USDOL – US Department of Labor (Autor): „2021 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Angola“, Dokument #2082676

2021 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Angola

Moderate Advancement

In 2021, Angola made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government approved a new National Referral Mechanism for the Protection and Assistance to Victims of Human Trafficking and provided trainings on the new mechanism, including victim identification procedures, to law enforcement, border protection, customs and immigration officials, and local human rights committees. Furthermore, it established the Multisectoral Commission on the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor to coordinate efforts to address child labor. It also approved a new National Action Plan to Eradicate Child Labor (2021–2025), and through its Birth Registration and Justice for Children Program, the government approved over $63 million for the purchase of 15 million identification cards and 500 kits to be used to collect biometric and biographic data in order to accelerate its registration of the population. However, children in Angola are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in construction. Laws prohibiting forced labor are not sufficient as they do not criminalize practices similar to slavery or allow for the prosecution of debt bondage. Additionally, the number of labor inspectors does not meet the International Labor Organization's technical advice for the size of Angola's workforce, and social programs do not target all sectors in which children work.

I. Prevalence and Sectoral Distribution of Child Labor

Children in Angola are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. (1-6) Children also perform dangerous tasks in construction. (4,6) The 2015–2016 Survey on Multiple Health Indicators found that 23 percent of children between the ages of 5 and 17 engage in child labor. The percentage of children engaged in child labor is higher in rural areas compared to urban areas; Cuanza Sul and Cuando Cubango provinces have the highest percentage of child laborers. (7) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Angola. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.

**Table 1. Statistics on Children's Work and Education**
Children	Age	Percent
Working (% and population)	5 to 14	15.1 (1,246,354)
Attending School (%)	5 to 14	69.4
Combining Work and School (%)	7 to 14	13.6
Primary Completion Rate (%)		Unavailable

Primary completion rate was unavailable from UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (8)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2015–2016. (9)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

**Table 2. Overview of Children's Work by Sector and Activity**
Sector/Industry	Activity
Agriculture	Farming, including plowing, harvesting, watering crops, picking fruits and vegetables, and in the production of rice (6,10-13)
	Fishing, including artisanal fishing, and cleaning fish for deep freezing or sun drying (6,13-15)
	Cattle herding and animal grazing (4,6,10,12)
	Production of charcoal (16)
Industry	Artisanal diamond mining (4,6)
	Mining coal (6)
	Construction, including making and transporting bricks† (6,11,17,18)
	Animal slaughterhouses,† including cattle, goats, and pigs (19)
Services	Street work, including vending, car washing, parking assistance, shoe shining, begging, and transporting heavy loads† (4,6,11,13,17,20)
	Domestic work, including babysitting (4,10,13)
	Recycling cans and garbage scavenging (6,13,21)
	Working in shops (13)
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡	Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1-6,13,22)
	Forced labor in agriculture, brickmaking, construction, fisheries, artisanal diamond mining, and domestic work (4,12,22)
	Use in illicit activities, including drug trafficking (13)
	Use in illicit activities, including for the transport of illicit goods across the border of Angola and Namibia, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (4)

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Research indicates that incidences of child labor have increased throughout the country, in particular in the provinces of Huíla, Cunene, and Luanda. Research further indicates that in the province of Namibe, there are over 50,000 children working in the agricultural sector. (12,13) Due to widespread droughts in Cunene Province, some villages force children to drop out of school to gather water, dig wells, and herd cattle. (4)

Undocumented Congolese migrant children enter Angola for work in diamond-mining districts, and some are subjected to forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation in mining camps. (4) Girls as young as age 12 are subjected to human trafficking from Kasai Occidental in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Angola for forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Angolan boys are taken to Namibia and forced to herd cattle or work as couriers to transport illicit goods. (4) Reports also indicate that some adults force children younger than age 12 to commit crimes because children cannot be criminally prosecuted. (4)

Education is free up to the ninth grade; however, families often face difficulty in paying informal school fees, such as for textbooks, and at times, bribes requested by some education officials for new admissions or passing grades. (6,23,24) Additional barriers to education for children include lack of classrooms and teachers, and research indicates that although over 500 schools have been built in the last few years, many children remain outside of the educational system. Research found that over 2 million school-age children in Angola do not attend school. (6,24) In addition, poor infrastructure, including the lack of sanitation facilities, disproportionately affects girls' attendance, especially at the secondary school level. (6,23,25) Refugee children also face difficulties in continuing their education beyond age 11 since their status is directly connected to their parents' refugee cards, which are not accepted by secondary schools. Currently, a mechanism to apply for identity documentation does not exist, but the government is making efforts to address the issue and ensure that refugee children are not hindered from continuing their education. (6) In 2021, reports indicate that the government undertook a project to document and integrate refugee groups from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Rwanda by enabling those in these groups to receive resident alien cards and a pathway toward acquiring Angolan citizenship. In addition, the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, in collaboration with UNHCR, is developing a national plan to address statelessness, which will provide a mechanism to ensure that children born to refugees in Angola receive birth certificates. (26) The plan is expected to be completed by mid-2022. (26)

Although children are permitted to attend school only up to the sixth grade without a birth certificate, the government has been conducting its "Massive Registration Campaign" throughout all 18 provinces, resulting in the issuance of 5.1 million birth registration cards and 4.7 million identification cards between December 2019 and December 2021. (6,27)

II. Legal Framework for Child Labor

Angola has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

**Table 3. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor**
Convention	Ratification
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age	✓
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor	✓
UN CRC	✓
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict	✓
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography	✓
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons	✓

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Angola’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the prohibition of the commercial sexual exploitation of children.

**Table 4. Laws and Regulations on Child Labor**
Standard	Meets International Standards	Age	Legislation
Minimum Age for Work	No	14	Articles 1, 2, and 254 of the Labor Law (28)
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work	Yes	18	Articles 3(21) and 256 of the Labor Law (28)
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children	Yes		Article 256 of the Labor Law; Hazardous Work List (28,29)
Prohibition of Forced Labor	No		Articles 18 and 19 of the Money Laundering Law; Articles 175, 177, 178, 180, and 383 of the Penal Code (30,31)
Prohibition of Child Trafficking	Yes		Articles 16, 19 and 23 of the Money Laundering Law; Articles 175, 177, 178, 180, 196, and 383 of the Penal Code (30,31)
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children	Yes		Articles 19, 22, and 23 of the Money Laundering Law; Articles 195–198 of the Penal Code (30,31)
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities	Yes		Articles 4 and 7 of the Drug Trafficking Law; Article 168(1b and 1d) of the Penal Code (31,32)
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment	Yes	18	Article 11 of the Military Service Law (33)
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military	Yes		Article 2 of the Military Service Law (33)
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups	Yes		Article 385(1c) of the Penal Code (31)
Compulsory Education Age	Yes	14	Articles 12, 27, and 31 of the Basic Law of the Education System (34)
Free Public Education	Yes		Article 11 of the Basic Law of the Education System (34)

The minimum age for work is not in compliance with international standards because the law’s minimum age protections do not apply to children working without a work contract. (28) Laws prohibiting forced labor are not sufficient as they do not criminalize practices similar to slavery or allow for the prosecution of debt bondage. (30,31)

The list of hazardous activities and occupations identifies 57 activities prohibited for children; however, the legislation does not include diamond mining, a sector in which there is evidence of work conducted underground. (29)

III. Enforcement of Laws on Child Labor

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

**Table 5. Agencies Responsible for Child Labor Law Enforcement**
Organization/Agency	Role
Ministry of Public Administration, Labor, and Social Security (MAPTSS)	Enforces laws against child labor and coordinates the Multisectoral Commission on the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor. In addition, fines employers or sends cases to the Ministry of Interior, through the Criminal Investigations Services, for further investigation, and to the Attorney General's Office for prosecution. (6) Employs labor inspectors in all 18 provinces to carry out inspections and joint operations with social services providers. (35)
National Children’s Institute (INAC)	Receives complaints about cases of child exploitation, including child labor. Conducts inspections and responds to reports of child labor. (6)
Ministry of Interior’s National Police	Enforce criminal laws and conduct operations and investigations related to the worst forms of child labor. Through its Criminal Investigation Services, collaborates with the Juvenile Court on child labor, child trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation, and illicit recruitment investigations. (6)
Attorney General's Office	Investigates and prosecutes cases of the worst forms of child labor. (6)

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2021, labor law enforcement agencies in Angola took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Public Administration, Labor, and Social Security (MAPTSS) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient financial resource allocation.

**Table 6. Labor Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor**
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement	2020	2021
Labor Inspectorate Funding	Unknown	Unknown
Number of Labor Inspectors	273 (10)	266 (26)
Mechanism to Assess Civil Penalties	Yes (36)	Yes (36)
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors	Yes (10)	Yes (6)
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor	N/A	Yes (6)
Refresher Courses Provided	Yes (10)	Yes (6)
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted	Unknown	9,088 (6)
Number Conducted at Worksite	Unknown	9,088 (6)
Number of Child Labor Violations Found	Unknown	0 (6)
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed	Unknown	N/A
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected	Unknown	N/A
Routine Inspections Conducted	Yes (10)	Yes (6)
Routine Inspections Targeted	Yes (10)	Yes (6)
Unannounced Inspections Permitted	Yes (36)	Yes (36)
Unannounced Inspections Conducted	Yes (10)	Yes (6)
Complaint Mechanism Exists	Yes (10)	Yes (6)
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services	Yes (10)	Yes (6)

During the reporting period, labor inspectors received initial and refresher training, including on concepts related to child labor and hazardous child labor conditions. Although MAPTSS indicates that trainings were not completed due to COVID-19 restrictions, new inspectors received over 112 hours of training, including 24 hours focused on labor inspections. (6) Furthermore, four Angolan labor inspectors attended a seminar organized by the ILO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries on the Role of Labor Inspection in the Fight against Child Labor. (6)

Although inspections were conducted throughout the country, no labor inspections were conducted in the informal sector, which consists of 75 percent of Angola's economic activity, and in which child labor is known to primarily occur. (6) Although Angola employs 277 labor inspectors, the number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Angola’s workforce, which includes approximately 13.97 million workers. According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 40,000 workers in less developed economies, Angola would need to employ about 349 labor inspectors. (37-39) Moreover, MAPTSS indicated that the budget allocated for labor inspection activities was insufficient to conduct inspections in sectors in which child labor is known to occur. (6)

Inspectors from MAPTSS work with the National Children's Institute (INAC) and the Ministry of Social Action, Family, and the Advancement of Women (MASFAMU) to ensure that child labor victims receive the appropriate social services. (40) INAC refers children found during inspections to social services and safeguards the legal rights of children found during inspections. INAC meets with MASFAMU and coordinates complaints with the Criminal Investigation Services (SIC), which then refers cases to the Children's Tribunal (Tribunal de Menores). (6)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2021, criminal law enforcement agencies in Angola took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient training for criminal investigators.

**Table 7. Criminal Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor**
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement	2020	2021
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators	Yes (10)	Yes (6)
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor	Unknown	Yes (6)
Refresher Courses Provided	Yes (10)	Unknown
Number of Investigations	Unknown	3 (41)
Number of Violations Found	Unknown	Unknown
Number of Prosecutions Initiated	Unknown	Unknown
Number of Convictions	Unknown	1 (41)
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor	Unknown	1 (41)
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services	Yes (10)	Yes (6)

In September 2021, a Chinese national was arrested for allegedly exploiting 20 children between the ages of 13 and 16 for commercial sex in the fishing village of Cahota, in the province of Benguela. The case is currently under investigation by the SIC, while MASFAMU and INAC are responsible for connecting these children with the appropriate social services. (6) During the reporting period, a conviction was also secured against an Angolan citizen in Uíge Province for a 2019 human trafficking case involving two minors, ages 6 and 13, from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The individual was sentenced to 4 years in prison. (41) The government also cooperated with DRC officials to trace the minors families and repatriated them back to their residences. (41) In addition, three investigations involving child trafficking victims were conducted in 2021. (41)

During the reporting period, the government approved new Standard Procedures for Assistance to Child Victims of Violence, including children subjected to the worst forms of child labor. A new National Referral Mechanism for the Protection and Assistance to Victims of Human Trafficking was approved, and trainings on victim identification procedures were provided to law enforcement, border protection, and customs and immigration officials, and to members of local human rights committees. (41) In addition, standard operating procedures, used by Angola's provinces to inform INAC and MASFAMU officials whenever victims of the worst forms of child labor are identified, were also updated. (41,42)

Child trafficking victims can be referred to MASFAMU-run shelters before a determination is made regarding their reintegration with their families or guardians. (6,10) INAC and MASFAMU use a network of 114 counseling and housing shelters to support victims and provide them with social services. (42) Reports indicate, however, that victims in rural areas have less access to social services than those in urban areas. (41)

Although training for criminal investigators is an ongoing process for new and established employees, reports indicate that the training is insufficient, particularly for investigators located outside the capital and in remote areas across the country. (40)

The government did not publicly release data on the number of violations found or prosecutions initiated during the reporting period.

IV. Coordination of Government Efforts on Child Labor

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including challenges with aggregating and synthesizing data on human trafficking cases.

**Table 8. Key Mechanisms to Coordinate Government Efforts on Child Labor**
Coordinating Body	Role & Description
Multisectoral Commission on the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor*	Addresses all issues related to the worst forms of child labor and leads implementation of the National Action Plan to Eradicate Child Labor. Led by the Minister of Public Administration, Labor and Social Security, and includes representatives from INAC, the Ministry of Social Action, Family, and the Advancement of Women (MASFAMU), and six other government agencies. (6) In 2021, began implementing the newly approved National Action Plan to Eradicate Child Labor, including establishing procedures to measure and report on child labor and coordinate with law enforcement and social services. (6)
Interministerial Commission to Combat Trafficking in Persons	Coordinates enforcement efforts on human trafficking, including child trafficking for labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Led by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. (40) In 2021, participated in a workshop in collaboration with IOM, aimed at approving the National Referral Mechanism for the Protection and Assistance to Victims of Human Trafficking. (43) In addition, convened nine times over the reporting period, and held an unspecified number of meetings with other government agencies, NGOs, and international partners. (41)
National Council for Social Action	Promotes and defends children’s rights through social consultation and monitoring of public policies. Led by MASFAMU. (44) In July 2021, participated in the virtual conference "Eliminating Child Labor by 2025," alongside MASFAMU and INAC. The conference took place during the launch of the International Year of Africa event, and focused on proactive actions outlining concrete measures to end child labor through the implementation of the Decennial action plan which was approved by the heads of African states in February 2020. (18)
MASFAMU	Ensures coordination among various government agencies related to social welfare and victim protection. Oversees a national network of support centers established for the protection of children, offering health care, psychological care, legal and social assistance, meals, basic education, and family reunification for victims of crime, including victims of human trafficking. (40) In 2021, coordinated with INAC to connect children involved in a prostitution ring to the appropriate social services, and conducted sex tourism awareness and prevention campaigns with the institute, through radio and television public service announcements. (6,41) In addition, conducted two trainings on the systems of referral and protection for children, including human trafficking training components, attended by government officials. (41)
INAC	Coordinates child protective services. Works with MASFAMU to provide shelter and helps with family reintegration for children found in child labor situations. (40) In 2021, conducted a national awareness campaign addressing sexual violence against children. (45)

* Mechanism to coordinate efforts to address child labor was created during the reporting period.

During the reporting period, the Government of Angola signed agreements with South Africa and the DRC establishing new protocols of cooperation on addressing transnational crime, including human trafficking. These protocols are currently pending ratification with the National Assembly. (41) In addition, in 2021, the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights established 90 new Local Human Rights Committees, bringing its total to 163 committees at the provincial, municipal, and community levels. These committees will become the primary mechanisms for collecting human trafficking information and carrying out activities, such as trainings and awareness campaigns, to implement the Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons. (41)

Despite the existence of the Interministerial Commission to Combat Trafficking in Persons, the government faces challenges with aggregating and synthesizing data on human trafficking cases. (46)

V. Government Policies on Child Labor

The government has established policies that are consistent with relevant international standards on child labor (Table 9).

**Table 9. Key Policies Related to Child Labor**
Policy	Description
National Action Plan to Eradicate Child Labor (2021–2025)†	Prioritizes effective, immediate, and integrated measures toward the promotion of children's rights, including through the prevention and eradication of child labor and its worst forms, by 2025. Implemented by the Multisectoral Commission on the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor, lays out seven principal focus areas: child development; social assistance; education; advocacy, accountability, and enforcement; raising children's voices; communication; and monitoring and evaluation. (47) Each area provides specific objectives, including increasing access to education and vocational training, raising awareness of the problem at all levels of the community, strengthening relevant legal framework, and increasing the capacity of children's participation. (47)
National Action Plan on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Persons (2020–2025)	Outlines Angola's strategy to address human trafficking, including domestic human trafficking, in a 5-year plan with the option of extension. Commits to specific activities designed to improve the prevention, protection and assistance, and prosecution components involved in addressing human trafficking. (48) In 2021, the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights launched a campaign focused on identifying human trafficking and its various forms. (49) During the reporting period, several workshops on human trafficking were also conducted by the ministry and attended by government officials, law enforcement, and NGO representatives. (26)

† Policy was approved during the reporting period.
‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (50)

VI. Social Programs to Address Child Labor

In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the inadequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.

**Table 10. Key Social Programs to Address Child Labor**
Program	Description
Social Protection Programs†	National network of child support centers implemented by the government in coordination with NGOs, offering meals, shelter, basic education, and family reunification services to victims of crime, including child trafficking victims. MASFAMU and the Organization of Angolan Women operate 52 children’s shelters that assist victims of child trafficking. (40) Active in 2021. (6)
Birth Registration and Justice for Children†	Government-run program making birth registration free for all Angolan citizens. (51) In August 2021, the government approved $63.4 million for the purchase of 15 million identification cards and 500 kits to collect biometric and biographic data. (6)
Mobile Schools and Free Meals for Children†	Ministry of Education program that provides education in mobile schools to migrant children who work with their parents in cattle herding. Specifically targets children at the highest risk of involvement in child labor in southern Angola. (40) Supports some mobile schools with kitchens, facilitating the free school meals program. (40) In 2021, the program returned in full force, with a focus on locally sourced products, after being limited to a number of schools in 2020 due to the pandemic. (6)
Strengthening Capacity of the Government of Angola	USDOS-funded, $580,000, 2-year project implemented by IOM to strengthen Angola's response to human trafficking, including the formalization of victim identification, referrals using standardized screening, risk assessment, and assistance tools to be used across all provinces. Funds the upgrade of four shelters for victims and an awareness-raising campaign on the risks of irregular migration. (52) In 2021, IOM conducted assessments of human trafficking victims' shelters in Luanda and received approval to make material improvements on one of the shelters. IOM also participated in human trafficking awareness media spots for television and radio, which are set to air in early 2022. (26)

† Program is funded by the Government of Angola.

Although Angola has implemented programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem. Furthermore, research did not identify programs that seek to reach children subjected to certain worst forms of child labor, such as commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor.

VII. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Angola (Table 11).

**Table 11. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor**
Area	Suggested Action	Year(s) Suggested
Legal Framework	Ensure that the minimum age for work applies to all children, including children without a work contract.	2021
	Ensure that laws prohibiting forced labor criminalize practices similar to slavery and allow for the prosecution of debt bondage.	2021
	Ensure that the law prohibits hazardous occupations or activities for children in all relevant sectors in Angola, including diamond mining.	2011 – 2021
Enforcement	Publish information regarding labor inspectorate funding.	2011 – 2021
	Increase the number of labor inspectors to meet the ILO’s technical advice.	2009 – 2021
	Ensure that the Ministry of Public Administration, Labor, and Social Security receives adequate resources to conduct inspections in sectors in which child labor is known to occur, including in the informal sector.	2019 – 2021
	Ensure that rural areas have adequate access to social services.	2021
	Increase training for criminal investigators, including training of investigators outside the capital and in remote areas across Angola.	2019 – 2021
	Publish information regarding whether refresher courses were provided for criminal investigators; the number of investigations conducted; violations found; prosecutions initiated; convictions achieved; and penalties imposed for violations related to the worst forms of child labor.	2019 – 2021
Coordination	Increase the capacity to aggregate and synthesize data on human trafficking cases.	2018 – 2021
Social Programs	Develop and expand existing social programs to ensure that all children have access to education and are not restricted by informal fees, lack of birth certificates, lack of teachers, or poor school infrastructure.	2013 – 2021
	Institute programs that target children subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor and expand existing programs to address the scope of the child labor problem.	2010 – 2021
	Ensure that refugee children are not hindered from continuing their education beyond age 11 by providing a working mechanism whereby identification documents can be obtained.	2020 – 2021

References

ecoi.net-Beschreibung:: Jahresbericht zu Kinderarbeit (Beobachtungszeitraum 2021)
Land:: Angola
Quelle:: USDOL – US Department of Labor (Autor)
Originallink:: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/angola
Dokumentart:: Periodischer Bericht
Sprache:: Englisch
Veröffentlicht:: 28. September 2022
Dokument-ID:: 2082676