Children in Cameroon are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and in the recruitment by non-state armed groups for use in conflict. Children also perform dangerous tasks in cocoa production and gold mining. (1,2) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Cameroon. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2019, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (3)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5 (MICS 5), 2014. (4)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Cameroon is a source, transit, and destination country for child trafficking from neighboring countries in Central and West Africa, and child trafficking also occurs within Cameroon. (1,15) Children are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation, domestic work, and forced labor in mining and agriculture. (1,15) Parents often entrust children to intermediaries who promise to take them to urban centers for education or improved living conditions, and these children are often subject to exploitation. (1) In the artisanal mining sector in eastern Cameroon, children are subject to hazardous conditions, including frequent collapses of open pit mines and use of dangerous chemicals including mercury. The Government of Cameroon banned the presence of children at mining sites in August 2021, but research indicates that child labor continues to be widespread in the sector. (2,9,10,18,19)

Several crises within Cameroon and in neighboring countries have heightened children’s vulnerability. (20) The crisis in the Northwest and Southwest regions began in 2016 as mass protests by lawyers and teachers, and it has since evolved into an armed separatist movement exacerbated by criminal opportunists taking advantage of the general insecurity in the two regions. Violence continued to escalate in the second half of 2021, and to date, the crisis has claimed an estimated 4,000 civilian lives and internally displaced approximately 573,000 people. (16,21,22) Nearly 2.2 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance due to the crisis in the Northwest and Southwest regions, including more than 1.2 million school-age children. Disruptions to family livelihoods as a result of the crisis place children at greater risk of human trafficking and child labor. (16) In Cameroon's Far North Region, the non-state armed group Boko Haram continued its insurgency, launching multiple attacks on civilians during the reporting period. Although the death of Boko Haram leader Abdubakar Shekau in May significantly diminished the capacity of the terrorist group to carry out attacks on civilians in the second half of the year, the Boko Haram insurgency remains a major humanitarian crisis, and more than 350,000 people have been internally displaced. (22,23) Cameroon also hosts nearly half a million refugees, primarily from the Central African Republic and Nigeria. Between refugees, asylum seekers, and IDPs, Cameroon, which has a population of 29.3 million people, is home to nearly 2 million displaced people. (22,24)

Children in Cameroon are subject to recruitment and use in non-state armed groups. (2) In 2021, in the Far North Region, Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa recruited children to act as soldiers and suicide bombers. They also forcibly recruited children to act as porters, scouts, and cooks. (2) English-speaking separatist groups in the Northwest and Southwest regions have recruited and used children as fighters. (16) Anecdotal evidence suggests that some community neighborhood watch groups in the Far North Region, known as Vigilance Committees, may have incorporated children into their ranks. Vigilance Committees carry out reconnaissance operations against Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa, and some vigilance committees receive non-lethal material support from the government. (1,2,15)

Ongoing violence in Cameroon and the surrounding regions has significantly disrupted children's schooling, making both Cameroonian and refugee children vulnerable to exploitation. Since 2016, armed separatist groups have violently enforced school boycotts, leading to long-term disruptions of education for children in the Northwest and Southwest regions. (16) Separatists frequently attacked and kidnapped students and teachers who attended classes, often releasing them only after collecting ransom. In 2021, approximately 700,000 children were not in school due to these boycotts, making them more vulnerable to child labor. (2,13,16) In addition, armed separatists have occupied and used schools as camps and bases for their operations. (16) Although the "Interim Government of Ambazonia," one of the largest separatist groups in Cameroon, allowed hundreds of schools to open for the first time in 5 years in August 2021, by November, the same organization announced a renewed school boycott. (16,25) In the Far North Region, terrorist activity by Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa has also disrupted children’s schooling. (2,20)

The government requires children to have identification documents, including birth certificates, to fully access education. Those without birth certificates often face difficulties registering for end‐of‐course examinations to enter secondary school. (2) Many public officials in the Northwest and Southwest regions have fled since the beginning of the crisis in those regions, reducing access to birth registration services. In addition, many internally displaced children lost their birth certificates as they fled the violence due to the Anglophone crisis and have been unable to participate in end-of-course examinations. (2) In September 2021, certain schools in the West Region refused to admit 700 internally displaced children into school due to their lack of documentation. (2) The law guarantees free education up to the age of 12, but in practice, additional school fees are often charged and families must pay the cost of books and uniforms, which is a significant barrier for many families. In the Far North region, for example, 61 percent of teachers are paid by parents. (2,26,27) In addition, at the secondary school level, students are responsible for the cost of tuition, additional fees, books, and uniforms, rendering secondary education unaffordable for many families. (27) Further barriers to education include inadequate school facility infrastructure, including toilets and sanitation facilities, and an insufficient number of teachers. (2,28)

Cameroon has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Cameroon’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the lack of prohibition of the use of children in illicit activities.

* Country has no conscription (39)
‡ Age calculated based on available information (27)

Children in Cameroon are required to attend only 6 years of primary school, which typically concludes at age 12. This standard makes children ages 13 through 14 vulnerable to child labor because they are not required to attend school but are not legally permitted to work. (36,37) In addition, the Decree on the Organization of Public Schools provides for free schooling only through primary school, but basic education is a total of 9 years and includes three years of lower secondary school. The failure to provide for complete free basic education may increase the risk of children's involvement in the worst forms of child labor. (38) Human trafficking provisions do not meet international standards because they require threats, the use of force, or coercion to be established for the crime of child trafficking, and individuals ages 16 to 18 are not considered children for the purposes for trafficking in persons provisions. (31,32) In addition, the types of hazardous work prohibited for children under age 18 are not comprehensive, because work at dangerous heights and underwater is not prohibited. (30,40)

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

Although it does not play a direct role in enforcement, Cameroon’s National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms advises government ministries on the enforcement of laws related to child labor and advocates for sanctions as appropriate. (43,44)

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2021, labor law enforcement agencies in Cameroon took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient financial resource allocation.

In January 2021, inspectors from the East Region Delegate of Social Affairs found that 605 children were subjected to child labor in 29 mining sites in the region. (2) The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Cameroon's workforce, which includes approximately 12 million workers. According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in developing economies, Cameroon would need to employ about 797 labor inspectors, but it currently employs only 223. (2,45-47) Labor inspectors are not empowered to conduct inspections in the informal sector, in which the majority of child labor occurs. (2,48) The labor inspectorate lacked sufficient resources, including transportation, to carry out its mission. (2) In Cameroon's largest city, Douala, there were only 15 inspectors, which trade union leaders described as "totally inadequate" to inspect the thousands of workplaces in the city. (2,41) Government officials and NGOs in the East Region indicated that labor inspections rarely took place, especially at rural mining sites. (2)

Although the government has not created a formal mechanism for filing and responding to complaints about child labor, victims and their relatives can report directly to any of the institutions, including the Ministry of Social Affairs, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, the State Defense Secretariat, and the Ministry of Justice. (2)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2021, criminal law enforcement agencies in Cameroon took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient allocation of financial resources.

The General Delegate for National Security reported that in 2021, 154 police officers received training on portions of the Penal Code related to trafficking in persons as part of a 12-month refresher course. (15) In addition, the National Gendarmerie introduced a module on organized crime, including trafficking of persons, including children, into the training curriculum for the Judicial Police Officers. (15) Law enforcement officers, however, did not receive training specifically addressing child labor, and criminal law enforcement agencies do not receive adequate funding to investigate the worst forms of child labor. (2,5,13,43) In 2013, the Ministry of Social Affairs and the IOM developed the National Referral System and Standard Operating Procedures to coordinate the identification and assistance of human trafficking victims, including children found to be in the worst forms of child labor. Research shows no evidence of relevant stakeholders using this system during the reporting period. (2)

Research did not uncover information about any individuals involved in ongoing prosecutions that began in previous reporting periods. (2) While the government of Cameroon did not compile comprehensive statistics on trafficking prosecutions, conservative estimates from the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Trafficking in Persons indicate that authorities investigated 93 cases of trafficking in persons; these estimates did not disaggregate the number of individuals involved in each case or the number of children subject to trafficking in persons. (41) During the reporting period, despite credible evidence that children were involved in the worst forms of child labor, there were no reported investigations of forced child labor or commercial sexual exploitation of children. (2)

During the reporting period, Cameroonian Police in the capital city of Yaoundé arrested members of a human trafficking network that bought and sold newborn babies. The trafficking network operations are believed to expand beyond Cameroon and include Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Chad. (49) In addition, in February, the gendarmerie in Limbé region, in the Southwest, arrested 7 suspects who were accused of subjecting 29 children between the ages of 7 and 14 to domestic servitude. The suspects were charged under Cameroon's child trafficking laws. (1) Due to concerns about child trafficking, border police work to ensure that children have parental authorization when crossing a border without a parent. (15) While there have been past reports that indicate the government has held children as young as age 5 in detention facilities for prolonged periods due to suspicion of being affiliated with Boko Haram, or to prevent them from being recruited into Boko Haram, there were no reports during the reporting period that the government detained or punished any children found engaged in child labor, including commercial sexual exploitation, illegal or illicit activities, or armed conflict. (2,44,50,51)

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including the lack of resources to carry out mandates.

A lack of resources, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and socio-political unrest and insecurity in the Far North, Northwest, and Southwest regions continued to hamper coordination efforts to address trafficking in persons and the worst forms of child labor. (2,15) Research indicates that the National Committee to Combat Child Labor has not made significant progress because of a lack of dedicated resources. There is also evidence to suggest that each of the government agencies represented in the committee looked for its own funding and initiated its own activities without significant coordination. (13) Various agencies and branch offices responsible for investigating and prosecuting cases of trafficking in persons did not provide full reports to the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Trafficking in Persons. (15)

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including the lack of a policy specifically dedicated to addressing child labor.

† Policy was approved during the reporting period.

In 2018, the Government of Cameroon drafted a National Action Plan for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor in Cameroon, 2018–2025. Although the government has yet to formally adopt this plan, in 2021, various government ministries began to deliberate and allocate funding to implement the plan's activities. (22,48,56) Cameroon is a member of the Alliance 8.7 program, an inclusive global partnership committed to achieving Target 8.7 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Target 8.7 seeks, among other objectives, to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor. (13,57)

In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that may contribute to preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the inadequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.

* Program was launched during the reporting period.
† Program is funded by the Government of Cameroon.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (2)

Although the government has implemented programs to improve education access and address child labor in mining, street work, and cocoa production, research suggests that the scope of current programs is insufficient to address the extent of the problem due to limited resources and insufficient geographic coverage. (2)

Government-run centers can temporarily house survivors of human trafficking and the worst forms of child labor, but space is limited. (53,61) NGOs also provide shelter and assistance to survivors of child trafficking and labor exploitation. (13) These include the Network for Human Rights Defenders in Central Africa, which provides housing and temporary assistance; the Kumba‐based Survival Network, which provides shelter and scholarships to two survivors; and the Justice and Peace Commission of the Bamenda Catholic archdiocese in the Northwest Region, which assists IDPs. However, these organizations did not share an exact number of participants. (13)

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Cameroon (Table 11).

1. U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2021: Cameroon. Washington, D.C., July 1, 2021. 
   https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/cameroon/
2. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. January 31, 2022. 
3. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 3, 2022. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report. 
   http://data.uis.unesco.org/.
4. ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5 (MICS 5), 2014. Analysis received March 2022. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report. 
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6. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. March 13, 2019. 
7. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. January 15, 2020. 
8. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. February 12, 2021. 
9. France24. In Cameroon, child gold miners sacrifice education for survival. Washington, D.C., December 7, 2020. 
   https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20201207-in-cameroon-child-gold-miners-sacrifice-education-for-survival
10. France24. In pictures: Children working in Cameroon gold mines despite ban. October 13, 2021. 
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12. ILO Committee of Experts. Direct Request concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No 182) Cameroon (ratification: 2002). Published: 2022. 
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13. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. January 15, 2021. 
14. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict. May 6, 2021. 
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15. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. February 11, 2022. 
16. Human Rights Watch. "They are Destroying our Future" : Armed Separatist Attacks on Students, Teachers, and Schools in Cameroon's Anglophone Regions. Washington, D.C. December 16, 2021. 
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17. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Cameroon. July 6, 2017: CRC/C/CMR/CO/3-5. 
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19. Matock, Junior. Exploitations minières : accès interdit aux enfants!. Cameroon Tribune. September 6, 2021. 
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20. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Cameroon Humanitarian Dashboard, January to June 2021. August 9, 2021. 
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21. Alphonse, Tebeck. Cameroon faces rise in kidnapping cases. RFI, October 1, 2019. 
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22. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. E-mail communication with USDOL official. May 2, 2022. 
23. Human Rights Watch. Cameroon: Boko Haram Attacks Escalate in Far North. Nairobi. April 5, 2021. 
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24. Kindzeka, Moki. UN Agency Says Cameroon Home to Half a Million Refugees. Voice of America, June 20, 2021. 
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25. Kindzeka, Moki. Cameroon Separatists Allow Schools to Reopen After 3 to 5 Years. Voice of America, September 6, 2021. 
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27. U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2020: Cameroon. Washington, DC, March 30, 2021. 
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28. Kindzeka, Moki. Cameroon Activists March for Toilets, Improved Sanitation. VOA, November 20, 2020. 
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29. Government of Cameroon. Labour Code Law N° 92/007 of 14 August 1992. Enacted: August 14, 1992. 
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30. Government of Cameroon. Arrêté N° 17 du 27 mai 1969 relatif au travail des enfants. Enacted: May 27, 1969. 
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31. Government of Cameroon. Law N° 2016/007 of 12 Juil 2016 Relating to the Penal Code. Enacted: July 12, 2016. 
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32. Government of Cameroon. Law N° 2011/024 of 14 December 2011 Relating to the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Slavery. Enacted: December 14, 2011. 
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33. Government of Cameroon. LOI N°2010/012 DU 21 DECEMBRE 2010 RELATIVE A LA CYBERSECURITE ET LA CYBERCRIMINALITE AU CAMEROUN. Enacted: December 21, 2010. Source on File. 
34. Government of Cameroon. Décret N° 2001/190 du 25 Juillet 2001 portant Statut particulier des personnels militaires non Officiers des Forces de Défense. Enacted: July 25, 2001. Source on file. 
35. Government of Cameroon. Décret N° 2001/187 du 25 Juillet 2001 fixant les conditions de recrutement et d'admission dans les Ecoles Militaires de Formation des Officiers. Enacted: July 25, 2001. Souce on file. 
36. Government of Cameroon. Law N° 96-06 of 18 January 1996 to amend the Constitution of 2 June 1972. Enacted: January 18, 1996. 
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37. Government of Cameroon. LOI N°98/004 DU 4 AVRIL 1998 D’ORIENTATION DE L’EDUCATION AU CAMEROUN. Enacted: April 14, 1998. 
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38. Government of Cameroon. Décret N° 2001/041 portant organisation des établissements scolaires publics et attributions des responsables de l'administration scolaire. Enacted: 2001. Source on file. 
39. Government of Cameroon. Ratification with Declaration on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict on March 4, 2013. Enacted: 2013. 
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41. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé official. E-mail Communication with USDOL official. February 24, 2022. 
42. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. March 20, 2020 
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44. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. January 11, 2018. 
45. ILO. Strategies and practice for labour inspection. November 2006. Please see “Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report. 
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46. UN. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021 Statistical Annex. 2021. Please see "Labor Law Enforcement Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report. 
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47. ILOSTAT. ILO modelled estimates and projections (ILOEST) – Population and labour force. Accessed (January 25, 2022). 
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48. ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation Concerning Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Cameroon (ratification: 2001) Published: 2022. 
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51. UNICEF. Cameroon Humanitarian Situation Report. October 2018. 
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55. Government of Cameroon. Operational Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants (2021-2023) 2021. Source on file. 
56. Government of Cameroon. Plan d'Action National Pour l'Elimination Des Pires Formes de Travail Des Enfants Au Cameroun 2018-2025. 2018. Source on file. 
57. Alliance 8.7. 8th Meeting Report of the Global Coordinating Group. July 22, 2020. Source on File. 
58. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. Summary record of the 2215th meeting. June 6, 2017: CRC/C/SR.2215. 
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61. U.S. Embassy- Yaoundé. Reporting. October 25, 2017.