Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

1. National Overview

Sources report that the total population of Mexico in 2018 was 125.3 million (OECD n.d.) or 126.19 million (World Bank n.d.). A 2019 World Bank report on economic development in Mexico cites data from the UN's Department of Economics and Social Affairs as indicating that 80.2 percent of the population lived in urban areas in 2018 (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 55). The 2015 Intercensal Survey, carried out to update information between the last census conducted in 2010 and the next census to be conducted in 2020 (Mexico n.d.a), administered by Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) [1] found that the total population was 119,938,473, of which 48.6 percent were men and 51.4 were women (Mexico 2015a). For information on the socio-economic situation of Indigenous persons in Mexico, see Response to Information Request MEX200310 of September 2020.

The 2019 World Bank report cites Mexico's 2017 National Survey on Occupation and Employment (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo, ENOE) as indicating that there were approximately 82 million individuals of working age, aged 15 to 65, of which 63.2 percent, or 52 million, participated in the labour market, while 36.8 percent, or 30 million, did not participate [2]; of those active in the labour market, 3.6 percent or 5 million were unemployed (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 65). The same source cites INEGI data as indicating that 56.5 percent of total employment in 2017 was in the informal sector (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 52). INEGI's ENOE reports that in the last quarter of 2019, there were 95,405,581 individuals of working age, 15 years and over, in Mexico; of these, 57,625,521 individuals were economically active [3] and 37,780,060 individuals were economically inactive (Mexico 2020). The same survey found that in the last quarter of 2019, there were 55,683,450 employed persons, including 33,651,195 men and 22,032,255 women; there were 1,942,071 unemployed persons, including 1,172,676 and 769,395 women (Mexico 2020).

The OECD indicates that the employment rate was 62.5 percent of the working age population in the first quarter of 2020 (OECD n.d.). Reuters cites INEGI as indicating that the unemployment rate in "seasonally adjusted terms" was 3.3 percent in March 2020 and 3.7 percent in February 2020, but a Goldman Sachs analyst stated that the "lower-than-expected" rate in March reflected a "'serious problem in data collection'," which was "likely" caused by limits on in-person interviews due to COVID-19 prevention measures (Reuters 27 Apr. 2020).

The UNDP provides, in its 2019 Human Development Report, estimates from the International Labour Organization (ILO) as reporting that in 2018, 43.8 percent of women aged 15 and older participated in the labour force, compared to 78.9 percent of men aged 15 and older (UN 2019, 317). El Universal, a Mexico-based newspaper, cites INEGI as reporting that in December 2018, the unemployment rate was 3.5 percent for men and 3.7 percent for women (El Universal 23 Jan. 2019). The 2019 World Bank report states that in 2016, 25 percent of 20 to 24-year-olds and 14 percent of 15 to 19-year-olds were not employed or in education or training; the majority of this group were urban women (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 77).

The OECD cites the ENOE for the first quarter of 2017 as reporting the main economic sectors as follows:

• Social and other services, 19 percent;
• Trade, 19 percent;
• Manufacturing, 17 percent;
• Agriculture, forestry and fishing, 12 percent;
• Construction, 8 percent;
• Accommodation and food service activities, 7 percent;
• Professional, financial and corporate services, 7 percent; and
• Government and international organizations, 5 percent (OECD 10 Jan. 2019).

The 2019 World Bank report cites data from Mexico's National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social, CONEVAL) [4] and INEGI as indicating that the multidimensional poverty rate [5] was 43.6 percent in 2016 and 46.2 percent in 2014, and the extreme poverty rate was 7.6 percent in 2016 and 11.3 percent in 2010 (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 57). The same report cites CONEVAL and INEGI as indicating that in 2016, 58.2 percent and 17.4 percent of the rural population lived in poverty and extreme poverty, respectively, compared to 39.2 percent and 4.7 percent of the urban population (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 59). Reuters cites CONEVAL as indicating that the economic impact of COVID-19 could result in a poverty rate of 56 percent, compared to 50 percent in 2018 (Reuters 11 May 2020).

Justice in Mexico [6] cites data from Mexico's Executive Secretariat for the National Public Security System (Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública, SESNSP) [7] as reporting a "new record high" of 29,406 murder cases nationwide in 2019, resulting in 34,588 individual victims, compared to 28,816 murder cases and 33,742 individual victims in 2018; there was an increase of 2.5 percent in the number of homicides from 2018 to 2019, compared to an increase of over 20 percent in 2016 and 2017 (Justice in Mexico July 2020, 8). The same source cites SESNSP as reporting that there were 164,143 cases of intentional injuries [8] in 2019, compared to 157,416 cases in 2018, 152,273 cases in 2017 and 137,151 cases in 2016 (Justice in Mexico July 2020, 14).

Justice in Mexico cites El Universal as reporting that 74,632 women were victims of violent crimes in 2019, compared to 62,567 victims in 2015 (Justice in Mexico July 2020, 26). The same report cites a 2018 INEGI survey as indicating that 45 percent of all women in Mexico reported being victims of violence by their partner (Justice in Mexico July 2020, 25).

2. Mexico City [Ciudad de México, CDMX] (National Capital)

Sources indicate that in 2016, the national capital of Mexico officially changed its name from the Federal District (Distrito Federal, DF) to Mexico City (The Guardian 29 Jan. 2016; Wilson Center 2 June 2016), and became a state (Wilson Center 2 June 2016).

INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that the total population of Mexico City was 8,985,339, of which 47.4 percent were men and 52.6 percent were women (Mexico 2015b). The same source reports that there were 929,120 female-headed households and 1,672,203 male-headed households (Mexico 2015b). The same survey data indicates that 8.8 percent of the population self-identified as Indigenous and 1.8 percent of the population self-identified as African-American (Mexico 2015b).

INEGI's ENOE reports that in the last quarter of 2019 there were 7,243,424 individuals of working age, 15 years and over, in Mexico City; of these, 4,514,470 individuals were economically active [8] and 2,718,047 individuals were economically inactive (Mexico 2020). The same survey found that in the last quarter of 2019, there were 4,284,110 employed persons, including 2,373,096 men and 1,911,014 women; there were 230,360 unemployed persons, including 139,082 men and 91,278 women (Mexico 2020). INEGI's ENOE for the first quarter of 2020 indicates that Mexico City's employment rate was 94.4 percent (Mexico May 2020, 9).

The OECD's metropolitan dataset indicates that the 2018 employment rate for persons aged 15 to 64 was 61.2 percent in Mexico City (OECD Apr. 2020a). El Universal cites INEGI as indicating that the unemployment rate for Mexico City in December 2018 was 5.2 percent (El Universal 23 Jan. 2019).

An Economic Census on "all establishments producing goods, merchandise marketers and service providers" (Mexico n.d.b) conducted by INEGI in 2018 presents the labour force distribution in Mexico City as follows:

• 624,212 persons worked in retail;
• 402,484 persons worked in financial and insurance services;
• 352,501 persons worked in manufacturing;
• 255,593 persons worked in wholesale trade;
• 212,495 persons worked in transportation;
• 111,293 persons worked in construction; and
• 86,137 persons worked in water and gas (Mexico 2019a).

An August 2019 El Universal article translated by CE Noticias Financieras [9] cites a study by Mexico City's Social Development Assessment Board as indicating that the multidimensional poverty rate of Mexico City was 51.1 percent in 2018, compared to 50.9 percent in 2012 (El Universal 6 Aug. 2019).

INEGI's National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Security (Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción sobre Seguridad Pública, ENVIPE) found that there were approximately 69,715 cases of crime per 100,000 residents in 2018 (Mexico 2019b). The same survey results indicate that 88.3 percent and 89.2 percent of the population aged 15 and over felt unsafe in their city in 2018 and in 2019, respectively (Mexico 2019b). The OECD's metropolitan dataset indicates there were 3,241 murders reported in Mexico City in 2018 (OECD Apr. 2020b). An article on crime patterns in Mexico City published in the Journal of Big Data, a peer-reviewed journal on big data research (SpringerOpen n.d.), cites government data as indicating that the boroughs of Iztapalapa, Cuauhtémoc, Gustavo A. Madero, Benito Juárez, Coyoacan, and Tlalpan "routinely show the highest number of crimes reported since 2014" (PiñaGarcía and Ramírez-Ramírez 22 July 2019, 2).

3. Mérida (Capital of Yucatán State)

INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that there were 892,363 persons living in "private housing units" [10] in Mérida, of which 48.0 percent were men and 52.0 percent were women (Mexico 2015c). The same survey data indicates that 48.3 percent of the population self-identified as Indigenous and 0.2 percent self-identified as African-American (Mexico 2015c).

The same source reports that 55.6 percent of the population aged 12 and over were economically active and 44.2 percent were economically inactive; 40.0 percent of the female population aged 12 and over and 60.0 percent of the male population aged 12 and over were economically active (Mexico 2015c). The survey results indicate that 97.8 percent of the economically active population were employed; 98.2 percent of the female population and 97.6 percent of the male population who were economically active were employed (Mexico 2015c). INEGI's ENOE for the first quarter of 2020 indicates that Mérida's employment rate was 97.5 percent (Mexico May 2020, 9). The OECD's metropolitan dataset indicates that the 2018 employment rate for persons aged 15 to 64 was 65.7 percent in Mérida (OECD Apr. 2020a).

INEGI's Economic Census found that there were 516,924 employed persons in Yucatán state in 2018 (Mexico 2019c). The same census data presents the labour force distribution in Yucatán as follows:

• 197,857 individuals working in "non-financial private services";
• 117,625 individuals working in retail trade;
• 110,812 individuals working in manufacturing;
• 29,344 individuals working in wholesale trade;
• 22,570 individuals working in construction;
• 15,257 individuals working in transportation;
• 13,027 individuals working in fishing and aquaculture;
• 7,221 individuals working in financial and insurance services (Mexico 2019c).

Recent information on economic sectors and labour force distribution in Mérida could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

A June 2020 article by CE Noticias Financieras cites CONEVAL data as indicating that Mérida's poverty rate was 22.9 percent (CE Noticias Financieras 29 June 2020).

INEGI's ENVIPE reports that there were 26,462 cases of crime per 100,000 residents in Yucatán state (Mexico 2019d). The same survey found that 32.5 percent of the population aged 18 and over in Yucatán feel unsafe in their city (Mexico 2019d). The OECD's metropolitan dataset indicates there were 39 murders reported in Mérida in 2018 (OECD Apr. 2020b). Further information on the crime rate in Mérida could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

4. Puebla [Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza] (Capital of Puebla State)

Sources indicate that Puebla is the fourth-largest city in Mexico (UN n.d.a; CNN 3 May 2018). INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that there were 1,576,259 persons living in private housing in the city of Puebla, of which 47.4 percent were men and 52.6 percent were women (Mexico 2015d). The same survey also found that 24.3 percent of the population in Puebla city self-identified as Indigenous and 0.2 percent self-identified as African-American (Mexico 2015d).

INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that 53.5 percent of the population aged 12 and over in Puebla city were economically active and 46.5 percent were economically inactive; 39.7 percent of the female population aged 12 and over and 60.3 percent of the male population aged 12 and over were economically active (Mexico 2015d). The same survey findings indicate that 96 percent of the economically active population were employed; 96.9 percent of the female population and 95.3 percent of the male population who were economically active were employed (Mexico 2015d). INEGI's ENOE for the first quarter of 2020 indicates that Puebla city's employment rate was 95.4 percent (Mexico May 2020, 9).

INEGI's Economic Census found that there were 1,117,993 employed persons in the state of Puebla in 2018 (Mexico 2019c). The same census data indicates the labour force distribution in Puebla state as follows:

• 378,791 individuals working in "non-financial private services";
• 307,532 individuals working in retail trade;
• 300,009 individuals working in manufacturing;
• 60,934 individuals working in wholesale trade;
• 30,751 individuals working in transportation;
• 21,770 individuals working in construction;
• 9,150 individuals working in financial and insurance services; and
• 4,308 individuals working in water and gas (Mexico 2019c).

Recent information on economic sectors and labour force distribution in the city of Puebla could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

An August 2020 article by CE Noticias Financieras cites CONEVAL data as indicating that the poverty rate in the city of Puebla was among the highest in Mexico at 40.6 percent (CE Noticias Financieras 6 Aug. 2020). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

INEGI's ENVIPE reports that there were 37,647 cases of crime per 100,000 residents in Puebla state (Mexico 2019d). The same survey found that 81.4 percent of the population aged 18 and over in Puebla state feel unsafe in their city (Mexico 2019d). The OECD's Metropolitan dataset indicates there were 343 murders reported in the city of Puebla in 2018 (OECD Apr. 2020b). According to statistics from the Attorney General of the State of Puebla, there were 28,775 cases of crime reported in the city of Puebla from January to December 2019, including 17,934 cases of [translation] "crimes against property," 3,879 cases of "domestic crimes," 3,137 cases of "crimes against other affected legal goods," 1,679 cases of "injuries," 1,043 cases of "crimes against sexual freedom and security," 300 cases of "homicide" and 11 cases of "femicide" (Puebla n.d.). Intolerancia, a Puebla-based newspaper (El Economista 25 Mar. 2020), indicates that the areas with high crime rates in the city of Puebla are Barrio de Santiago, Centro Histórico, Jardines de San Manuel, Guadalupe Hidalgo, La Paz, Buenavista, Santa María, Bosques de San Sebastián, San Pablo Xochimehuacan and La Libertad (Intolerancia 8 Sept. 2019). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

5. Guadalajara (Capital of Jalisco State)

Sources indicate that Guadalajara is the second largest city in Mexico (UN n.d.b; PRX and WGBH 21 July 2020). INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that there were 1,460,148 persons living in private housing in Guadalajara, of which 48.2 percent were men and 51.8 percent were women (Mexico 2015e). The same survey data indicates that 6.7 percent of the population of Guadalajara self-identified as Indigenous and 1.5 percent self-identified as African-American (Mexico 2015e).

INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that 55.3 percent of the population aged 12 and over in Guadalajara were economically active and 44.6 percent were economically inactive; 40.0 percent of the female population aged 12 and over and 60.2 percent of the male population aged 12 and over were economically active (Mexico 2015e). The same survey data indicates that 96.2 percent of the economically active population were employed; 97.3 percent of the female population and 95.4 percent of the male population who were economically active were employed (Mexico 2015e). INEGI's ENOE for the first quarter of 2020 indicates that Guadalajara's employment rate was 96.6 percent (Mexico May 2020, 9). The OECD's metropolitan dataset indicates that the 2018 employment rate for persons aged between 15 and 64 was 62.3 percent in Guadalajara (OECD Apr. 2020a).

INEGI's Economic Census found that there were 2,004,175 employed persons in the state of Jalisco in 2018 (Mexico 2019c). The same data indicates the labour force distribution in Jalisco as the following:

• 738,120 individuals working in "non-financial private services";
• 507,266 individuals working in manufacturing;
• 446,499 individuals working in retail trade;
• 159,338 individuals working in wholesale trade;
• 62,797 individuals working in construction;
• 54,246 individuals working in transportation;
• 15,652 individuals working in financial and insurance services; and
• 9,667 individuals working in water and gas (Mexico 2019c).

Recent information on economic sectors and labour force distribution in Guadalajara could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

The June 2020 article by CE Noticias Financieras cites CONEVAL data as indicating that the poverty rate in Guadalajara was 25.4 percent (CE Noticias Financieras 29 June 2020).

INEGI's ENVIPE reports that there were 40,543 cases of crime per 100,000 residents in Jalisco state (Mexico 2019d). The same survey found that 73.6 percent of the population age 18 and over in Jalisco state feel unsafe in their city (Mexico 2019d). The OECD's Metropolitan dataset indicates there were 1,583 murders reported in Guadalajara in 2018 (OECD Apr. 2020b). La Vanguardia, a Spain-based daily newspaper, reports a crime rate of 35.8 per 1,000 residents in Guadalajara (La Vanguardia 10 May 2018).

6. Monterrey (Capital of Nuevo León State)

Sources indicate that Monterrey is the third-largest city in Mexico (CFF n.d.; Nearshore Americas 23 Apr. 2014). INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that there were 1,109,171 persons living in private housing in Monterrey, of which 49.1 percent were men and 51.0 percent were women (Mexico 2015f). The same survey data indicates that 4.4 percent of the population of Monterrey self-identified as Indigenous and 0.8 percent self-identified as African-American (Mexico 2015f).

INEGI's 2015 Intercensal Survey found that 52.3 percent of the population aged 12 and over in Monterrey were economically active and 47.4 percent were economically inactive; 36.9 percent of the female population aged 12 and over and 63.1 percent of the male population aged 12 and over were economically active (Mexico 2015f). The same survey data indicates that 96.6 percent of the economically active population were employed; 97.2 percent of the female population and 96.3 percent of the male population who were economically active were employed (Mexico 2015f). INEGI's ENOE for the first quarter of 2020 indicates that Monterrey's employment rate was 96 percent (Mexico May 2020, 9). The OECD's metropolitan dataset indicates that the 2018 employment rate for persons aged between 15 and 64 was 63.2 percent in Monterrey (OECD Apr. 2020a).

INEGI's Economic Census reports that there were 1,803,965 employed persons in the state of Nuevo Léon in 2018 (Mexico 2019c). The same report indicates the labour force distribution in Nuevo Léon as follows:

• 650,508 individuals working in "non-financial private services";
• 548,255 individuals working in manufacturing;
• 263,296 individuals working in retail trade;
• 114,452 individuals working in wholesale trade;
• 91,880 individuals working in transportation;
• 72,552 individuals working in financial and insurance services;
• 51,913 individuals working in construction; and
• 7,801 individuals working in water and gas (Mexico 2019c).

Recent information on economic sectors and labour force distribution in Monterrey could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

The June 2020 article by CE Noticias Financieras cites CONEVAL data as indicating that the poverty rate in Monterrey was 16.7 percent (CE Noticias Financieras 29 June 2020).

INEGI's ENVIPE reports that there were 27,805 cases of crime per 100,000 residents in Nuevo León state (Mexico 2019d). The same survey indicates that 75.1 percent of the population aged 18 and over in Nuevo León state feel unsafe in their city (Mexico 2019d). According to statistics from the [translation] "Attorney General of Justice of the state of Nuevo León," there were 20,202 cases of crime reported in Monterrey between January to December 2019, including 2,944 cases of "domestic violence," 1,711 cases of "fraud," 1,514 cases of "damage to third party property," 1,378 cases of "simple theft," 1,087 cases of "tantamount to family violence," 1,042 cases of "theft of business," 879 cases of "abuse of authority," 868 cases of "small scale drug dealing," 220 cases of "intention homicide (victim deceased)" and 97 cases of "culpable homicide" (Monterrey 16 Aug. 2019). The OECD's Metropolitan dataset indicates that there were 715 murders reported in Monterrey in 2018 (OECD Apr. 2020b).

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Notes

[1] Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) is an "autonomous public body" responsible for collecting and disseminating information about Mexico, including territory, resources, population and economy (Mexico n.d.c).

[2] Individuals who were available, but were not looking for work, are considered outside of the labour force (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 65).

[3] The National Employment Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo, ENOE) defines the "[e]conomically active population" as people who were working or looking for work in the reference week of the statistical study (Mexico n.d.d).

[4] Mexico's National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social, CONEVAL) is a "decentralized public agency," which coordinates the evaluation of social development policies and programs (3ie n.d.).

[5] The World Bank indicates that Mexico's official multidimensional poverty rate measures income poverty with six indicators of social deprivation, including "education, health, food, social security, quality and space of the dwelling, and basic services in the dwelling" (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 131). An individual living below the wellbeing line and experiencing at least one form of social deprivation is considered poor and an individual living below the minimum wellbeing line and experiencing three or more forms of social deprivation is considered extremely poor (World Bank 20 Aug. 2019, 131).

[6] Justice in Mexico is a research initiative at the University of San Diego (USD) that researches citizen security, rule of law, and human rights in Mexico (Justice in Mexico July 2020, ii).

[7] The Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System (Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública, SESNSP) is an agency within the Ministry of the Interior, responsible for coordinating the "public security efforts of federal, state, and municipal governments" (WOLA May 2014, 8).

[8] Article 288 of the Mexican Federal Criminal Code, provided by Justice in Mexico, indicates that intentional injuries are "premeditated actions that result in physical damage to an individual, including gunshot wounds, lacerations, blunt trauma, and other externally caused health effects that leave 'a material mark' (huella material) on the body" (Justice in Mexico July 2020, 14).

[9] CE Noticias Financieras "provides breaking business, financial and economic news from across the entire Latin American region" (LexisNexis Dec. 2017).

[10] The 2015 Intercensal Survey defines an "inhabited private housing unit" as a "[p]rivate housing unit that at the time of the interview has regular residents who form households. It includes any enclosure, premises, shelter, mobile or improvised installation, that is inhabited" (Mexico n.d.e).

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Additional Sources Consulted

Internet sites, including: Agencia EFE; Bertelsmann Stiftung; ecoi.net; Institute for Economics and Peace; International Social Science Journal; Organization of American States; Santander Bank; UN – Refworld; US – Department of State; The Yucatan Times.