2020 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Albania

 
Moderate Advancement

In 2020, Albania made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. During the reporting period, the Ministry of Justice launched the Integrated System of Data on Justice for Children, which will allow parties throughout the national justice system to coordinate on cases related to children in conflict with the law, including child labor. The government also adopted a new National Cybersecurity Plan to address the online exploitation of children, and the State Agency for the Protections and Rights of Children engaged extensively with private sector stakeholders to raise awareness of child labor and promote coordination with local government authorities. However, children in Albania are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in forced begging, criminal activity, and commercial sexual exploitation, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children in Albania are also subjected to mining, including of chromium. The law does not explicitly prohibit using, procuring, or offering children for illicit activities. In addition, the labor inspectorate lacks resources to conduct inspections in all sectors in which child labor is known to occur.

I. Prevalence and Sectoral Distribution of Child Labor

Children in Albania are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in forced begging, criminal activity, and commercial sexual exploitation, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children in Albania are also subjected to mining, including of chromium. (1-4) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Albania.

Table 1. Statistics on Children's Work and Education

Children

Age

Percent

Working (% and population)

5 to 14

4.6 (23,665)

Working Children by Sector

5 to 14

 

Agriculture

 

87.5

Industry

 

2.9

Services

 

9.6

Attending School (%)

5 to 14

92.5

Combining Work and School (%)

7 to 14

5.2

Primary Completion Rate (%)

 

103.3

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2019, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2021. (5)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization’s analysis of statistics from National Child Labor Survey (NCLS), 2010. (1)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

Table 2. Overview of Children's Work by Sector and Activity

Sector/Industry

Activity

Agriculture

Farming, activities unknown (2,6)

Industry

Mining,† including chromium (2,7-14)

 

Construction, activities unknown (1,15)

 

Working in the textile, garment, and footwear sectors (6,8,16-19)

 

Processing fish (17)

Services

Begging (8,16,17,20-22)

 

Street work, including vending, washing vehicles, busking, and shining shoes (8,21-24)

 

Collecting recyclable materials on the street and in landfills (4,8,21,22)

 

Working in wholesale and retail trade (1,16)

 

Working in hotels and restaurants (1,8)

 

Working in call centers (8,15)

Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡

Use in illicit activities, including burglary, drug trafficking, and harvesting and processing cannabis (3,4,6,14,22)

 

Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (6,8,12,14,17,21,25)

 

Forced begging, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (6,8,14,17,20,21,23-25)

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Some Roma and Balkan Egyptian children engaged in street begging or the collection of recyclables to contribute to family income. (2,26) Children are also subjected to trafficking, both domestic and abroad to EU countries, for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. (2) In addition, some children informally scavenge chromium around hazardous mines where debris from mine tunnels is found, and they sometimes carry these heavy rocks for miles. (2,10,11) Internal child trafficking and forced begging have continued in recent years, particularly during the tourist season. (27) Albania lacks recent, comprehensive data on child labor, including in the agriculture and construction sectors.

Although Albania allows children without a birth certificate to enroll in public schools, some children from Roma and Balkan Egyptian families and refugees may face obstacles in obtaining birth certificates, which may affect their access to social services and education. (2,4) Roma and Balkan Egyptian children also experienced discrimination in schools and were placed in separate classrooms and faced other hurdles to accessing education, such as a lack of access to reliable transportation. (2,6,28,29) In addition, some migrant and refugee children from Syria, Algeria, and Libya faced difficulties accessing education due to language barriers. (2) Children with disabilities also continue to experience discrimination and other hurdles to accessing inclusive education. (2,30) Children not in school are more vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor.

II. Legal Framework for Child Labor

Albania has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

Table 3. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor

Convention

Ratification

ILO C. 138, Minimum Age

ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor

UN CRC

UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict

UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Albania’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the lack of prohibitions for using children in illicit activities.

Table 4. Laws and Regulations on Child Labor

Standard

Meets International Standards

Age

Legislation

Minimum Age for Work

Yes

16

Article 98 of the Code of Labor; Article 24 of the Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (28,29)

Minimum Age for Hazardous Work

Yes

18

Articles 98–101 of the Code of Labor; Article 24 of the Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (28,29)

Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children

Yes

 

Articles 99–101 of the Code of Labor; Decree of the Council of Ministers on Defining Hazardous and Hard Works; Article 34 of the Law on Occupational Safety and Health at Work; Regulation on Protection of Children at Work (28,30-32)

Prohibition of Forced Labor

Yes

 

Article 8 of the Code of Labor; Article 124/b of the Criminal Code (28,33)

Prohibition of Child Trafficking

Yes

 

Article 128/b of the Criminal Code (33)

Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children

No

 

Articles 114, 117, and 128/b of the Criminal Code; Article 26 of the Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (29,33)

Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities

No

 

Article 129 of the Criminal Code; Articles 24–25 of the Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (29,33)

Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment

Yes

18

Article 9 of the Law on Military Service (34)

Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military

N/A*

 

Article 9 of the Law on Military Service (34)

Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups

Yes

 

Article 28 of the Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (29)

Compulsory Education Age

Yes

16

Article 22 of the Law on Pre-University Education System (35)

Free Public Education

Yes

 

Article 57 of the Constitution of the Republic of Albania; Article 5 of the Law on Pre-University Education System (35,36)

* No conscription (34)

In June 2020, Decision of the Council of Ministers no. 479 (DCM no. 479) was passed, which provided labor inspectors with a more comprehensive guide to identify and address child labor violations. More specifically, DCM no. 479 updated language throughout the Labor Code and its 2017 addendum to reflect the roles of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, which subsumed the former Ministry of Social Welfare and Youth and continues to jointly regulate the protection of youth at work in conjunction with labor and criminal law enforcement agencies. (4,32,37)

The law in Albania does not explicitly prohibit using, procuring, or offering children under age 18 for illicit activities, including in the production and trafficking of drugs. Article 129 of the Criminal Code only prohibits inducing or encouraging children under age 14 to participate in criminality. (33) The law also does not criminally prohibit the use of children for prostitution. (33)

III. Enforcement of Laws on Child Labor

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

Table 5. Agencies Responsible for Child Labor Law Enforcement

Organization/Agency

Role

Ministry of Finance, Economy, and Labor

Enforces laws related to child labor and hazardous work and monitors the quality of social services provided by the State Inspectorate for Labor and Social Services. Receives, documents, and responds to child labor complaints through the State Social Services Agency. (2) Child Protection Units (CPUs) are the responsible agencies at the local level and identify at-risk children, conduct initial evaluations of each case at the municipal level, and refer children to appropriate social services. (2,38) The number of CPUs increased from 237 in 2019 to 240 in 2020. (2,4)

Ministry of Interior

Enforces all laws, including laws related to the worst forms of child labor through protection officers. (8,16) Coordinates operations of the Border Police as well as each of the Illicit Human Trafficking sections in the country's 12 Regional Police Directorates through the General Directorate of State Police. (2,6) Establishes the government's policy on combating human trafficking through the State Committee Against Trafficking in Persons, chaired by the Interior Minister. (39)

Office of the Prosecutor General

Investigates and prosecutes child trafficking cases through the Serious Crimes Prosecution Office. (2) In 2020, the Prosecutor General's Office received a budget of $21 million, primarily for operational expenditures. (4) The Development Center of Criminal Justice for Minors produced three documents during the reporting period, providing guidance on the rights of children in conflict with the law, the rights of children who were victims of crimes (including trafficking in persons), and standard operating procedures for judicial police and prosecutors when dealing with cases involving minors. (40)

During the reporting period, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection issued Ministerial Instruction no. 253 in April 2020, ensuring that protective services for at-risk children were continued for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2020, labor law enforcement agencies in Albania took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Finance, Economy, and Labor that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including financial resource allocation.

Table 6. Labor Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor

Overview of Labor Law Enforcement

2019

2020

Labor Inspectorate Funding

$1,766,831 (2)

$1,800,000 (4)

Number of Labor Inspectors

118 (2)

118 (4)

Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties

Yes (2)

Yes (28)

Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Refresher Courses Provided

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Number of Labor Inspections Conducted

11,036 (2)

5,772 (4)

Number Conducted at Worksite

11,036 (2)

5,772 (4)

Number of Child Labor Violations Found

115 (2)

119 (4)

Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed

22 (2)

24 (4)

Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected

0 (2)

0 (4)

Routine Inspections Conducted

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Routine Inspections Targeted

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Unannounced Inspections Permitted

Yes (2)

Yes (28)

Unannounced Inspections Conducted

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Complaint Mechanism Exists

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

During the reporting period, 12 local branches of the State Inspectorate for Labor and Social Services (SILSS) completed inspections in multiple sectors, including mining and manufacturing, both identified as sectors in which children work. During the summer, inspections increased in tourist areas to account for the high number of children working in the hospitality industry. (4) Concerns from the general public regarding suspected child labor abuses may be registered with SILSS on paper, through e-mail, and by telephone. (4) The SILSS can inspect all registered private entities but cannot inspect private homes, private farms, or unregistered businesses. (2,4,6)

In 2020, all inspectors received training on the identification and referral of economically exploited children, including children living and working on the streets. (2,41) The SILSS noted that its 2020 budget was inadequate to cover the cost of vehicles for labor inspections. (4,15,41) In addition, according to the SILSS , the number of labor inspectors was insufficient, given that only 6 percent of workplaces were inspected in 2020. (4)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2020, criminal law enforcement agencies in Albania took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including allocating human resources.

Table 7. Criminal Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor

Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement

2019

2020

Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Refresher Courses Provided

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

Number of Investigations

26 (2)

84 (4)

Number of Violations Found

22 (2)

7 (4)

Number of Prosecutions Initiated

19 (2)

30 (4)

Number of Convictions

9 (2)

7 (4)

Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor

Unknown (2)

Yes (4)

Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services

Yes (2)

Yes (4)

During the reporting period, police officers from the Illicit Trafficking Police, State Police, and Border Police received trainings from the Office of the National Coordinator for the Fight Against Trafficking in Human Beings (ONAC) on properly identifying potential victims of human trafficking. ONAC also conducted five sessions in cooperation with OSCE to facilitate discussions between local police authorities and child protection officials in Korçë, Elbasan, Shkoder, Bulqize, and Vlore. (4) During the reporting period, the Ministry of Justice launched the Integrated System of Data on Justice for Children, which will allow law enforcement professionals to more easily cooperate with colleagues throughout the justice system, including courts, the Probation Service, the General Directorate of Prisons, and the State Police. (4)

If a child is subjected to trafficking for labor exploitation, the agency identifying the child refers the child to the police and state social services and then to an anti-trafficking shelter. (2) The case may also be referred to local Child Protection Units, which can then connect the child to social services. (6,38,42)

IV. Coordination of Government Efforts on Child Labor

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder adequate coordination of efforts to address child labor, including coordination among agencies.

Table 8. Key Mechanisms to Coordinate Government Efforts on Child Labor

Coordinating Body

Role & Description

State Agency for Rights and Protection of Children

Oversees implementation of the government's child rights protection policies, including monitoring the National Action Plan for the Identification and Protection of Children in Street Situations. (16,17) Manages cases of at-risk children and refers them to appropriate social services. Sanctions those who fail to protect children from violence and exploitation. (38) Coordinates local and central structures on health, security, and education of children. (6) During the reporting period, the State Agency for the Protections and Rights of Children provided trainings on protecting children from economic exploitation for child protection workers, community mediators, social service staff, and members of the cross-sectorial technical groups. The Agency also engaged with private sector stakeholders, including representatives from the mining industry, to raise awareness of child labor and promote proper communication with local government entities. (4)

Office of the National Coordinator for the Fight Against Trafficking in Human Beings (ONAC)

Collaborates with regional counterparts to adopt standard protocols to guide anti-trafficking efforts. Oversees 12 regional anti-human trafficking committees that carry out local action plans in cooperation with civil society partners. (17) Chairs the National Referral Mechanism, which coordinates the identification, protection, referral, and rehabilitation of trafficking victims between government and civil society organizations. Leads data collection and report writing for the National Database for Human Trafficking Victims/Potential Victims. (4,17) Runs the Closed Case Task Force with the Serious Crimes Prosecution Office and Albanian State Police. (23) In 2020, the State Police and NGOs identified 43 children as victims of trafficking or potential victims of trafficking. (4) In addition, ONAC organized multiple trainings for 120 employees across 6 regions of Albania on child labor and forced labor concepts, complaint filing, and victim referral. (4)

Ad-Hoc Cross-Sectorial Technical Groups (CTGs)

Address child protection cases in municipalities with more than 3,000 children. CTGs include representatives from multiple sectors including the police, social services, education, health, justice, and NGOs. (6) Decision of the Council of Ministers no. 353 defines the roles and responsibilities of CTGs in terms of promoting coordination among local-level actors. (6,43) In 2020, CTGs participated in multiple trainings organized by the State Agency for the Rights and Protections of Children. (4)

Coordination among the SILSS and the Albanian State Police has traditionally been sporadic. (4,12,45)

V. Government Policies on Child Labor

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including implementation.

Table 9. Key Policies Related to Child Labor

Policy

Description

National Action Plan on the Protection of Children from Economic Exploitation (2019–2021)

Approved by the National Council for Child Protection in October 2019 and overseen by the State Agency for the Protection and the Rights of Children. (2,4) Guarantees the rights and protection of economically exploited children, including children in street situations. Aims to prevent the use of children for profit and enhances services and enforcement of legislation. (2,6) Defines the responsibilities of institutions involved in child protection, including children working in mining, in street situations, and in other situations that violate the law. (2) During the reporting period, the State Agency for the Protection and the Rights of Children drafted maps identifying geographic areas where children are at the greatest risk of economic exploitation. (4)

National Action Plan for Combating Trafficking in Persons (2018–2020)

Ensured the identification of and referral for the protection of child victims and potential victims of human trafficking in accordance with standard operating procedures. (6,46) Increased the use of CPUs, police, and border control personnel to identify victims, including children involved in street work. Raised public awareness of all forms of human trafficking, including for forced labor. (6,46,47) In 2020, the government continued to implement actions to promote the return and reintegration of juvenile and adult victims while also reducing the risk of being re-victimized. (4)

The Albanian National Agenda for Children's Rights (2017–2020)

Aimed to protect and promote children's rights by supporting physical and psychosocial development, and the social inclusion of children. Objectives included improving children's access to services and enhancing legal and institutional mechanisms for child protection. (8,48) Goals included promoting, respecting, and protecting children's rights through governance; eliminating all forms of violence against children; and creating child-friendly systems and services in education, justice, health, and social protection. (8,23) In September 2020, the Minister of Health and Social Protection signed Order No. 519 to establish the interagency working group for drafting the National Agenda for Children's Rights 2021–2025. (4)

National Action Plan for the Social-Economic Reintegration of Women and Girl Victims of Trafficking (2018–2020)

Aimed to increase resources available to female victims of human trafficking and attempted to reintegrate them and prevent future re-victimization by providing education and social services. (49) Part of the Strategy for Combating Trafficking in Persons Action Plan. (17) During the reporting period, efforts primarily focused on protection of shelter residents from the pandemic, in part through the provision of personal protective equipment and other resources to shelters. (50)

National Action Plan for Roma and Balkan Egyptian Community Reintegration (2016–2020)

Aimed to provide Roma and Balkan Egyptian children with full access to education, reduce discrimination, enhance social inclusion, and promote intercultural dialogue between different actors in the community. (41,51,52) During the reporting period, the municipalities of Pogradec, Vlorë, Elbasan, and Korçë drafted Action Plans for the Integration of Roma and Egyptian Minorities. Services provided during the reporting period included civil registration, medical reimbursements, employment and vocational training, transportation, and provision of educational and daycare services. (50)

National Cybersecurity Strategy (2020–2025)†

Approved in December 2020, this multi-year strategy seeks to address the protection of children from online abuse and exploitation. Includes the establishment of a Technical Advisory Committee for Child Safety Online, within the National Council for Child Rights and Protection. (4,53,54)

† Policy was approved during the reporting period.
‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (6,47,55)

In 2020, Albania maintained its status as a Pathfinder Country under Alliance 8.7. This involves accelerating commitments toward achieving SDG Target 8.7, which calls for the eradication of forced labor, modern slavery, human trafficking, and child labor by 2025. (56)

VI. Social Programs to Address Child Labor

In 2020, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of programs to address the problem in all sectors.

Table 10. Key Social Programs to Address Child Labor

Program

Description

Program of Cooperation for Sustainable Development (2017–2021)

UN program that aims to increase access to education for vulnerable children and improve protections for child victims of human trafficking. (57) During the reporting period, the Ministry of Education, Sports, and Youth collaborated with UNICEF to procure services from online educational platform Akademi.al to support all pre-university system students during the pandemic. (50)

Human Trafficking Shelters

The National Shelter Coalition† comprises one state-run and three NGO-run shelters for potential victims of trafficking. (2,4,27) During the reporting period, 131 children were referred to the shelters. (4)

National Emergency Transition Center†

Government-run center that aims to provide vulnerable families with housing, health care, psychosocial and educational services, legal assistance, and employment placement aid. (6) During the reporting period, the National Emergency Transition Center provided services to 37 families. (50)

Child Allowance Program (Ndihma Ekonomike)†

$46 million government-funded cash transfer program that provides an allowance for families receiving economic aid through the Law on Social Assistance and Services. (6) During the reporting period, the 63,510 eligible families under this program (including those with children at high risk for labor exploitation) received double their usual monthly benefit amount for 6 months after WHO's pandemic declaration in March 2020. (58)

Government-Run Hotlines†

Include the Hotline for Potential Victims of Trafficking (operated by the State Police Directorate's Command Center) and the Albanian National Child Helpline and Helpline for Missing Children, established to assist children through phone counseling and case referrals to institutions providing services to children. (4,27) During the reporting period, 5,363 children were beneficiaries of online and phone counseling and referral services provided by the Helplines. (50)

World Vision Albania Centers (Children's City Program)†

The municipalities of Durrës, Maliq, and Korçë collaborated with World Vision Albania to construct centers for children in high-risk situations, including violence, abuse, and various forms of exploitation. During the reporting period, the Children's City project assisted 5,144 children by providing intellectual, physical, and social development, and enhanced protection services. (4,59)

UNICEF Albania Projects†

During the reporting period, UNICEF piloted a humanitarian cash transfer program to support 1,700 families in the municipalities of Shkodra, Korçë, and Durrës. UNICEF also collaborated with the Ministry of Education, Sports, and Youth to provide internet- and television-based lessons to children around the country, benefitting 25,000 students who were impacted by school closures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. (4,60) UNICEF and the OSCE presence in Albania also led the project "Transforming National Response to Human Trafficking In and From Albania," funded by the Government of the United Kingdom, which runs through 2021 and focuses on research and strategic communications, continued capacity-building of law enforcement and criminal justice professionals, and reintegration of victims and potential victims of trafficking through employment assistance and other engagement with the formal labor market. (4,61,62)

* Program was approved during the reporting period.
† Program is funded by the Government of Albania.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (47,63)

During the reporting period, police occasionally referred street children or unaccompanied minors to human trafficking shelters and contacted their parents. (4) Research indicates that there is a lack of shelters for street children who are not victims of human trafficking, although some state- and NGO-run services were available for children who were forced to beg. (4) Research also found no evidence that programs were carried out to assist children scavenging chromium, but efforts were made during the reporting period to engage with private sector stakeholders to raise awareness of issues around child labor in the mining industry. (2,4,64) A lack of financial and human resources and issues of decentralization of social funds from the central government to municipalities were also cited as gaps in the efficient implementation of social programs. (6,41,47,64)

VII. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Albania (Table 11).

Table 11. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor

Area

Suggested Action

Year(s) Suggested

Legal Framework

Ensure that using, procuring, and offering children under age 18 for illicit activities, including in the production and trafficking of drugs, is criminally prohibited.

2015 – 2020

 

Ensure that the use of children in prostitution is criminally prohibited.

2019 – 2020

Enforcement

Ensure that labor inspectors can inspect the informal sector in which child labor is known to occur, including private homes, private farms, or unregistered businesses.

2010 – 2020

 

Ensure that the labor inspectorate has sufficient resources, including vehicles, to enforce child labor laws.

2017 – 2020

Coordination

Ensure proper coordination between the State Inspectorate for Labor and Social Services and the Albanian State Police.

2019 – 2020

Government Policies

Ensure that the government implements the National Action Plan for the Protection of Children from Economic Exploitation.

2019 – 2020

Social Programs

Conduct research to further identify children's activities in agriculture and construction to inform policies and programs.

2013 – 2020

 

Provide adequate transportation for Roma and Balkan Egyptian children who live in communities far from schools.

2011 – 2020

 

Ensure that barriers to education, including discrimination against both children with disabilities and Roma and Balkan Egyptian children without formal birth registration paperwork, are removed.

2013 – 2020

 

Provide language translation for migrant and refugee children to facilitate school access.

2018 – 2020

 

Increase the number of shelters for victims of the worst forms of child labor, and in particular, for children living and working in the street.

2017 – 2020

 

Institute programs to assist children who are victims of human trafficking and those who are used in scavenging chromium.

2014 – 2020

 

Ensure that funding and human resources are increased for social programs for child labor and that decentralized social funds to municipalities are appropriately allocated to adequately carry out programs.

2018 – 2020

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