting Syrian Government anti-aircraft fire in response.” (OSES, 29. November 2022, S. 1)

„This bleak humanitarian and economic picture is bad enough; add to it the continued armed conflict and the dangers of military escalation, and the potential for catastrophic deterioration is all too real. We have thankfully not seen further large-scale military operations by any one player this month. But the situation cannot be said to have improved in any way. The same dangerous dynamics exist, with impact on civilians. We have seen:

- Reports of sporadic pro-Government airstrikes in the northwest, Turkish airstrikes in the north and strikes in Damascus and the southwest attributed to Israel.” (OSES, 21. Dezember 2022, S. 1)

„Turkish drone strikes were reported in the north-east and Israeli strikes were reported in rural Damascus and on Damascus Airport. ISIL remains active, with sleeper cells killing military personnel and civilians.” (OSES, 25. Jänner 2023, S. 2)

„I want, however, to add that I am worried that we have seen this calm punctuated with reports of concerning incidents: exchanges of shelling and mortar fire between areas under Syrian Government, Syrian Democratic Forces, armed opposition or listed Hayat Tahrir al-Sham control; an HTS cross-line attack; reported Turkish drone strikes; an airstrike in central Damascus attributed to Israel; assassinations in the south-west; terrible attacks attributed to ISIL in the desert.” (OSES, 28. Februar 2023, S. 3)

Reuters ist eine internationale Nachrichtenagentur.

· Reuters: Car blast in Syrian capital hits Mezzah suburb, 2. April 2023
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/explosions-heard-near-mezzah-airport-syrian-capital-witnesses-2023-04-02/

„A car bomb caused the large blasts heard in the Mezzah suburb area west of the Syrian capital Damascus, Syrian state media said on Sunday. Police sources quoted by state media said there were no injuries from the improvised explosive device (IED).

Residents earlier said large blasts were heard around the Mezzah military airport with a plume of black smoke that drifted high into the air. The blast was close to a crowded roundabout near a busy restaurant, a witness said.

It was not clear if there was anyone who was targeted in the rare blast in an affluent area where senior government and security officials reside.

The capital was frequently hit by bomb attacks in the early years of the 12-year conflict but with the state regaining control over much of the country, these attacks have in recent years abated.” (Reuters, 2. April 2023)

RUDAW ist eine kurdische Nachrichtenagentur mit dem Sitz in Erbil, Irak.

· RUDAW: ISIS claims responsibility for deadly Damascus car blast, 11. Mai 2023
https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/11052023

„The Islamic State (ISIS) on Wednesday claimed responsibility for a deadly car bomb on a police station in the capital of Damascus that killed a policeman. A car exploded in northern Damascus at the Barzeh police station on Wednesday morning, killing a lieutenant colonel and injuring four others, the Syrian interior ministry said.

‘Investigations are underway to discover the circumstances behind the incident,’ the ministry’s statement added.

ISIS later claimed responsibility for the attack on its Telegram channels, saying that its members had managed to booby trap a car and exploded it at a police station. Attacks by terrorist groups in Damascus are rare as Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime has managed to retake control over areas near the capital that were under the control of rebels.” (RUDAW, 11. Mai 2023)

Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) ist die staatliche syrische Nachrichtenagentur.

· SANA – Syrian Arab News Agency: Two army personnel injured in Israeli act of aggression on Damascus vicinity, 30. März 2023
https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=304893

„Damascus, SANA- Two army personnel were injured and material damage was caused by an Israeli act of aggression that targeted with missiles some sites in the vicinity of Damascus City.

‚At about 01:20 a.m. on Thursday, the Israeli enemy carried out an aerial act of aggression with a number of missiles from the direction of the occupied Syrian Golan, targeting some sites in the vicinity of Damascus City, and our air defenses intercepted the missiles and shot down some of them,’ a military source said in a statement to SANA.

The source added ‚Two army personnel were injured in the aggression which also caused some material damages.’” (SANA, 30. März 2023)

Das Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) ist eine 2011 gegründete unabhängige Menschenrechtsorganisation, die Menschenrechtsverletzungen in Syrien beobachtet und dokumentiert.

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in 2022, 17. Jänner 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/R221213E.pdf

„On Saturday, August 13, 2022, Kayed Fayez Rashaq, aged 48, was shot dead by servicemen from the Syrian regime’s 4th Division as he was passing through a checkpoint in al-Mashkouna area near his home village of Flaita in Damascus suburbs. Kayed had been a refugee living in Aarsal Camp in Lebanon, returning to Syria after agreeing to a security settlement with the Syrian regime. This incident proved once again, as we have repeatedly stressed in our reports, that Syria is not safe for the return of refugees.” (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 18).

„In 2022, Syrian regime forces continued to pursue and arrest individuals who had agreed to security settlements. Those include civilians who were formerly activists in the medical and humanitarian relief fields when their areas were under the control of other parties. Such arrests were concentrated in 2022 in the governorates of Damascus suburbs, Daraa, Deir Ez-Zour, and Raqqa, with most occurring during campaigns of mass raids and arrests and at checkpoints. In 2022, SNHR [Syrian Network for Human Rights] documented no fewer than 407 cases of arbitrary arrest/detention involving individuals who had agreed to security settlements with the Syrian regime. Of these 407, three were women (adult females). [….]

We documented a number of arrests/detentions that were carried out by regime security branches targeting civilians for the purpose of, we believe, extorting ransom money from detainees’ families. Some of those arrests involved civilians who had received money transfers from abroad on the pretext of dealing in a foreign currency. Those arrests were concentrated in several Syrian governorates – most notably Damascus suburbs, Damascus, Aleppo, and Hama. We also noticed that the overwhelming majority of those arrests targeted civilians who had previously been released from regime detention, with many of the families telling us the arrests were carried out for the purpose of extortion and soliciting money in exchange for the former detainees’ release.” (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 20)

„On Monday, April 11, 2022, servicemen from the Syrian regime’s Military Security Force carried out a raid and arrest campaign in Jisreen town in the Eastern Ghouta, east of Damascus Suburbs governorate. SNHR [Syrian Network for Human Rights] documented the arrest of five civilians who previously worked in the medical and humanitarian relief fields while the area was controlled by factions of the armed opposition. Those arrested, who were among the residents who had agreed to security settlements with the regime, were taken to a regime detention center in Damascus city.” (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 22)

„On Tuesday, February 1, 2022, servicemen from the Syrian regime’s Criminal Security division arrested five civilian residents of Latakia city, including three women, on charges of having dealings with suspicious webpages and websites run from abroad for the purpose of insulting, defaming, and harming the image of the state. All were taken to a regime detention center in Latakia city.” (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 22).

„Adham Seif al Din and Adham Hussein Jadid, from Madaya town, northwest of Damascus Suburbs governorate, born in 1989 and 1992 respectively, were arrested by servicemen from the Syrian regime’s Air Security Force on Monday, August 15, 2022, while they were passing through a regime checkpoint near Kasab border crossing in the northern suburbs of Latakia governorate upon their return from Turkey to Syria. They were taken to a regime detention centers in Aleppo city. It should be noted that both civilians were attempting to settle their security status.” (SNHR, 17. Jänner 2023, S. 23)

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in January 2023, 4. Februar 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/M230203E.pdf

„In January, we documented an increase in the frequency of artillery attacks by Syrian regime forces on the Idlib region in northwestern Syria compared to last December. We recorded sporadic instances of bombardment concentrated on the villages and towns of the Jabal al-Zawiya region in the southern suburbs of Idilb, as well as in the western suburbs of Aleppo, Sahl al-Ghab in the western suburbs of Hama, and the northern suburbs of Latakia, which are close to the dividing lines with the armed opposition.“ (SNHR, 4. Februar 2023, S. 1)

„Clashes also took place between Syrian regime forces and Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) in southern Idlib and northern Latakia, with the two sides also targeting each other in shelling operations.“ (SNHR, 4. Februar 2023, S. 2)

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in February 2023, 4. März 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/M230303E.pdf

„For the second consecutive month, the Idlib region in northwestern Syria saw a relative decline in the frequency of artillery attacks by Syrian regime forces. In February, we recorded sporadic attacks concentrated on the villages and towns of Jabal al-Zawiya in the southern suburbs of Idlib and western suburbs of Aleppo, as well as Sahl al-Ghab in the western suburbs of Hama and the northern suburbs of Latakia, all of which areas are close to the dividing lines with armed opposition factions. One of the artillery attacks, on February 22, which resulted in the deaths of two civilians, saw Syrian regime forces firing a shell targeting civilians on a motorbike in Barza village in the Jabal al-Akrad area, northern Latakia.” (SNHR, 4. März 2023, S. 5)

„On February 19, Israeli forces carried out an air raid on a populated residential building in Kafrsousa neighborhood in the center of Damascus city. The air raid caused massive destruction to the first four floors of the building and the adjacent parking lot. Two regime soldiers – Colonel Engineer Amjad Ahmad Ali, and a lower-ranking soldier named as Iksim Isbir - were killed in the attack on the building, which is located behind the Iranian School in Kafrsousa neighborhood. Meanwhile, the Syrian regime forces manning the regime’s air defense system, stationed in Mount Qasyun and at al-Mazza Military Airbase, attempted to intercept the Israeli missiles by firing rockets, some of which landed in residential neighborhoods in Damascus, killing Lilian al-Ouda, a female pharmacist, and Asif al-Mahmoud, an internist and cardiologist, in al-Mazra’a Square in Damascus city center.” (SNHR, 4. März 2023, S. 6)

„B. Arbitrary arrest and enforced disappearance

In February 2023, SNHR documented at least 137 cases of arbitrary arrest, including six children and three women (adult female), at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. Most of these arrests were carried out by Syrian regime forces in the governorates of Damascus suburbs, then Damascus, and then Daraa. We issued a report on the second of this month detailing the cases of arbitrary arrest and enforced disappearances which we documented in February at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. Cases of arbitrary arrests were distributed according to the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces as follows:

- Syrian regime forces: 64 civilians, including one child and two women.

- HTS:2 seven civilians.

- All Armed Opposition factions/SNA: 23 civilians, including one child and one woman.

- SDF: 43 civilians, including four children.” (SNHR, 4. März 2023, S. 14)

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in March 2023, 6. April 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/M230403E.pdf

„In March, we recorded an increase in the rates of artillery bombardments by Syrian regime forces on northwestern Syria. To that end, we documented separate attacks focusing on the villages and towns of Jabal al-Zawiya in the southern suburbs of Idlib and western suburbs of Aleppo, as well as in Sahl al-Ghab in the western suburbs of Hama and the northern suburbs of Latakia, all of which areas are close to the dividing lines with armed opposition factions, with shelling by Syrian regime force also targeting the villages and towns of the western suburbs of Aleppo that are far from the dividing lines, where regime artillery fired multiples shells at Kafr Ta’al village in the western suburbs of Aleppo on March 19.” (SNHR, 6. April 2023, S. 1)

„Moreover, on March 12, SANA reported that Israeli jets fired missiles at multiple points in the suburbs of Tartus and Hama, injuring three Syrian regime military personnel.” (SNHR, 6. April 2023, S. 3).

„B. Arbitrary arrest and enforced disappearance In March 2023, SNHR documented at least 164 cases of arbitrary arrest, including nine children and three women (adult female), at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. Most of these arrests were carried out by Syrian regime forces in the governorates of Damascus suburbs, then Damascus, and then Daraa. We issued a report on the second of this month detailing the cases of arbitrary arrest and enforced disappearances which we documented in March at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria.

Cases of arbitrary arrests were distributed according to the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces as follows:

- Syrian regime forces: 71 civilians, including four children and one woman.

- HTS: 16 civilians, including two women.

- All Armed Opposition factions/SNA: 29 civilians.

- SDF: 48 civilians, including four children” (SNHR, 6. April 2023, S. 13-14)

· SNHR – Syrian Network for Human Rights: Most Notable Human Rights Violations in Syria in April 2023, 5. Mai 2023
https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/M230503E.pdf

„April saw Syrian regime forces continuing to carry out artillery attacks on the region of northwestern Syria, where we documented separate attacks focusing on the villages and towns of Jabal al-Zawiya in the southern suburbs of Idlib and the western suburbs of Aleppo, as well as in Sahl al-Ghab in the western suburbs of Hama and the northern suburbs of Latakia; all of these areas are close to the dividing lines with armed opposition factions, with regime force also shelling villages and towns in the eastern and southern suburbs of Idlib, as well as in the western suburbs of Aleppo that are far from the dividing line.“ (SNHR, 5. Mai 2023, S. 1)

„In April 2023, SNHR documented at least 158 cases of arbitrary arrest, including five children and eight women (adult female), at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria in April. Most of these arrests were carried out by Syrian regime forces in the governorates of Damascus suburbs, then Damascus, and then Daraa. We issued a report on the second of May detailing the cases of arbitrary arrest and enforced disappearances which we documented in April at the hands of the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces in Syria. Cases of arbitrary arrests were distributed according to the parties to the conflict and the controlling forces as follows:

- Syrian regime forces: 87 civilians, including one child and three women.

- HTS2: eight civilians, including three women.

- All Armed Opposition factions/SNA: 24 civilians, including two women.

- SDF: 39 civilians, including four children.” (SNHR, 5. Mai 2023, S. 13-14)

Das Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) ist eine 2006 gegründete, in Großbritannien ansässige Menschenrechtsorganisation, die sich für die Verteidigung der Menschenrechte in Syrien einsetzt.

„SOHR has monitored and tracked the cause of forcible/arbitrary arrests in regime-controlled areas in 2022, documenting the arrest of 986 people, including three children and 30 women on different charges, the most prominent of which are ‘evading the mandatory and reserve conscription in the regime army,’ ‘communicating with foreign bodies,’ and ‘cybercrimes.’ Many detainees were released after having paid ransoms, while 220 detainees remain in regime prisons and security centres. The people arrested arbitrarily in regime-controlled areas in 2022 are distributed regionally as follows:

· Damascus and Rif Dimashq: 243 people, including three women.

· Latakia: 52 people, including four women.

· Tartus: 26 men.” (SOHR, 3. Jänner 2023)

„Beside arbitrary arrests, regime-controlled areas experienced scores of kidnaps by unidentified individuals in 2022, with the aim of collecting ransoms in light of the escalating security chaos in all Syrian provinces. In the past year, SOHR documented the kidnapping of 93 people in regime-controlled areas, including ten women and 22 children.

· Damascus: A man.“ (SOHR, 3. Jänner 2023)

· “January 14: Four regime soldiers were killed, and two others were injured, in violent clashes with heavy weapons and machine guns that erupted when Hayyat Tahrir Al-Sham waged an attack on regime positions on Nahshaba frontline in the northern countryside of Latakia.

· January 16: A regime lieutenant was shot dead by a sniper of the 2nd Coastal Regiment faction on Kilis frontline in the northern countryside of Latakia.

· January 24: Three regime soldiers were killed in an attack by Ahrar Al-Sham Islamic Movement on regime positions on Al-Tuffahiyah frontline in Jabal Al-Akrad in northern Latakia countryside.” (SOHR, 2. Februar 2023)

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Regime prisons in January 2023 | Seven people died under torture, 2. Februar 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/287166/

„January 20: A young man in his 30s died under torture inside regime prisons after being arrested for nearly 11 years. According to reliable SOHR sources, the young man is from Al-Yarmok camp in Damascus, and was arrested by the regime’s ’Military Security’ on Al-Maza highway in Damascus in 2012, where he worked in emergency field and was one of the most prominent people in training young men in camps.” (SOHR, 2. Februar 2023)

„As regime security and intelligence services continue their repression, SOHR activists documented, in January, the arrest of at least 42 civilians, including two women, as well as the kidnapping of 14 others, including a three women and two children.

A regional breakdown of arbitrary arrests is as follows:

- Rif Dimashq: 31 people, including a woman.” (SOHR, 9. Februar 2023)

· SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights: Second attack in 2023 | 15 people killed in Israeli strikes on Damascus, 18. Februar 2023
https://www.syriahr.com/en/289081/

„SOHR activists have documented the death of 15 people and injury of others, as Israeli missiles hit positions in Kafr Susah in Damascus. Moreover, a woman was killed in Israeli rocket fire on an area near Al-Mazra’a roundabout in Damascus.

SOHR sources have just reported that Israeli missiles hit positions where Iranian-backed militias and Lebanese Hezbollah are stationed in an area between Sayeda Zeinab and Al-Diyaba in Rif Dimashq, causing fires and explosions. In addition, the Israeli attack targeted an area and an Iranian school in Kafr Susah, which destroyed a building and left casualties.

Moreover, a missile hit Al-Mazra’a roundabout, amid reports of the death of a woman.” (SOHR, 18. Februar 2023)

· “February 4: 13 combatants: six members of Hayyaat Tahrir Al-Sham and seven regime soldiers, were killed in an attack by the HTS-backed brigade of ‘Othman Ibn Affan’ on regime positions on Tallat Al-Burkan frontline in the northern countryside of Latakia, where violent clashes with heavy and medium weapons erupted between the two sides.

· February 9: Two regime soldiers were killed by snipers of ‘HTS,’ on the frontline of Kabbanah in Jabal Al-Akrad in northern Latakia countryside.

· February 22: Two civilians were killed due to a guided missile attack by regime forces, while they were collecting logs in Jabal Al-Turkman villages in the northern countryside of Latakia near frontlines within ‘Putin-Erdogan’ area.” (SOHR, 2. März 2023)

„As regime security and intelligence services continue their repression, SOHR activists documented, in January, the arrest of at least 13 civilians, as well as the kidnapping of 81 others, including two children.

A regional breakdown of arbitrary arrests is as follows:

- Deir Ezzor: Six people.

- Daraa: Five people.

- Latakia: One person.

- Damascus: One person.“ (SOHR, 7. März 2023)

· “March 2: A regime soldier was killed in bombardment by ‘Al-Fath Al-Mubin’ factions on a regime position on Otayrah frontline in Jabal Al-Turkman in the northern countryside of Latakia.

· March 27: A regime soldier from Sabinah in Rif Dimashq was killed by snipers of ‘Al-Fath Al-Mubin’ operations room factions on the frontline of Kabanah in Jabal Al-Akrad north of Latakia.” (SOHR, 1. April 2023)

„As regime security and intelligence services continue their repression, SOHR activists documented, in March, the arrest of at least 104 civilians, as well as the kidnapping of 21 others, including two children.

A regional breakdown of arbitrary arrests is as follows:

- Deir Ezzor: 42 people.

- Rif Dimashq: 52 people.

- Daraa: Seven people, including a child and a woman.

- Latakia: One person.“ (SOHR, 7. April 2023)

· “April 13: A regime soldier was shot dead by a sniper of a faction of ‘Al-Fath Al-Mubin’ operations room on a frontline in Jabal Al-Turkman in the northern countryside of Latakia.

· April 26: A regime soldier was killed by the bombardment of factions of ‘Al-Fath Al-Mubin’ operations room on the frontline of Nahshba in the northern countryside of Latakia.” (SOHR, 1. Mai 2023)

„As regime security and intelligence services continue their repression, SOHR activists documented, in April, the arrest of at least 830 civilians, including three women, as well as the kidnapping of 39 others, including a little girl.

A regional breakdown of arbitrary arrests is as follows:

- Damascus: Six people.

- Rif Dimashq: Eight people, including three women.” (SOHR, 5. Mai 2023)

The Business Standard (TBS) ist eine in Dhaka, Bangladesh, ansässige Nachrichtenplattform für Wirtschaft und Unternehmen, die sowohl online als auch in einer Druckausgabe erscheint.

· TBS – The Business Standard: Israel hits areas in Hama and Tartous countryside, 12. März 2023
https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/middle-east/israel-hits-areas-hama-and-tartous-countryside-598194

„Israel launched several rocket strikes on areas in Syria's Hama province and the coastal Tartous countryside on Sunday, Syrian state media reported.” (TBS, 12. März 2023)

Der UN Security Council ist der Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen.

„Da’esh, which has been designated as a terrorist group by the Security Council, continued sporadic attacks, including on civilians, in areas across Dayr al-Zawr, Hasakah, eastern rural Homs and Hama. On 16 May, Da’esh claimed responsibility for two bombings in the countryside of Kiswah, south of Damascus. The threat of Da’esh near Damascus raised concern about the group’s geographical reach and potential ability to threaten greater numbers of civilians in urban areas.” (UN Security Council, 16. Juni 2022, S. 3)

„Past and present hostilities continue to result in widespread explosive ordnance contamination throughout the country. Approximately one third of communities across the Syrian Arab Republic are reportedly affected by some form of explosive contamination, with the highest percentages in Qunaytirah, Suwayda’, Rif Dimashq, Aleppo, Damascus neighbourhoods, Raqqah and Dar‘a. Access to agricultural fields, roads, properties, markets, schools and other public buildings and hospitals continues to be compromised by contamination. Clearance is the permanent solution to removing the threat of explosive ordnance.“ (UN Security Council, 21. Februar 2023, S. 7)

Voice of America (VOA) ist der offizielle staatliche Auslandssender der USA.

· VOA – Voice of America: What Is Behind Israel’s Increased Strikes in Syria?, 5. April 2023
https://www.voanews.com/a/what-is-behind-israel-s-increased-strikes-in-syria/7037852.html

„Israel has increased its air raids in Syria, targeting positions belonging to the Syrian government and Iranian forces. In recent days, suspected Israeli airstrikes hit such targets in four different occasions.

The most recent strike on Monday hit an area near the Syrian capital, Damascus, according to Syrian state media and an opposition war monitor.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, or SOHR, said the alleged Israeli strikes on Damascus targeted Syrian government and Iranian positions near the city’s airport and another area south of the capital. The Syrian government news agency reported that two people were killed in those attacks.

Monday’s strikes came a day after a suspected Iranian drone was reportedly shot down by Israeli forces after it infiltrated from Syrian territory. A day before that incident, an alleged Israeli air raid targeted an airbase in the Syrian province of Homs, wounding at least five Syrian government troops. Two days before that attack, another two Iranian military advisers were killed in an Israeli strike near Damascus, Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps said.

Iran, a major backer of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, has built a significant military presence in Syria since the beginning of that country’s civil war in 2011.

Israel views Iran’s military presence in Syria as a threat to its national security and has carried out strikes against Iranian targets. However, it rarely acknowledges such operations.

The escalation of such strikes comes from Iran’s growing military activity in Syria in recent months, experts said.” (VOA, 5. April 2023)

[1] Jarmouk ist ein seit 1957 bestehendes, nahe bei Damaskus gelegenes Lager für palästinensische Flüchtlinge. Ein großer Teil der BewohnerInnen wurde während des Bürgerkriegs vertrieben (UNRWA, ohne Datum).

ecoi.net-Beschreibung:: Anfragebeantwortung zu Syrien: Sicherheitslage (sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle, Akteure), insbesondere Damaskus und Umland, Latakia, Tartous

Land:: Syrien, Arabische Republik
Quelle:: ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (Autor)
Veröffentlicht:: 9. Juni 2023
Dokumentart:: Anfragebeantwortung
Sprache:: Deutsch
Verfügbar auf ecoi.net seit:: 4. Juli 2023
Dokument-ID:: 2094287