In 2019, Jamaica made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government approved an updated National Plan of Action to Combat Human Trafficking and conducted a 4-day training workshop on human trafficking. It also significantly expanded the budget for the Program for Advancement through Health and Education, from $35 million in 2018 to $70.7 million in 2019. However, children in Jamaica engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and illicit activities. Children also perform dangerous tasks in agriculture and street work. Although the government has laws prohibiting the use of children in some illicit activities, it does not provide higher penalties for using, procuring, or offering children for the production and distribution of drugs compared to those for using adults. In addition, Jamaica's labor inspectorate lacks the authority to assess penalties for labor law violations.
Children in Jamaica engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and illicit activities. (1,2) Children also perform dangerous tasks in agriculture and street work. (3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Jamaica.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
6.2 (30,111) |
|
Working children by sector |
5 to 14 |
|
|
Agriculture |
16.5 |
|
|
Industry |
2.9 |
|
|
Services |
80.6 |
|
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
98.9 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
7.2 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
85.6 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020. (4)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Jamaica Youth Activity Survey (SIMPOC), 2016. (3)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Farming,† activities unknown (1,3,5,6) |
|
Fishing, activities unknown (1,3,7) |
|
|
Industry |
Construction† (6) |
|
Services |
Garbage scavenging and collecting scrap metal (1,8) |
|
Working in gardens, shops, and markets (1,5-7,9,10) |
|
|
Domestic work (1,5,6,8,10-14) |
|
|
Street work, including peddling goods and services, begging,† and vending (1,5,13,15) |
|
|
Wholesale and retail (3) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (2,5,6,13,16) |
|
Forced labor in domestic work (2,5,14) |
|
|
Use in illicit activities, including executing financial scams and serving as drugs and guns couriers (1,2,5,6,8,10,13,16-19) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
In 2018, the Statistical Institute of Jamaica and the ILO released the results of the Jamaica National Youth Activity Survey, which estimated that 37,965 children are engaged in child labor in Jamaica, with 48.9 percent engaged in hazardous work. Children perform hazardous work primarily in the domestic work sector, in agriculture and fishing, in the wholesale and retail sectors, and in construction. (20) Children in rural areas are more likely to work than children in urban areas, work more hours, and engage in hazardous work. (3,20)
Jamaica is a destination and source country for commercial sexual exploitation of children. Jamaican children are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor to countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. (14) Sources indicate that children, sometimes at the behest of parents or criminal leaders referred to as "dons," are forced into commercial sexual exploitation. (1) Young girls, immigrant children, lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender/intersex youth, children from poor families, and children from rural areas are particularly vulnerable to human trafficking and child sexual exploitation. (2,5)
Children also continue to be recruited by criminal organizations to engage in illicit activities, such as gang violence, guns and drug smuggling, and financial fraud, including lottery scamming. (1,2,5,16,19) Child domestic workers may be subjected to domestic servitude, and some children are subjected to forced begging. Many children are reported missing in Jamaica, some of whom may be subjected to forced labor. (2,5,21)
Although the law mandates free public education and school attendance rates are high, the cost for transportation, food, books, and uniforms creates barriers to education for some children. (1,22,23)
Jamaica has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Jamaica's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the prohibition of using children for the production and distribution of drugs.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
15 |
Article 34(1) of the Child Care and Protection Act (24) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 34(3) of the Child Care and Protection Act (24) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
Articles 34(3)(b) and 41 of the Child Care and Protection Act of 2004; Section 55 of the Factories Act: Docks (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations; Section 18 of the Mining Act; Section 49(2) of the Factories Act: Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction Regulations (24-27) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Section 4 of the Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act (28) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Section 4 of the Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act; Section 10 of the Child Care and Protection Act (24,28) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Section 4 of the Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act; Sections 3-5 of the Child Pornography (Prevention) Act; Sections 20 and 40 of the Sexual Offences Act (28-30) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Section 4 of the Criminal Justice (Suppression of Criminal Organizations) Act (31) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
18 |
Section 18(2) of the Defense Act (32) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
N/A* |
||
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
No |
||
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
16 |
Section 28 of the Child Care and Protection Act (24) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Section 13(k) of the Jamaican Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (33) |
* No conscription (28)
The Occupational Safety and Health Bill was expected to be passed by parliament during the reporting year, but it still has not been passed. Regulations associated with the bill, if passed, will specify light work activities permitted for children ages 13 and 14. (1,5,34)
Jamaican laws do not specifically include higher penalties for perpetrators who use, procure, or offer a child for the production and distribution of drugs. (24,35) In addition, the minimum age for work is lower than the compulsory education age, which may encourage children to leave school before the completion of schooling.
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the authority of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MLSS) that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MLSS) |
Enforces and administers child labor laws in the formal sectors of the economy. The Child Labor Unit within MLSS coordinates and shares information with other agencies to address child labor issues. (6) |
|
Child Protection and Family Services Agency (CPFSA) |
Monitors and investigates suspected child labor violations and oversees efforts to address child labor. Housed under the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Information. (1,34) Receives complaints of child abuse, child labor, child trafficking, and commercial sexual exploitation of children through a hotline. Refers suspected cases of child abuse to law enforcement. (1,6) |
|
Office of the Children's Advocate |
Independently investigates reports of child abuse; partners with other agencies, including CPFSA and the police, to promote protection of children and address child labor. (6) |
|
Jamaica Constabulary Force |
Enforces criminal laws, including those related to the worst forms of child labor. Investigates, through the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Unit, cases of child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. (6) Investigates, through the Center for the Investigation of Sexual Offenses and Child Abuse, cases of child and sexual offenses, and educates the public about sexual offenses against children. (1) |
|
Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions |
Prosecutes cases involving the worst forms of child labor. Protects and promotes human rights for all citizens. (36) |
|
Office of the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons |
Monitors government efforts in protecting human trafficking victims, prosecuting cases, and implementing preventative measures. (5) |
|
Ministry of Justice Victim Services Division |
Provides emotional support, crisis management, and special intervention projects for children and adults. (5) Assists child victims of crime through the Children in Court Program, which offers victims access to social workers and counselors. (37) |
|
Counter Terrorism & Organized Crime Investigation Branch, Anti-Trafficking in Persons Unit |
Responsible for special investigations of human trafficking, to include child trafficking and crimes such as forced child labor, commercial sexual exploitation, and the use of children in illicit activities in which trafficking is involved. (6) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2019, labor law enforcement agencies in Jamaica took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the authority of the MLSS that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including penalty assessment authorization.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
2,700,000 (38) |
3,000,000(38) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
150 (5,39) |
183 (38) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
No (5) |
No (6) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (5) |
Yes(38) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
Yes (5) |
Yes(38) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (5) |
Yes(38) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
5,221(5) |
Unknown (6) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
Unknown (5) |
Unknown (6) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
1 (5) |
0 (38) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
0 (5) |
Unknown (6) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
0 (5) |
Unknown (6) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (5) |
Unknown (6) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (5) |
Unknown (6) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (5) |
Yes (6) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (5) |
Unknown (6) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (5) |
Yes (6) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (5) |
Yes (6) |
In 2019, the MLSS received funding in line with previous years. (5,6)
The Government of Jamaica is developing a National Referral Mechanism for child trafficking victims as an objective under the Child Protection Compact, in partnership with USDOS. (6,40)
However, inspectors still do not have the authority to assess penalties, and only 149 of the 183 inspectors received training on child labor. Furthermore, ongoing refresher training, though available, is not required unless an administrative order or policy directive is issued. (6) In 2019, 300 MLSS staff members were sensitized on child labor and trafficking through the Program of Advancement Through Health and Education (PATH). (38)
Child labor in Jamaica is mostly found in the informal sector; however, labor inspectors conduct inspections primarily in the formal sector, such as factories, building sites, docks, and ships. In 2019, there were no inspections in the informal sector, such as in rural areas, on family farms, or in homes. (6) Despite the presence of domestic child labor in Jamaica, inspectors are not allowed to enter and inspect private residences. (6)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2019, criminal law enforcement agencies in Jamaica took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including training for prosecutors.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Unknown |
Yes (38) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown |
N/A (6) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Unknown |
Yes (38) |
|
Number of Investigations |
Unknown |
18 (38) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
5 (5) |
4 (38) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown |
4 (38) |
|
Number of Convictions |
Unknown |
5 (38) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Yes (2) |
Yes (38) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Unknown |
Yes (6) |
In 2019, the Government of Jamaica undertook efforts to increase awareness of human trafficking, including conducting several sensitization campaigns. These included an event organized by the Custos of Manchester, which brought together 1,300 youth from across Jamaica with the police, the National Task Force Against Trafficking in Persons, and local community leaders. (6) The National Task Force Against Trafficking in Persons also launched the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Club in Schools Program. (6) However, research indicates that the conviction rates for child labor crimes are very low in relation to the prevalence of these crimes, and cases take a long time to prosecute. Furthermore, bureaucratic processes inhibit the efficacy of the Counter-terrorism and Organized Crime Investigation Branch Anti-Trafficking Unit in investigating and prosecuting human trafficking cases. (5) Sources also indicate that prosecutors need additional training on the application of trafficking in persons laws for adequate prosecution of cases. (41) During the reporting period, there was one conviction related to trafficking and the sexual exploitation of a minor, as well as four other convictions related to the sexual exploitation of a minor. (38,40)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including clarity of institutional mandates.
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
MLSS Program for the Elimination of Child Labor |
Coordinates the government's child labor policies and programs and identifies gaps in legislation across ministries. Collaborates with other ministries, such as the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Information, CPFSA, the Ministry of Justice's National Task Force Against Trafficking in Persons (NATFATIP), and the Ministry of National Security, to address gaps in legislation. (42) Research was unable to determine what actions were taken by this mechanism during the reporting period. |
|
NATFATIP |
Facilitates information exchanges between government agencies and external stakeholders and creates momentum for counter-trafficking efforts. Led by the Ministry of National Security, includes ministries and agencies across the government. (6,38) Oversees implementation of the country's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking. (8) Meets regularly with the Jamaica Constabulary Force, the Director of Public Prosecutions, and relevant ministries. (6,8) In 2019, NATFATIP, in collaboration with the Tourism Product Development Company's Team Jamaica trainers, conducted a 4-day training workshop on human trafficking. (6) |
|
National Steering Committee on Child Labor (NASTOCL) |
Coordinates the government's design and implementation of activities and regulations to reduce child labor under the National Action Plan. Meets regularly with relevant government agencies and civil society. In 2019, NASTOCL, coordinated efforts towards the completion of the National Action Plan (NAP) to Eliminate Child Labor in Jamaica (2019-2024) along with the finalization of the Light and Hazardous Work List. (38) |
Although the Child Protection and Family Services Agency has assumed a coordinating function between various agencies charged with protecting children, the organization is not mandated or resourced to play this role. As such, Jamaica lacks an effective agency to coordinate among child labor, human trafficking, and other child-related issues. (5)
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including the fact that child labor prevention and elimination strategies are still not integrated into the Compulsory Education Policy.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking (2018-2021) |
Identifies objectives, actions, and responsible agencies to combat trafficking in persons, including commercial sexual exploitation of children and forced child labor, through prevention, protection, and prosecution. (19) The government approved an updated National Plan of Action to Combat Human Trafficking (2018–2021) in Cabinet on March 28, 2019. The National Action Plan is intended to address all forms of trafficking in persons and all potential victims, including victims of sex trafficking and forced labor, foreign-born and domestic victims, and children and adults. (6) |
The government indicated that it approved an updated National Plan of Action to Combat Human Trafficking (2018–2021) on March 28, 2019. (6) The government also indicated it completed development of a National Action Plan to Combat Child Labor through the Country Level Engagement and Assistance to Reduce Child Labor (CLEAR II) Project. (38) However, child labor prevention and elimination strategies are still not integrated into the Compulsory Education Policy. (8,43)
In 2019, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including adequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Program for Advancement through Health and Education (PATH)† |
Government of Jamaica and World Bank-funded, conditional cash transfer program that helps reduce child labor by requiring participants to attend school at least 85 percent of the academic days in a month. (6,44,45) More than 258,000 children participated during the rating period. (38) The MLSS significantly expanded the budget for PATH, from $35 million in 2018 to $70.7 million in 2019, with funds allocated to expand the school feeding program, provide support for provision of the rural transportation program, increase the average cash grant that PATH beneficiaries receive by 14–23 percent, increase the number of subjects available for PATH students, and retain the back-to-school grant. (6,22,23) |
|
Citizen Security and Justice Program† |
Cooperative crime and violence prevention initiative between the Government of Jamaica, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development of Canada, and the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Provides services to 50 vulnerable communities in 8 different parishes, and includes the goal of preventing gangs, criminals, and other actors from recruiting children. (5) In 2019, the government increased funding for the program to more than $10 million. (6) |
|
USDOL-Funded Projects |
USDOL projects that aim to eliminate child labor through technical assistance and research. These projects include: Global Research on Child Labor Measurement and Policy Development (MAP), a research project implemented by ILO in 10 countries to increase the knowledge base on child labor by collecting new data, analyzing existing data, and building capacity of the government to conduct research in this area; and Country Level Engagement and Assistance to Reduce Child Labor II (CLEAR II), a $7 million project implemented by Winrock International and Lawyers without Borders in six countries aimed at reducing child labor through improved legislation, monitoring and enforcement, and national plan implementation. (46,47) Through the CLEAR II project, the government continued to review and finalize regulations pertaining to child labor, including light work and hazardous works lists, under the Occupational Safety and Health Bill. The project also provided technical assistance to the government for the development of a National Action Plan on Child Labor. (5,48) As part of the MAP project, Jamaica officially launched its National Child Labor Survey. (46) The project ended in July 2019. (49) Additional information is available on the USDOL website. |
|
U.S.-Jamaica Child Protection Compact Partnership (2018–2022) |
Jointly developed, 4-year plan partially funded by the U.S. Government to enhance the efforts of the Government of Jamaica to combat child trafficking. Finalized in 2018, Jamaica committed to providing staff and resources to fulfill the project's objectives. (2) Formally launched in 2019 with implementing partners Warnath, Winrock, IOM, and Encompass, and began activities and training across the island. (6) |
|
Trafficking in Persons Club in School Program*† |
Launched by NATFATIP and implemented by the Ministry of National Security and launched in October 2019, the program is designed to provide information, exposure, and knowledge to students and teachers regarding child trafficking to help protect them from becoming victims. (6) |
* Program was launched during the reporting period.
† Program is funded by the Government of Jamaica.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (50-53)
Although Jamaica funds education-related social programs, current resources are insufficient, and social programs do not fully address the scope and magnitude of the problem, including the worst forms of child labor. (5) Research found no evidence of programs targeting children working in agriculture, street work, commercial sexual exploitation, and other worst forms of child labor.
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Jamaica (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that legislation includes higher penalties for the use of children for the production and distribution of drugs. |
2009 – 2019 |
|
Raise the minimum working age of 15 to conform with the compulsory education age of 16. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Pass legislation that will determine the specific light work activities and hours permissible for children ages 13 and 14 to facilitate enforcement. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Authorize the labor inspectorate to assess penalties. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
Ensure that yearly refresher training is mandatory for all labor inspectors. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Collect and publish complete data on labor and criminal law enforcement efforts. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that labor inspections are conducted not only in the formal sector, such as factories, building sites, docks, and ships, but also in the informal sector in urban and rural communities, and that ensure that labor inspectors are able to inspect domestic service worksites. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
|
Provide sufficient training for prosecutors to address the worst forms of child labor, such as child trafficking. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Address bureaucratic barriers to effective investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases and child labor cases, and ensure that these cases are prosecuted in a timely manner. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Coordination |
Ensure that the Child Protection and Family Services Agency and any other relevant agency or coordinating body has the authority and resources necessary to effectively coordinate between child labor, human trafficking, and other child-related issues. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
Ensure that the Ministry of Labor and Social Security is implementing its Program for the Elimination of Child Labor. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Government Policies |
Integrate child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the Compulsory Education Policy. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
Social Programs |
Ensure that school costs, such as uniforms, books, food, and transportation, do not diminish access to free public education. |
2017 – 2019 |
|
Ensure that social programs adequately address child labor, including the worst forms of child labor and expand programs to assist child laborers who are involved in street work, commercial sexual exploitation, agricultural work, and other worst forms of child labor. |
2013 – 2019 |
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. January 29, 2018.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. March 5, 2019.
-
ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Jamaica Youth Activity Survey, 2016. Analysis received March 2020. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
-
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 1, 2020. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report. http://data.uis.unesco.org/.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 15, 2019.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 28, 2020.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. January 29, 2016.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. January 26, 2017.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. January 30, 2015.
-
Government of Jamaica, Office of the Children's Registry. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 13, 2017.
-
Brown, Calvin G. Child Labor Unit Calls for More Vigilance in Dealing with Child Labour in Jamaica. WiredJa Online News, August 17, 2016. Source on file.
-
U.S. Department of Homeland Security official. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 11, 2017.
-
Government of Jamaica, Office of the Children's Advocate and TIP Rapporteur. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 13, 2017.
-
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2019: Jamaica. Washington, DC, June 20, 2019.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/jamaica/ -
Government of Jamaica, Permanent Secretaries of Labor and Social Security, Justice, Foreign Affairs and Education. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 12, 2017.
-
UNICEF Country Representative. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 11, 2017.
-
USAID. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 11, 2017.
-
Government of Jamaica, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions official. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 13, 2017.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 8, 2018.
-
International Labor Organization and the Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Report: Jamaica Youth Activity Survey, 2016. 2018.
https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_30058/lang--en/index.htm. -
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. April 30, 2018.
-
Jamaica Gleaner. Billions for PATH but poor want more. March 23, 2020.
Jamaica Gleaner, Billions for PATH but poor want more, March 23, 2020 -
Jamaica Observer. Holness says no child should be denied education due to fees. August 15, 2019.
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/holness_says_no_child_should_be_denied_education_due_to_fees -
Government of Jamaica. Child Care and Protection Act. Enacted: March 26, 2004.
http://www.moj.gov.jm/laws/statutes/The Child Care and Protection Act.pdf. -
Government of Jamaica. The Factories Act: The Docks (Safety, Health, and Welfare) Regulations 1968, 315/69. Enacted: May 27, 1968.
https://moj.gov.jm/laws/factories-act -
Government of Jamaica. The Factories Act: The Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction (Safety, Health, and Welfare) Regulations, 1968. Enacted: May 27, 1968.
https://moj.gov.jm/laws/factories-act -
Government of Jamaica. Mining Act. Enacted: October 13, 1947.
http://moj.gov.jm/sites/default/files/laws/Mining Act.pdf. -
Government of Jamaica. Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act. Enacted: March 1, 2007.
http://www.cda.gov.jm/sites/default/files/content/Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppresion and Punishment)-1.pdf. -
Government of Jamaica. Sexual Offences Act, Act 12. Enacted: 2009. Source on file.
-
Government of Jamaica. The Child Pornography (Prevention) Act. Enacted: October 21, 2009.
http://www.japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/341_The Child Pornography Act.pdf. -
Government of Jamaica. Criminal Justice (Suppression of Criminal Organizations) Act. Enacted: 2014. Source on file.
-
Government of Jamaica. The Defence Act. Enacted: July 31, 1962.
http://moj.gov.jm/laws/defence-act. -
Government of Jamaica. Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Constitutional Amendment) Act, 2011. Enacted: April 8, 2011.
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared Documents/JAM/INT_CCPR_NGO_JAM_103_9245_E.pdf. -
Government of Jamaica. Federal Register Notice Response to the Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Report. January 31, 2018. Source on file.
-
Government of Jamaica. The Dangerous Drugs Act. Enacted: April 15, 1948.
-
Government of Jamaica, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Role of the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. 2018.
http://dpp.gov.jm/. -
Jamaica Ministry of Justice. The Victim Services Division.
https://moj.gov.jm/victim-support-unit. -
U.S. Embassy- Kingston official. Written communication to USDOL official. June 11, 2020.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Official E-mail communication to USDOL official. July 15, 2019.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 14, 2020.
-
Government of Jamaica, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions official. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 11, 2017.
-
U.S. Embassy- Kingston official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. April 16, 2015.
-
Government of Jamaica, Ministry of Education, Office of the Chief Education Officer. Compulsory Education Policy: Career Advancement Programme. 2013. Source on file.
-
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