Children in Algeria engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation and forced begging, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in street vending and begging. (1-3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Algeria.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
6.7 (413,729) |
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
92.3 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
7.2 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
105.1 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020. (4)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4 (MICS 4), 2012–2013. (5)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Farming, including harvesting olives (6-9) |
|
Industry |
Construction, activities unknown (1,6,8,10) |
|
Services |
Street work, including vending, collecting plastics, and begging (1,2,6,9,11-14) |
|
Domestic work (1,10) |
|
|
Working in small workshops and businesses, including mechanics' shops (7,9,10) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1,6,13) |
|
Use in illicit activities, including drug trafficking (8) |
|
|
Forced begging, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (10,11,13) |
|
|
Forced domestic work, including drawing water from wells, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (13) |
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Evidence suggests that children, primarily unaccompanied Sub-Saharan migrants, are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced domestic work. (1,9,15,16) Evidence also suggests children's work is often part-time and informal in nature, with some migrant children working in small-scale family-run businesses, such as restaurants or small stores. Children also work in informal street markets in street vending and begging, exposing them to dangerous and hazardous conditions. (9,10,17-19) Research could not find a current and comprehensive study on the activities and scope of the child labor situation in Algeria.
The Algerian public education system is free and open to all children, regardless of ethnicity and nationality. Non-Algerian children must provide documentation of grade level or sit for testing to determine their level. (9,10,20) There are no laws or regulations that prevent access to school, although there are reports of isolated cases of migrant children without valid documentation being denied enrollment and reported to authorities. (9) Many children with disabilities do not have the opportunity to access mainstream education because of social stigma, the relatively low number of teachers with specialized training, the lack of a transportation system for children with disabilities, and the limited accessibility of school buildings. In addition, recent reporting has noted an estimated 300,000 children remain outside formal schooling and 500,000 high school-age children are at risk of dropping out due to pressures stemming from barriers to education. (9,21) Barriers to education, including those placed on migrant children and children with disabilities, result in absence from school and increased vulnerability to child labor. (9,16-18,20)
Algeria has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Algeria's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the lack of increased penalties for, or categorization as a separate crime, of the involvement of children in either the production or trafficking of drugs.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
16 |
Article 15 of the Labor Code; Article 7 of Executive Decree No. 96-98 on the List and Content of Special Books and Registers Mandatory for Employers (22,23) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 15 of the Labor Code; Article 7 of Executive Decree No. 96-98 on the List and Content of Special Books and Registers Mandatory for Employers (22) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
No |
||
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Article 303 bis 4 of the Penal Code (24) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Articles 303 bis 4 and 319 of the Penal Code (24) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Articles 319, 333 bis 1, 343, and 344 of the Penal Code (24) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
No |
Article 195 bis of the Penal Code (24) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
17 |
Article 14 of Presidential Decree No. 08-134 on the National People's Army (25) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
Yes |
Article 3 of Law No. 14-06 on National Service (26) |
|
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
No |
||
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
16 |
Article 12 of Law No. 08-04 on National Education (27) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Article 13 of Law No. 08-04 on National Education (27) |
The Labor Code prohibits anyone under age 19 from working at night and anyone under age 18 from performing work that is harmful to their health, safety, or morals. (22) Algeria has not determined by national law or regulation the types of work that are hazardous for children and research did not determine whether the government commission tasked with proposing a list of hazardous professions continued to work on this issue in 2019. (19) Furthermore, research uncovered no additional information on efforts to revise the Labor Code during the reporting period. (1,2,9,22,28) Algerian law does not provide increased penalties for, or categorize as a separate crime, the involvement of children in either the production or trafficking of drugs. (24)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Labor, Employment, and Social Security (MTESS) that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Labor, Employment, and Social Security (MTESS) |
Enforces labor laws, including laws related to child labor, through its General Labor Inspectorate; issues citations noting violations of labor laws; and refers violations to the Ministry of Justice. (2,20) Supervises the application of laws and regulations related to labor relations, working conditions, and worker safety. (8) Shares child labor reports with the Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Condition of Women to ensure follow up with social services. (8,11) |
|
Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Condition of Women |
Provides social services to children and families. Also conducts investigations, as directed by the Ministry of Justice, into issues related to children and families. (19) |
|
Ministry of the Interior and Local Assemblies |
Enforces criminal laws related to child trafficking through the Directorate General for National Security (DGSN) in urban areas, which comprises 8 active brigades of 77 specialized police officers, focused on illegal immigration and human trafficking, and 50 Brigades for the Protection of Minors of 300 police officers, specializing in the protection of children. Maintains hotline to report child abuse and missing children, and may conduct investigations on child labor violations, as directed by the Ministry of Justice. (8,13,17-19,29) |
|
Ministry of National Defense |
Enforces criminal laws pertaining to child labor, including child trafficking, in rural and border regions through the National Gendarmerie. As directed by the Ministry of Justice, may conduct investigations on child labor violations. (18) Works with DGSN and the NGO Algerian Network for the Defense of Children's Rights to administer hotlines for the reporting of child abuse; also receives training on child labor. (11,18,29-31) Maintains a website (ppgn.mdn.dz) where individuals can file complaints. (18) |
|
Ministry of Justice |
Prosecutes child exploitation cases, including those related to non-compliance with labor laws, through its Office of Criminal Affairs and Amnesty Procedures, which is the lead enforcement agency for human trafficking issues. (30) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2019, labor law enforcement agencies in Algeria took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the MTESS that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including the insufficient number of labor inspectors relative to the size of Algeria's workforce.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
$15,900,000 (9) |
$15,300,000 (18) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
645 (9) |
645 (18) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
Yes (32) |
Yes (18) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A (9) |
N/A (18) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
254,453 (9) |
124,698(18) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
176,254 (9) |
Unknown (18) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
4 (9) |
Unknown (18) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
4 (9) |
Unknown (18) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
Unknown (9) |
Unknown (18) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (32) |
Yes (18) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
In 2019, the ILO conducted a workshop in partnership with the government for approximately 30 Algerian labor inspectors. The 3‐day workshop focused on the rights of workers, including laws concerning child labor. (18) The government reported conducting 124,698 total labor inspections in 2019, both in the formal and informal sectors and inspecting sectors suspected of child labor including agriculture, construction, informal street markets, and restaurants. Inspectors can and will inspect unmarked work sites, such as houses or informal construction sites, often with a police escort. (18)
The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Algeria's workforce, which includes more than 11.8 million workers. According to the ILO's technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in developing economies, Algeria would employ about 788 inspectors, notably in all geographic areas of the country, both urban and rural. (9,33,34) Labor inspections in Algeria focus mainly on the formal economy; visits to the informal sector generally involve work to formalize an enterprise. (9,35) The government did not provide certain information on its labor law enforcement efforts for inclusion in this report, including the number of labor inspections conducted at worksites, number of child labor violations found, number of child labor violations for which penalties were imposed, and number of child labor penalties imposed that were collected. Although the exact number of child labor violations for which penalties were imposed is unknown, the government reported that the figure is fewer than 10. (18)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2019, criminal law enforcement agencies in Algeria took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including the lack of published information on the number of violations found related to criminal law enforcement efforts related to child labor.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A (9) |
N/A (18) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
|
Number of Investigations |
Unknown (9) |
23 (18) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
Unknown (9) |
Unknown (18) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
108 (9) |
32‡ (18) |
|
Number of Convictions |
98 (9) |
27‡ (18) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown (35) |
0 (18) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (9) |
Yes (18) |
‡ Data are from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019.
In the first half of 2019, the government prosecuted 32 cases, 16 related to child labor broadly and 16 related to child begging specifically. Over the same period, the government reported 27 convictions, 8 related to child labor broadly and 19 related to child begging in particular. (3,18) Thirty Directorate General for National Security (DGSN) officers received training on trafficking in persons issues, including those related to children, and another 100 DGSN chiefs received training from the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women related to sexual violence and family issues, including those related to children. (18,19) Gendarme officers received training on criminal and human rights issues related to children; and the National Authority for the Protection and Promotion of Children (ONPPE) provided specialized training to the Brigades for the Protection of Minors. (18) The government has an ad hoc practice in place for law enforcement personnel to refer potential victims of human trafficking to the prosecutor and to social services, as needed. (3,8,10,13,19,29) Although the government reported conducting 23 investigations, the government did not provide for inclusion in this report certain information on its criminal law enforcement efforts, including the number of violations found. (18,19)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8).
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
National Authority for the Protection and Promotion of Children (ONPPE) |
Protects and promotes children's rights and advocates for children in danger of economic exploitation. Acts as a liaison between the Ministry of Justice and members of the public alleging violations of children's rights, and oversees efforts of the National Commission for the Prevention of and Fight Against Child Labor. (1,8,9,29,36,37) Runs a national hotline and website to field questions and complaints about the mistreatment of children, with an average of more than 2,000 calls daily; however, in 2019, only 1,332 calls were related to actual infringements of child rights. (9,38) In 2019, ONPPE conducted training sessions for judges on the protection of children and the involvement of children in judicial proceedings; workshops for governmental ministries; and training for members of the Algerian media on the protection and promotion of the rights of children. (18) |
|
National Committee for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons |
Monitors implementation of the National Action Plan for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons. Comprises representatives from the President's Office; the Prime Minister's Office; 12 ministries, including MTESS; and other government entities. (8,36,39,40) In 2019, the Committee worked to raise awareness on human trafficking and sponsored training sessions for law enforcement and judicial personnel. Committee members are seeking to pass a comprehensive anti-trafficking in persons law in early 2020 to strengthen existing laws, and continues to work on that task. (18,19) |
The MTESS continues to lead the National Commission for the Prevention of and Fight Against Child Labor, which coordinates government labor activities and includes the National Labor Union and relevant NGOs. However, the ONPPE has expanded its role as the main hub of all issues concerning child protection, including issues of child labor. (18,19)
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including no evidence of a policy regarding other worst forms of child labor beyond the government’s policy related to trafficking in persons.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Action Plan for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons |
Aims to prevent and reduce human trafficking by raising awareness, strengthening legislation, prosecuting human trafficking crimes, improving the provision of protective services to victims, and increasing collaboration with national and international NGOs. (8,13) In 2019, the National Committee for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons organized a Day of Awareness for civil society figures on the role of civil society in combating child trafficking, while the National Gendarmerie trained all officers on criminal and human rights issues related to children. (18) |
Although the Government of Algeria has adopted the National Action Plan for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons, research found no evidence of a policy regarding the worst forms of child labor and no continued work on developing a national action plan or plans specific to begging.
In 2019, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Child Labor Awareness Campaign† |
Efforts made through ONPPE and other government agencies to raise awareness about child labor. (18,36) In 2019, the government organized awareness-raising events, including through ONPPE's website and the Chaîne 3 television channel, and trained at least 24 journalists on issues related to child labor. The Ministry of Solidarity, Family, and the Condition of Women also had a communication plan for each of the country's 48 wilayas (regions) on child-related messaging. (18,19) |
|
Children Assistance Facilities† |
Facilities that provide support for children, namely orphans and children in dangerous situations who are taken into custody by the state. In 2019, these centers continued to operate. (18) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Algeria.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor, including its worst forms. (10,12,18,36)
Although Algeria has programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem, including the commercial sexual exploitation of children, forced begging, and street work.
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Algeria (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that laws increase penalties for, or categorize as a separate crime, the involvement of children in all illicit activities, including using, procuring, and offering children for the production and trafficking of drugs. |
2013 – 2019 |
|
Determine the types of hazardous work prohibited for children under age 18, in consultation with employers' and workers' organizations. |
2009 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Publish information on the labor law enforcement of child labor laws, including the number of labor inspections conducted at worksites, violations found, child labor violations for which penalties were imposed, and penalties imposed that were collected. |
2009 – 2019 |
|
Increase the number of labor inspectors in accordance with the ILO's technical advice and ensure that child labor laws are enforced in all geographic areas, as well as in the informal sector. |
2009 – 2019 |
|
|
Publish information on the criminal enforcement of child labor laws, including the number of criminal violations found. |
2019 |
|
|
Government Policies |
Adopt a policy that includes all relevant worst forms of child labor, such as commercial sexual exploitation, forced begging, and street work. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
Social Programs |
Research and publish information on children involved in child labor, or at risk of being involved; specify these activities and publish information to inform policies. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
Take measures to remove barriers to accessing education, namely transportation and accessibility to schools, particularly for migrant children and children with disabilities. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
|
Expand existing programs to address the scope of the child labor problem, including the commercial sexual exploitation of children, forced begging, and street work. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that isolated cases of school administrators denying enrollment to migrant children are stopped in accordance with laws allowing for free public education for all children. |
2018 – 2019 |
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 4, 2016.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. July 24, 2017.
-
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2019: Algeria. Washington, DC, June 2019.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report/algeria/ -
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 1, 2020. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/. -
ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics From National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4, 2012–2013. Analysis received March 2020. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
-
Zahra, Yasmine. Travail des enfants en Algérie: Une réalité poignante! Le Journal de l'Emploi, June 22, 2015. Source on file.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. March 22, 2016.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. January 17, 2017.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. January 15, 2019.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 6, 2018.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. March 12, 2015.
-
Dunes Voices. Le travail des enfants défie les lois à Oran. Huffington Post, June 2, 2015. Source on file.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 2, 2016.
-
Loucif, A. Le travail des enfants prend de l'ampleur. Liberté, June 5, 2017.
https://www.liberte-algerie.com/est/le-travail-des-enfants-prend-de-lampleur-271228. -
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2018: Algeria. Washington, DC: June, 2018.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report/algeria/. -
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 19, 2019.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 21, 2017.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. January 28, 2020.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 24, 2020.
-
U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2018: Algeria. Washington, DC, 2019.
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Algeria-2018.pdf. -
U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2017: Algeria. Washington, DC, 2018.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/algeria/. -
Government of Algeria. Loi n° 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 relative aux relations de Travail, modifiée et complétée au 11 janvier 1997. Enacted: April 21, 1990.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/9557/64805/F97DZA01.htm. -
Government of Algeria. Décret exécutif n° 96-98 du 17 Chaoual 1416 correspondant au 6 mars 1996 déterminant la liste et le contenu des livres et registres spéciaux obligatoires pour les employeurs. Enacted: March 6, 1996.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=fr&p_isn=79172&p_country=DZA&p_classification=12. -
Government of Algeria. Ordonnance n° 66-156 du 8 juin 1966 portant code pénal, modifiée et complétée. Enacted: June 8, 1966.
http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FPenal.pdf. -
Government of Algeria. Décret présidentiel n° 08-134 du 30 Rabie Ethani 1429 correspondant au 6 mai 2008 fixant les conditions de recrutement des officiers de carrière de l'Armée nationale populaire. Enacted: May 11, 2008. Source on file.
-
Government of Algeria. Loi n° 14-06 du 13 Chaoual 1435 correspondant au 9 août 2014 relative au service national. Enacted: August 9, 2014. Source on file.
-
Government of Algeria. Loi D'Orientation Sur L'Éducation Nationale, n° 08-04. Enacted: January 23, 2008.
http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation Per Country/algeria/algeria_education_2008_fr.pdf. -
U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 7, 2018.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 15, 2017.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. March 11, 2015.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. January 25, 2015.
-
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. E-mail communication to USDOL Official. January 30, 2019.
-
CIA. The World Factbook. Accessed January 19, 2018. Please see "Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2095rank.html. -
UN. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017 Statistical Annex. New York: 2017. Please see "Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_full_en.pdf. -
U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 15, 2019.
-
Government of Algeria. Written Response to Trafficking in Persons Report. February 4, 2019. Source on file.
-
APS. ONPPE: Installation Prochaine de la commission thématique sur la santé des enfants. January 23, 2019.
http://www.aps.dz/societe/84273-onppe-installation-la-semaine-prochaine-de-la-commission-thematique-sur-la-sante-des-enfants. -
El Watan. Loi relative à la protection de l'enfance: les textes d'application sont au niveau Secrétariat général du Gouvernement. December 18, 2018.
https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/loi-relative-a-la-protection-de-lenfance-les-textes-dapplication-sont-au-niveau-du-secretariat-general-du-gouvernement-18-12-2018. -
U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 13, 2017.
-
Government of Algeria. Décret prèsidentiel n° 16-249 du 24 Dhou El Hidja 1437 correspondant au 26 septembre 2016 portant crèation, organisation et fonctionnement du comitè national de prèvention et de lutte contre la traite des personnes. Enacted: September 26, 2016.
http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/jo-francais/2016/F2016057.pdf.
