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- Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD)
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Dokument #1428857
Freedom House (Autor)
Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores
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2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
National Democratic Governance |
2.50 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
|
Electoral Process |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
|
Civil Society |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
|
Independent Media |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
|
Local Democratic Governance |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
|
Judicial Framework and Independence |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
|
Corruption |
3.75 |
3.75 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
|
Democracy Score |
2.25 |
2.29 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
2.29 |
2.32 |
2.36 |
2.36 |
2.32 |
2.32 |
NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. If consensus cannot be reached, Freedom House is responsible for the final ratings. The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s).
The year 2016 was a turbulent one in the domestic politics of Lithuania. The democracy’s major problem–corruption–dominated the public sphere due to a series of investigations regarding the non-transparent relations between politicians and businesses. Compared to 2015, when the domestic political climate was relatively calm, political tensions increased after the Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union (LPGU) unexpectedly won parliamentary elections with the largest plurality since 1996.
LPGU’s victory again proved the volatility of Lithuania’s party system and voters’ dissatisfaction with traditional parties. “Peasants,” an already established party with a revamped image, had very modest representation in the previous parliament (1 MP) but swept over their competitors in the two-round parliamentary vote on October 9 and 23, earning 56 parliamentary seats out of 141. Their success was due to a convergence of favorable circumstances and factors. Scandals in both governmental and opposition parties; a two-round electoral system that rewards centrist positions in the second round; a catch-all image that is both socially conservative and economically left-leaning; a promise of technocratic government of so-called “professionals;” and an emphasis on halting emigration from Lithuania and combatting alcoholism all helped the party achieve electoral victory. LGPU also earned the endorsement of popular non-partisan candidates, including former interior minister and designated prime minister Saulius Skvernelis, health specialist Aurelijus Veryga, and the former finance adviser of prime minister Stasys Jakeliūnas).
Coalition talks were complicated by an unusual situation for Lithuania, as one centrist-populist party won a plurality, but fell far short of an absolute majority. LGPU’s leader Ramūnas Karbauskis formed two consultation groups for forming a coalition: one with the left Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) and other with the right Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats (HU-LCD). With the former being relatively reluctant to be a junior partner and LGPU not willing to cooperate with other parties on various grounds, the only viable coalition variant open a coalition of LPGU (11 ministers) and LSDP (3 ministers). It is notable that LGPU’s pick for the prime minister, Saulius Skvernelis, only joined LGPU’s ballot during the year. Party chairman Karbauskis became leader of LGPU’s politically diverse parliamentary grouping, in a move reminiscent of the model employed by Jaroslaw Kaczynski from Poland’s ruling Law and Justice party, where the party leader holds no executive posts and prefers to “rule from behind.”
Besides the parliamentary elections, during the year the political landscape was dominated by various corruption scandals. One year before the parliamentary elections, polls had shown the center-left government could be re-elected. However, after a series of various political scandals, LSDP, the Labor Party (LP), and the Order and Justice Party (OJP) collectively received only 25 percent of votes. The lack of government transparency is a structural problem linked to both the party system and political values. Out of six parliamentary parties, only politicians from the Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania (EAPL) and HU-LCD were not tied to significant corruption scandals in 2016. Public trust in the traditional parties suffered a major blow when Eligijus Masiulis, the former leader of oppositional Liberals Movement of the Republic of Lithuania (LMRL) and a popular politician, was investigated by the Special Investigation Service (SIS) for allegedly receiving a €106,000 ($112,600) bribe.
Even though the introduction of direct mayoral elections in 2015 strengthened political rights, it also created some problems. A case in Raseiniai municipality where the council majority tried to legally remove the mayor shows that the unchanged institutional system of local government–combined with a directly elected mayor–can lead to political deadlocks.
Society in Lithuania is still reluctant to recognize LGBT rights, and with LPGU’s leader being against same-sex partnerships, an improvement to the situation for LGBT persons is unlikely in the near future. Since the number of refugees settling in Lithuania was very low in 2016, this issue deescalated and did not contribute to the rise of illiberal movements. This was reflected in the parliamentary elections, where the Labor Party, which based their campaign on an anti-refugee agenda, failed to exceed the 5 percent threshold. While other factors contributed to LP’s electoral downfall, the public’s failure to endorse the party’s anti-immigrant stance is very illustrative in the context of immigration issue).
Media independence in Lithuania was compromised by several prominent cases of alleged corrupt relations between the representatives of influential media actors and politicians. Ownership concentration and the politicization of media at the local level remain and still pose important challenges for the quality of democracy.
No Score Changes.
Outlook for 2017
The most important questions for 2017 concern the newly formed coalition. Since LPGU’s parliamentary grouping is comprised of party members and various non-partisans (or former members from other parties), the stability of coalition remains an open question and depends on Karbauskis’s ability to prevent a split. Another question concerns public policy: will LPGU implement its left reforms, and how will the semi-technocratic government function? Security questions, like the defense budget and military conscription, should remain on the political agenda and Lithuania’s foreign policy of Lithuania should not change. LPGU has declared that they will continue the pro-Western orientation and the post of Ministry of Defense will depend on the president’s will.
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2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
2.75 |
The two-round parliamentary elections of October 9 and 23, 2016, again proved the volatility of Lithuanian party system. The three-party center-left government comprised of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP), the Labor Party (LP) and the Order and Justice Party (OJP) was ousted by voters, with LP suffering the biggest losses, losing 27 of their 29 parliamentary seats. The Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union (LPGU), which had only one seat in the 2012-2016 term Seimas (parliament), came out with the largest plurality of seats (56) for a single party since the 1996 parliamentary elections.1
It was also the first time since 2004 that a party other than LSDP or Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats (HU-LCD) have won the elections, and first time since 2000 that a third party has led the forming of a coalition. After the elections, Ramūnas Karbauskis–leader of LGPU–denounced the possibility of cooperation with the Liberals Movement of the Republic of Lithuania (LMRL), which came fourth in the elections, on ideological grounds: presumably a result of LMRL’s social liberalism.2 On the other hand, LSDP and HU-LCD rejected Karbauskis’ idea to form a grand coalition with LPGU. Despite making overtures to LGPU as a potential coalition partner prior to the elections, HU-LCD (second place) was reluctant to become a junior party in government.3 The distance between these parties increased after the first round of election, when it appeared that they would be the main competitors in the second round.
After two weeks of coalition negotiations, LPGU formed a marginal, center-left coalition with LSDP, comprised of 73 parliamentary seats from a total of 141. Saulius Skvernelis, the non-partisan leader of the LPGU list, was nominated by the coalition as the new prime minister. After short consultations within the parties and with President Dalia Grybauskaitė–who, according to observers, played a large role in the selection of ministers–a mainly non-partisan cabinet was presented. Though the formal division of posts were 3 ministers for LSDP and 11 for LGPU, only social democrats nominated all three party members to the cabinet. LGPU delivered an electoral promise by choosing the technocratic option, with only one of their nominated ministers (agriculture) being party member, and only 4 out of 11 ministers coming from their electoral list.4 Grybauskaitė approved the government on November 29.5
LPGU is not a genuinely new party (it participated in the 2004-2008 governments), but it had very modest representation in the 2008-2012 (3 MPs) and 2012-2016 (1 MP) parliaments. Several factors contributed to their victory in 2016. First, the low degree of partisanship, mistrust in the political parties, and Lithuanians’ tendency for hyper-accountable retrospective voting6–by which the incumbent government is “punished” in the polls– are generally favourable for the rise of new parties or marginal parties with a revamped image. LPGU attracted a lot of non-partisan candidates, first and foremost the very popular ex-interior minister, Saulius Skvernelis, who led the party list.7 Secondly, the party accentuated the country’s prominent problems, including emigration from Lithuania, alcoholism (which came into the national spotlight in early 2016 after several tragic domestic violence events), ideas of social justice (such as opposition to liberalised amendments to the Labor Code), and retreating from their former stance of soft Euro scepticism. This accentuation helped establish the party’s image as a centrist, catch-all political power. Thirdly, politics in 2016 were dominated by a series of political corruption scandals that fuelled discontent with established political institutions and parties.
At the heart of LGPU’s success was party leader Ramūnas Karbauskis and his anti-alcoholism campaign. Karbauskis is one of the richest men in the country, owning the most important Lithuanian company in the agricultural sector, and is well-known among the general public as a patron of various cultural activities (for example, he produced TV series “Naisiai Summer” that has been broadcasted since 2009). His hometown Naisiai (where he invested heavily in the people’s well-being) is exhibited as a micro-model of Lithuania. The town’s low unemployment, successful efforts to combat alcoholism,8 and grass-covered amphitheatre with a 30,000-seat capacity are presented as the positive attributes of Karbauskis’ investments.9
Officially, LGPU presents a mixed ideological formula. The party proposes a socially conservative stance on moral issues, and a mixed bag of left-wing economic ideas, such as a state monopoly on alcohol and founding a state-sponsored regional development bank.10 During the campaign, the party also favored revoking the liberalized version of the Labor Code adopted by the previous coalition; under the new government, the enactment of the law was delayed. However, there are some important policy differences among the elected list of candidates. For example, even though LPGU leader Karbauskis declares that the party is against same-sex partnerships, the leader of the electoral list and prime minister Skvernelis voiced his support for such partnerships in statements given before the election.11 Some observers note that LPGU parliamentary grouping could easily disintegrate in the near future, since only 24 politicians from the 56 elected to the Seimas through the party’s list or one-seat districts are party members.
|
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
The parliamentary elections held October 9 and 23 were considered to be free and fair. Clear positive developments were observed when compared with the last parliamentary elections, which were compromised by a record-breaking number of vote fraud incidents (500 reports and 26 pretrial investigations).12 In the first round of 2016 election on October 9, police received only 61 reports of fraudulent behavior–mostly unauthorized agitation and voter fraud including alleged vote-buying and transportation–and launched two pretrial investigations.13 The relatively calm political climate during the elections, efforts by the Central Electoral Commission (CEC) and its social partners (primarily the watchdog initiative for election transparency, “White Gloves”) possibly contributed to this outcome.
50.64 percent of citizens cast their votes in the first round on October 9, a small decrease if compared to the 52.93 percent who casted votes in 2012. As usual, the turnout was even lower in the second round (68 districts from 71 had a run-off) on October 23, where 38.1 percent voted (a slight increase from 2012, with 35.9 per cent).14 Initiatives for encouraging responsible voting such as “I know what I vote for,” which organized debates with candidates in 35 voting districts,15 and active encouragement to vote from famous people on social media, like the famous writer and journalist Andrius Tapinas, resulted in a higher turnout of young voters than usual. According to the CEC, 38 percent of young people (aged 18-24) voted: this is a great increase from 2012, when only 18 percent of younger voters participated.16
The Lithuanian parliament is elected according to a mixed-parallel system with two separate tiers. Seventy seats in Seimas are determined by the proportional quota system (first vote) with a five per cent legal threshold. The remaining 71 members are elected in one-seat districts according to a two-round majority system, though it is possible to be elected in the first round, if a candidate receives an absolute majority of votes. Though LGPU came a close second according to the votes in the proportional tier (22.5 percent and 19 seats), it achieved a landslide victory after the second round (37 seats): 56 parliamentary seats out of 141 in overall. The party’s centrist image enabled LGPU to come out ahead of other parties’ candidates, including HU-LCD’s 42 successful candidates in the second round.17 The second round proved disappointing for the conservative HU-LCD party, which came first in the proportional tier with 22.7 percent of votes (20 seats), but only gained 11 candidates in the one-seat district tier: 31 seats and 21.9 percent of seats in Seimas overall.
The major governing party LSDP received 14.4 per cent of votes and 17 seats, coming in third. The smallest party of the outgoing coalition, OJP, received 5.3 percent and 8 seats respectively. The midsized party of the coalition government, LP, suffered the largest defeat: though in 2012 it received 19.8 percent of votes and 29 seats in Seimas, the party did not climb over the 5 percent threshold in 2016, with only 4.68 percent of votes. LP managed to secure only two seats in Seimas through the one-seat districts.
Two other parties climbed over the 5 percent threshold: LMRL with 9.1 percent of votes (14 seats overall), and Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania (EAPL) with 5.5 percent (8 seats overall). It should be noted that the “Anticorruption Coalition” of the Lithuanian Center Party (LCP) and the Pensioners’ Party (PP), led by the famous independent politician Naglis Puteikis and former journalist Kristupas Krivickas, received 6.06 percent of votes–but failed to exceed the 7 per cent threshold that is applied for coalitions of electoral lists.
There was one notable case of electoral fraud. Organized vote-buying allegedly happened in Šilutė district in favor of OJP, which received around 2000 votes in the district.18 The fact that OJP was only 5000 votes above the electoral threshold prompted public discussions as to whetherthe whole party could be banned from elections.19 However, the CEC did not undertake such a decision. Instead, one OJP leader, Kęstas Komskis, was stripped of his parliamentary mandate after being named as the main instigator of the vote buying.20
After the October 9 election, the CEC and especially its long-standing chairperson, Zenonas Vaigauskas, received a lot of criticism from the media regarding the effectiveness of their work. Twenty-four hours after voting stations closed, the final results of the proportional tier vote remained uncertain: this mattered greatly, as the election winners LGPU and HU-LCD were polling very closely. The CEC announced their final decision regarding the run-off in several districts only a week after the first round.21
The main scandal that threw the CEC’s readiness to ensure secure voting into question was related to the informational webpage that informs citizens where to vote and provides registration in order to print a voter’s card. It was noted that sensitive data of other voters–including addresses and birthdates–could be accidently seen by other persons registering on the page.22 IT experts commented that even amateurs could very easily hack the webpage.23 The website debacle raised questions as to whether the €500,000 ($531,000) euros commissioned by the CEC for the creation and maintenance of this page were used properly and in a transparent fashion. In the midst of criticism against the CEC, Vaigauskas announced that the present term would be his last as chairman.
These parliamentary elections were the first since the restoration of independence in which no genuinely new parties participated. This may be explained by a 2015 amendment raising the minimum party membership requirement from 1,000 to 2,000. For example, the supporters of the independent politician Naglis Puteikis tried to establish a new party, but failed to achieve the 2,000 number.24 In response to these amendments, Puteikis raised his candidacy within a coalition of two other small parties, LCP and PP. As of November 2015, there were 38 registered parties in Lithuania, with liquidation procedures ongoing for 14 of them.25
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2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
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1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
While public participation in demonstrations, rallies, and strikes remains low in Lithuania, there were several such instances during the year. One notable case was strike of teachers organized by the representatives of education unions: participants demanded that the government start a long-term program aimed at raising teachers’ salaries. The strike started on February 22 and ended on March 4, when both sides settled on 8 million additional euros allocated from the budget.26 There were also protests against the revised Labor Code,27 and a conservative law regulating the assisted reproduction.28 The president vetoed both laws. Subsequently, a liberalized version of the assisted reproduction law was adopted. The Seimas overrode the veto on Labor Code in September, just before the parliamentary election.
Several social initiatives were active during the year. Of particular note is the ongoing watchdog initiative for electoral transparency, “White Gloves”; volunteers from this organization were active during the 2016 parliamentary elections. Another notable social initiative was “Women Speak”. This initiative advocates women’s rights, and campaigns against domestic violence. Their social campaign “Superheroes” was visible at the national level: it depicted former victims of domestic abuse as women superheroes in a series of portraits.29
According to a study by the Civil Society Institute (CSI), the most common civil actions in Lithuania are still charity donations to individuals or organizations (43.5 percent of Lithuanians, a 12,4 percent decline from the previous year) and participation in environmental cleanups (41.1 percent, an 8.8 percent decline), but even their popularity is in decline. Apart from these two activities, only participation in local community issues (28.5 percent) is above 20 percent.30
The issue of refugees diminished in political importance through 2016. Only 19 refugees were resettled in Lithuania, although the country had committed to resettle an allotment of 1,105 refugees.31 LP, the only party that used the refugee issue extensively–and campaigned openly against it–did not pass the 5 percent legal threshold in parliamentary elections. According to a 2015 study, Lithuanians’ opinions on the refugee issue are almost evenly split. Forty-six percent of respondents were completely opposed to the country receiving immigrants of any kind, while 49 percent supported receiving immigrants under certain conditions, including that the immigrants should be refugees from war or persecution (i.e., not economic migrants), and should express a desire to integrate.32
The influence of openly illiberal movements and extremism in the public sphere remains minimal. There were no significant demonstrations or other acts of unconventional political activism organized by such movements throughout the year. In parliamentary elections, the Nationalist Union (NU) and Party Young Lithuania (PYL) coalition received only 0.54 percent of votes. Another nationalistic–but also pro-Russian–party, the Lithuanian People’s Party, also failed to get representation in Seimas, with 1.01 percent of votes.
On June 18, the Baltic Pride parade took place on Gediminas Avenue, one of the capital city’s main thoroughfares. Some radicals raised anti-gay banners and six people were arrested due to minor disturbances outside of the parade area. However, these attempts were rather isolated cases, and did not constitute an organized anti-gay rally. In general, the parade was peaceful and the police ensured the safety of participants.33
Even though the LGBT community in Lithuania continues to face societal and political challenges, there are signs of progress. In particular, there are some indicators of rising tolerance among the political elite. According to the voting advice application “My Voice” (based on politicians’ answers to the predesigned questionnaire) database, three of the six party leaders in the new parliament support same-sex partnership.34 This includes Eugenijus Gentvilas (LMRL), Saulius Skvernelis (non-partisan, but leader of the LPGU electoral list) and Gabrielius Landsbergis, leader of socially conservative HU-LCD, LSDP leader and outgoing prime minister Algirdas Butkevičius said “no”, and the leaders of OJP and EAPL refused to fill the questionnaire. However, it is not likely that HU-LCD and LGPU will legalize same-sex partnerships, since the former is lacks consensus on this issue, and the latter’s chairman, Ramūnas Karbauskis, is opposes same-sex partnerships.
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2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
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1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
On December 8, the Lithuanian parliament adopted amendments to the Civil Code of Lithuania that could potentially enable the legal prosecution of people for expressing critical opinions. Various experts from law, journalism, and other fields expressed concern. More than a hundred journalists and editors from various media outlets showed solidarity and appealed to the president Dalia Grybauskaitė with a request to veto these amendments.35 Grybauskaitė subsequently vetoed the amendments, and the parliament agreed with this decision with 87 supporting the veto, and 18 voting for the reconsideration of amendments.36
On 29 February Special Intelligence Service (SIS) filed corruption charges against Gedvydas Vainauskas, the editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper Lietuvos Rytas and one of the owners of the Lietuvos Rytas media group. He is suspected of attempting to bribe Rolandas Paksas, the head of POJ and a member of the European parliament.37 In May, law enforcement officials additionally alleged that the chairman of the management board at MG Baltic Media,38 Raimondas Kurlianskis, gave a bribe to MP Eligijus Masiulis, then-leader of LMRL.39 Vytautas Gapšys, MP and vice-chairman of LP, was also suspected to been allegedly bribed by the same Kurlianskis in order to influence LP members to act in favor of MG Baltic’s interests.40
In June, the Radio and Television Commission of Lithuania (RTCL) revoked a previously implemented decision to move the broadcasts of Russian-language TV programs including NTV Mir Lithuania and RTR Planeta to only paid TV packages. The revocation was a result of the European Commission’s request to follow the procedures laid out in the Audiovisual Media Service Directive (AMSD).41 Despite this, in September the RTCL proposed amendments which would permit the blocking of unregistered local and foreign TV outlets broadcasters on the internet.42 These amendments were supported in the Parliamentary Committee on Education, Science and Culture and are awaiting a decision in the Parliament.43
The Central Electoral Commission (CEC) directly interfered in the activities of news media in the lead-up to the October parliamentary elections,. An interview with the prime minister for the National Radio and Television of Lithuania was called off due to comments from the CEC, which considered the interview to be political advertising.44 The Commission also took action to recognize some journalists’ publications as political advertising. The CEC’s actions were possibly due to the ambiguous definitions of agitation and hidden advertising in the laws that regulate electoral process.45
The financial sustainability of Lithuanian media sectors remains low. Advertising revenues for television, radio, periodical press and internet media companies were 34.2 percent lower in 2016 than in 2008, before the global financial crisis.46 There is no new state direct or indirect subsidies’ policy–except the increased funding of the National Radio and Television of Lithuania since 2015–that could strengthen media companies and improve the quality of media content. On the contrary, TV broadcasters on the internet are obligated to pay annual contributions and 0.6 percent contributions from their revenue under amendment to the Law on the Provision of Information to the Public, operative since 1 September, 2015.47
The absence of special limitations on media concentration in Lithuania creates a favorable environment for the formation of powerful media organizations that are also directly related to the ownership structures of companies from other industries. MG Baltic, through the subsidiary MG Baltic Media, controls the company Laisvas ir nepriklausomas kanalas, which operates five national TV channels with a time share of 30 percent.48 It also owns Alfa Media (website Alfa.lt), and other companies engaged in telecommunications, construction, logistic, real estate development, trade, and the manufacture of alcoholic beverages.49 Ownership structure of the Lietuvos Rytas media group–a daily, web portal, TV, and publishing house–is related to the companies engaged in the wholesale and retail trade of perfumery, cosmetic products, and accessories, as well as to the co-partnership of the basketball club Lietuvos rytas.50 Moreover, these powerful media and other business alliances aim to become influential players in the political field. There were extraordinary cases regarding the non-transparent relations between the representatives of important media companies and leaders of Lithuanian political parties in 2016.
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2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
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2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.25 |
2.25 |
In 2015 direct mayoral elections were introduced in Lithuania, but the institutional system of municipalities was unchanged. Some observers warned that the introduction of direct mayoral elections could potentially create deadlocks in municipalities where the mayor and the council majority are from different parties, as some important decisions require both the mayor and the council. Such a deadlock happened in Raseiniai, where the political majority in the council changed in 2016, but the mayor refused to nominate a new council manager–the chief executive post in a municipality. The council majority appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania, hoping to remove the mayor, but the court ruled that there is no legal basis for removal.51
There are signs that some directly elected mayors could be using their direct mandate to legitimize an authoritarian style of politics, or to create (or reinforce) local political machines. The mayor of Širvintos, Živilė Pinskuvienė, received national media attention when she let go several public officials and replaced them with LP members or people close to the party. The mayor’s political allies control the only daily in Širvintos. Such a trend of “captured municipalities” is also prominent in other regions and pose a big threat for democracy at the local level.52
According to the Lithuanian public opinion research company Vilmorus, trust in municipalities was 28 percent in July: a notable decrease compared to the year before, when public trust in local government reached 35.2 percent, the highest number in a decade. However, it should also be emphasized that Lithuanians trust the national government (18.6 percent) and parliament (8.3 percent) even less.53 Decline of trust in municipalities could be a part of more general trend of falling trust in political institutions, in the context of political scandals. The comparably high level of trust in municipalities in 2015–and its subsequent decrease in 2016–suggest that positive public opinion of local government may only be a short-term effect of the introduction of direct mayoral elections.
With only 60 municipalities, Lithuania remains highly centralized. The average number of people living in a given municipality is around 48,000; this indicator is one of the highest in the EU. In this regard, Lithuania is very different from another Baltic state, Estonia, which has an overly decentralized system. In 2015, Estonian institutions drew recommendations on the merger of municipalities, and were advised and that the minimum number of people living in a municipality should be 5,000.54
A limited range of functions are delegated to municipalities. There are no wider discussions by the political elite or at the level of national government about local government reform. Local governments are financially dependent on the central government, with the portion of national income tax revenue allocated to local governments slowly increasing each year: 72.8 percent in 2015, 75.49 percent in 2016 and 78.14 planned for 2017.55
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2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
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1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
1.75 |
The efficiency and effectiveness of Lithuania’s judicial system remained questionable in the previous decade. The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report ranks Lithuania’s judicial independence only 68th among 140 countries.56 However, several significant trends could improve the Lithuania’s position in the future.
Trust in the police has been steadily improving in the last decade, from 48 percent in 2005 to 71 percent in 2015–the highest level of trust of trust since 2004, when this indicator was first measured. Crime has decreased in recent years: 55,184 criminal activities were registered in 2016, a significant decrease if compared to 83,003 in 2014 and 69,355 in 2015.57
In recent years, public perceptions of the judiciary consider it to be insular and opaque. Public opinion research companies reported that in 2015, for the first time in two decades, the number of people trusting the courts (25.5 percent) was higher than the number of those who tended not to trust them (25.1 percent).58 Even though the difference is not statistically significant, this modest trend was sustained in 2016, with 27.7 percent trusting and 25.2 percent not trusting the courts. These numbers could signify a trend of improvement since only 18-21 percent of respondents trusted the courts in 2013. The ratio of public trust (28.5 percent) to distrust (20.3 percent) remained positive in the case of Prosecutor General.59
There have been some positive steps towards the improvement of Lithuanian prison conditions, which are considered overcrowded and relatively poor in comparison to international standards. There has been a constant decrease of prisoners since 2012. The latest report reveal that 6,815 persons were incarcerated at the end of 2016, which is a significant decrease from 7,355 in 2014, and 8,636 in 2014. In 2015, number of prisoners equaled to 78 percent of Lithuania’s prison capacity: a positive trend when compared to 92 percent in 2014.60
The involvement of Special Investigation Service (SIS) in politics–specifically in the pre-electoral period–raises questions about the complete independence of this institution from political influence. Some observers note that part of investigations launched against politicians in the past by SIS were later discontinued. It is yet to see how the investigations of 2016 (see Corruption and Independent Media) will end.
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2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
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4.00 |
3.75 |
3.75 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
3.50 |
Although Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index showed an improvement in Lithuania’s score from 58 points in 2014 to 61 in 2015,61 in 2016 Lithuania’s score decreased to 59.62 This decline is not surprising, as2016 was plagued by scandals of alleged political corruption. These scandals affected high-ranking politicians from four (LSDP, LMRL, OJP, and LP) out of six parties with a parliamentary grouping in the Seimas. According to a Transparency International Lithuanian Chapter (TILC) survey of representatives from 11 out of 14 parties that participated in the 2016 parliamentary elections, the most corrupt institutions in Lithuania are municipalities, political parties, and land survey institutions.63
On 12 May, the Special Investigation Service (SIS)–a statutory institution with the main functions of detecting and investigating corruption and implementing corruption prevention measures–launched a pretrial investigation of Eligijus Masiulis, the former leader of LMRL. Masiulis was investigated under the charge of receiving a bribe from Remigijus Kurlianskis, chairman of the management board at MG Baltic Media.64 It was disclosed to media that the SIS were investigating Masiulis and Kurlianskis since the August 2015, and recorded how Masiulus received a €106,000 ($112,600) in cash from Kurlianskis on 10 May 2016 in a parking lot close to the Lithuanian parliament.65 MG Baltic Media controls five national TV channels and the web portal Alfa.lt. Masiulis immediately resigned from the leadership of LMRL after the scandal. In September, Masiulis announced that he took money for himself, as a personal loan. The investigation is ongoing and it is currently unknown whether Masiulis acted on his own accord or if other party officials had knowledge of the alleged bribery.66
Following 10 years of investigations and trials, the Court of Appeal of Lithuania reached a final verdict in a case concerning LP’s fraudulent bookkeeping. Three party officials were fined, including former leader and party founder Viktoras Uspaskichas. The appellate decision overturned an earlier judgement from the Vilnius district court in 2013, which sentenced Uspaskichas to four years. The Court of Appeal of Lithuania reasoned that LP officials mismanaged the party finances, but that there was no direct intent for the fraud.67 On 30 May it was reported that Vytautas Gapšys–an LP leader and one of the three LP officials fined in the trial of fraudulent book-keeping–could have received a bribe from MG Baltic Media.68
On December 30, 2015, SIS officials announced that OJP as organization was suspected of trading in influence and money laundering.69 In February 2016 the party’s leader, Rolandas Paksas, was questioned by SIS as a witness. It was later disclosed that he may have received a €15,000($15,900) bribe from Gedvydas Vainauskas, the editor-in-chief of Lithuania’s largest daily, Lietuvos Rytas, in order to influence the relevant departments of the Environment Ministry for permission to build a shopping mall.70
Political scandals continued to plague LSDP, the largest party in the governing coalition. The long-standing mayor of Druskininkai and influential (now former) member of LSDP, Ričardas Malinauskas, remained entangled in non-transparent schemes.71 Transcripts of conversations between him and Environment Minister Kęstutis Trečiokas were made public: they revealed that Malinauskas asked Trečiokas to issue a decree that would overturn a court decision preventing construction of the so-called Vijūnėlė Manor in Druskininkai.72 However, the SIS investigation was terminated following a declaration of insufficient evidence.73 Trečiokas stayed in his post, but the publicly discredited Malinauskas left LSDP and started his own regional political movement.
Author: Mažvydas Jastramskis
Mažvydas Jastramskis is associate professor of political science at the Institute of International Relations and Political Science at Vilnius University in Vilnius, Lithuania.
1 Eglė Samoškaitė, “Seimo rinkimai praūžė: kas valdys Lietuvą” [Seimas elections are over: who will govern the Lithuania], delfi.lt, 24 October 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/seimo-rinkimai-prauze-kas-valdys-lietuva.d?id=72647254
2 BNS, “R. Karbauskis: geriausia koalicija – konservatoriai, socialdemokratai ir „valstiečiai” [R. Karbauskis: best coalition - the Conservatives, Social Democrats and the “peasants”], delfi.lt, 20 October 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/r-karbauskis-geriausia-koalicija-konservatoriai-socialdemokratai-ir-valstieciai.d?id=72620760
3 Gytis Pankūnas, “Koalicijos lipdymas: „valstiečiai” siūlo plačią koaliciją, Landsbergis pateikė reikalavimus” [Coalition molding: “peasants” offer a broad coalition, Landsbergis presents the requirements], alfa.lt, 25 October 2016, http://www.alfa.lt/straipsnis/50095880/koalicijos-lipdymas-valstieciai-siulo-placia-koalicija-landsbergis-pateike-reikalavimus
4 Liepa Želnienė, “Saulius Skvernelis paskelbė ministrų sąrašą, kuriame – nemažai staigmenų” [Saulius Skvernelis announced a list of ministers with a number of surprises], 15min.lt, 24 November 2016, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/saulius-skvernelis-paskelbe-ministru-sarasa-kuriame-nemazai-staigmenu-56-716728
5 Birutė Davidonytė, “D. Grybauskaitė patvirtino naujus ministrus: 17-os Vyriausybės formavimas baigtas” [Grybauskaite confirmed the new ministers: formation of the 17th government is complete], delfi.lt, 29 November 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/d-grybauskaite-patvirtino-naujus-ministrus-17-os-vyriausybes-formavimas-baigtas.d?id=73013030
6 Ainė Ramonaitė (ed.) “Kaip renkasi Lietuvos rinkėja? Idėjos, interesai ir įvaizdžiai politikoje” [How are
Lithuanian voters making the choice? Ideas, Interests and Images in Politics], Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla,
2014
7 Vytenis Radžiūnas, “Kodėl reitinguose Valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga iš autsaiderių šovė į lyderius?” [Why did Peasant and Greens Union jumped from outsiders to leaders in the ratings?], 15min.lt, 28 April 2016,
8 Eglė Samoškaitė, “R. Karbauskis prabilo apie dugną ir didžiausią politinę klaidą” [R. Karbauskis spoke of his bottom and the greatest political error], delfi.lt, 8 June 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/r-karbauskis-prabilo-apie-dugna-ir-didziausia-politine-klaida.d?id=71473964
9 “Tycoon's model village woos Lithuanian voters”, AFP, 27 October 2016, http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2041234
10 LPGU manifesto Sustainable Lithuania, accessed 25 October 2016, http://darnilietuva.lt/#1468571573106-a657ddbf-399c
11 Vilnius University, Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Voting advice application „Mano balsas” [My voice], accessed 26 October 2016, www.manobalsas.lt.
12 See Nations in Transit 2013 https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2013/lithuania
13 “Per šiuos rinkimus policija pradėjo du ikiteisminius tyrimus” [Police launched two pre-trial investigation During these elections], diena.lt, 9 October 2016, http://www.diena.lt/naujienos/lietuva/politika/del-rinkimu-pazeidimu-pradeti-du-ikiteisminiai-tyrimai-775346
14 All the election data used in this report is taken from the official webpage of Central Electoral Commission, www.vrk.lt
15 Apie iniciatyvą [About the initiative], http://www.zinaukarenku.lt/apie/iniciatyva.
16 Augustė Saladytė, “Jaunimas balsuoti atėjo – dabar politikų eilė” [Young people came to vote – now is the time for politicians], 15min.lt, 19 October 2016, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/jaunimas-balsuoti-atejo-dabar-politiku-eile-56-699515
17 Liucija Zubrutė, “Vienmandatėse daugiausia kovos konservatoriai, valstiečiai-žalieji ir socialdemokratai”, vz.lt, 10 October 2016, http://vz.lt/verslo-aplinka/seimo-rinkimai/2016/10/10/vienmandatese-daugiausia-kovos-valstieciai-zalieji-konservatoriai-ir-socialdemokratai
18 BNS, “Policija: balsų pirkimas vyko visos „Tvarkos ir teisingumo”partijos naudai” [Police: vote buying was held in favor of whole Order and Justice Party] , delfi.lt, 13 October 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/projektai/balsuok2016/naujienos/policija-balsu-pirkimas-vyko-visos-tvarkos-ir-teisingumo-partijos-naudai.d?id=72553128.
19 BNS, “Zenonas Vaigauskas: gali būti kvestionuojami „Tvarkos ir teisingumo” rinkimų rezultatai” [Zenonas Vaigauskas: whole election results of Party Order and Justice could be questioned], tv3.lt, 13 October 2016, http://www.tv3.lt/naujiena/886782/zenonas-vaigauskas-gali-buti-kvestionuojami-tvarkos-ir-teisingumo-rinkimu-rezultatai?t=1
20 Šarūnas Černiauskas, “VRK nutarė: Kęstas Komskis pašalintas iš naujojo Seimo” [CEC decided: Kęstas Komskis is to be removed from new Seimas], 15min.lt, 30 October 2016, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/vrk-nutare-kestas-komskis-pasalintas-is-naujojo-seimo-56-704501
21 Stasys Gudavičius, “Seimo rinkimų rezultatai patvirtinti: 68 apygardose įvyks antras turas” [Seimas election results are confirmed: 68 one-seat districts will have a second round], vz.lt, 16 October 2016, http://vz.lt/verslo-aplinka/seimo-rinkimai/2016/10/16/seimo-rinkimu-rezultatai-patvirtinti-68-apygardose-ivyks-antras-turas
22 Martynas Žilionis, “Iš VRK galėjo nutekėti kai kurių rinkėjų asmeniniai duomenys” [CEC could have leaked some personal data of voters], delfi.lt 9 October 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/is-vrk-galejo-nuteketi-kai-kuriu-rinkeju-asmeniniai-duomenys.d?id=72508496
23 Šarūnas Černiauskas, “Naujas skandalas VRK: į „Rinkėjo puslapį” įsilaužti galėjo ir mokyklinukas” [New scandal in the CEC: the “Voter’s page” could have been broken in by a schoolboy], 15min.lt, 15 October 2016, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/naujas-skandalas-vrk-i-rinkejo-puslapi-isilauzti-galejo-ir-mokyklinukas-56-695949
24 Elta, “NPD partijai nepavyko įsisteigti” [NPD party did not manage to found itself], delfi.lt, 2 March 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/npd-partijai-nepavyko-isisteigti.d?id=70569762
25 “Lietuva „apsivalo” nuo neaktyvių politinių partijų, skelbiama kiek jų sumažės” [Lithuania is “being purified” from the inactive political parties: the number of decrease is announced], tv3.lt, 16 October 2016, http://www.tv3.lt/naujiena/887074/lietuva-apsivalo-nuo-neaktyviu-politiniu-partiju-skelbiama-kiek-ju-sumazes
26 BNS, “Mokytojų streikas: svarbiausi faktai” [Teachers’ strike: key facts], 15min.lt, 4 March, 2016, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/svietimas/mokytoju-streikas-svarbiausi-faktai-233-591297
27 Edgaras Savickas, Erika Fuks, “Profsąjungų mitingas: naująjį Darbo kodeksą prilygina vergovės įteisinimui” [The trade union rally: new Labor Code equates to slavery validation], Delfi.lt, 10 September, 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/profsajungu-mitingas-naujaji-darbo-kodeksa-prilygina-vergoves-iteisinimui.d?id=68961148; BNS, “Prie Vyriausybės surengtas protestas prieš naująjį Darbo kodeksą” [Protest was held near the Government against the new Labor Code] , Lrytas.lt, 23 June, 2016,
http://lietuvosdiena.lrytas.lt/aktualijos/prie-vyriausybes-surengtas-protestas-pries-naujaji-darbo-kodeksa.htm.
28 BNS, “Prie Prezidentūros piketavo Pagalbinio apvaisinimo įstatymo priešininkai” [Opponents of Law on Assisted Reproduction protested near the Presidential Palace], Lzinios.lt, 1 July, 2016,
http://lzinios.lt/lzinios/Lietuva/prie-prezidenturos-piketavo-pagalbinio-apvaisinimo-istatymo-priesininkai/225591
29 Delfi.lt, „Moterys kalba” smurtą patyrusias moteris pavertė superherojėmis [“Women speak” turned women survivors of violence into superheroes], Delfi.lt, 11 April, 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/veidai/ivairenybes/moterys-kalba-smurta-patyrusias-moteris-paverte-superherojemis.d?id=70951290.
30 Civil Society Institute, “Lietuvos visuomenės pilietinės galios indekso tyrimas 2015 m.” [Civil power index study
of Lithuanian society in 2015], Vilnius: Civil Society Institute, 2016, http://www.civitas.lt/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/PGI_2014_visi.pd http://www.civitas.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PGI_2015-2.pdf
31 “Į Lietuvą perkelti dar aštuoni pabėgėliai” [Eight more refugees relocated to Lithuania] , http://refugees.lt/2016/06/21/lietuva-perkelti-dar-astuoni-pabegeliai/
32 Civil Society Institute, “Kiek Lietuva nusiteikusi padėti
pabėgėliams?” [How is Lithuania determined to help refugees?], Vilnius: Civil Society Institute, 2016, http://www.civitas.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Kiek.Lt_.nusiteike.padeti-pabegeliams_santrauka.pdf
33 “Vilniuje – seksualinių mažumų eitynės, sulaikyti šeši asmenys” [In Vilnius - the march of sexual minorities, six persons arrested six persons], delfi.lt, 18 June 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/vilniuje-seksualiniu-mazumu-eitynes-sulaikyti-sesi-asmenys.d?id=71593360
34 Vilnius University, Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Voting advice application „Mano balsas” [My voice], accessed 26 October 2016, www.manobalsas.lt.
35 Press Service of the President, “Ekspertai perspėja dėl grėsmių žodžio laisvei” [Experts warns of threats to freedom of expression], lrp.lt, 19 December, 2016,
https://www.lrp.lt/lt/spaudos-centras/pranesimai-spaudai/ekspertai-perspeja-del-gresmiu-zodzio-laisvei/26789
36 BNS, “Seimas atsižvelgė į prezidentės veto: Civilinio kodekso pataisų atsisakyta” [Seimas respected the president’s veto: amendments to the Civil Code were discarded], lrytas.lt, 20 December, 2016,
http://lietuvosdiena.lrytas.lt/aktualijos/seimas-atsizvelge-i-prezidentes-veto-civilinio-kodekso-pataisu-atsisakyta.htm
37 Pancerovas, D., Černiauskas, Š., Želnienė, L., „Lithuania: Former President Questioned in Corruption Case” [ Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project] 1 March 2016, https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/4991-lithuania-former-president-questioned-in-corruption-case.
38 MG Baltic, Structure, http://www.mgbaltic.lt/en/about-us/structure/.
39 BNS, “Teismas leido 20 dienų suimti „MG Baltic” viceprezidentą R. Kurlianskį” [Court has allowed the arrest of vice-president of “MG Baltic” R. Kurlianskis for 20 days], Delfi.lt, 13 May, 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/teismas-leido-20-dienu-suimti-mg-baltic-viceprezidenta-r-kurlianski.d?id=71266656&utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss.
40 “Kyšininkavimo skandalas plečiasi: STT kratė darbiečių lyderį” [Scandal of bribing expands: STT shake leader of Labor party], TV3, 30 May 2016, http://www.tv3.lt/naujiena/872402/kysininkavimo-skandalas-pleciasi-stt-krate-darbieciu-lyderi
41 BNS, „ Po EK sprendimo atšaukiamos sankcijos rusiškoms televizijoms” [Sanctions on Russian TV channels revoked after EC decision], Delfi.lt, 29 June, 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/verslas/medija/po-ek-sprendimo-atsaukiamos-sankcijos-rusiskoms-televizijoms.d?id=71687130; LRTK, Lithuanian cases on prevention of illegal information, 23 September, 2016, http://www.rtk.lt/content/uploads/2016/09/23_09_2016-Lithuanian-cases-of-preventional-of-ilegal-information-LTU.pdf
42 BNS, „LRTK siūlo blokuoti portalus, kurie be registracijos transliuoja televizijos programas” [RTCL proposes to block websites, that broadcast TV programmes without registration], Lrt.lt, 21 September, 2016, http://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/149010
43 “Lietuvos Respublikos visuomenės informavimo įstatymo nr. i-1418 2, 31, 33, 341, 47, 48 straipsnių pakeitimo ir papildymo įstatymas” [Draft Law on the Changes and Additions of the 2, 31, 33, 341, 47, 48 articles of Republic of Lithuania Law on the Provision of Information to the Public], Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, XIIP-4754, 28 September 2016, https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAP/5234da60856711e6a0f68fd135e6f40c?positionInSearchResults=13&searchModelUUID=f5fa2c97-3106-4ede-845b-895770cf4b1e
44 BNS, A.Butkevičius: draudimai politikams dalyvauti televizijos laidose pažeidžia ir žurnalistų teises [A.Butkevičius: bans for politicians to participate in TV shows violate rights of journalists], 15min.lt, 15 September, 2016, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/a-butkevicius-draudimai-politikams-dalyvauti-televizijos-laidose-pazeidzia-ir-zurnalistu-teises-56-683483
45 BNS, „Politologė: problema dėl politinės reklamos užkoduota pačiame įstatyme, perlenkus su reguliavimu” [Political scientist: problem of political advertising coded in law, in case of excessive regulation], Delfi.lt, 22 July, 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/politologe-problema-del-politines-reklamos-uzkoduota-paciame-istatyme-perlenkus-su-reguliavimu.d?id=71871252
46 TNS, „Metinė žiniasklaidos tyrimų apžvalga” [Annual Media Research Overview], http://www.tns.lt/lt/top/paslaugos/ziniasklaidos-auditoriju-tyrimai/metine-ziniasklaidos-tyrimu-apzvalga. In 2016, revenues of television, radio, periodical press and internet media companies were 96 million euros combined, 34.2 percent lower than in 2008.
47 Republic of Lithuania Law on the Provision of Information to the Public (valid consolidated edition since 7 January, 2016). Register of Legal Acts, https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.065AB8483E1E/XhVVkCWwuc
48 TNS. Žiniasklaidos tyrimų apžvalga 2015 [ Annual Review of Media Surveys 2015], http://www.tns.lt/file/repository/TNS%20LT%20Metin%C4%97%20%C5%BEiniasklaidos%20tyrim%C5%B3%20ap%C5%BEvalga%202015%20m.pdf
49 MG Baltic, Structure, http://www.mgbaltic.lt/en/about-us/structure/
50 Stirna.info. UAB „Lietuvos rytas”, http://stirna.info/owners/uab-lietuvos-rytas/2015.
51 BNS, “Teismas: Raseinių meras nesulaužė priesaikos” [Court: Raseiniai mayor did not break the oath], delfi.lt, 7 July 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/teismas-raseiniu-meras-nesulauze-priesaikos.d?id=71751442
52 Lauryna Vireliūnaitė, “Tyrimas atskleidė, kaip „darbietė” Živilė Pinskuvienė užvaldė Širvintas” [A study revealed how “Laborist” Živile Pinskuvienė captured Širvintos], 15min.lt, 23 February 2016,
53 UAB Vilmorus, “Pasitikite, ar nepasitikite šiomis Lietuvos institucijomis” [How many trust or do not trust the
Lithuania authorities], UAB Vilmorus, accessed 25 October 2016, http://www.vilmorus.lt/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=2&cntnt01returnid=20
54 See Nations in Transit 2016 https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2016/estonia
55 Lietuvos Respublikos 2017 metų valstybės biudžeto ir savivaldybių biudžetų finansinių rodiklių
patvirtinimo įstatymo projektas” [Draft Law on 2017 State Budget and Municipal Budgets‘ Financial Indicators], Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, XIIP-4790, 17 October 2016, https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAP/18de7160942911e68adcda1bb2f432d1?positionInSearchResults=0&searchModelUUID=06536df9-8a40-4e84-bfcf-37c6a0cd0a2b; See Nations in Transit 2016 https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2016/estonia
56 Klaus Schwab and Xavier Sala-i-Martín, “The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016. Full Data Edition”(Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2014), p.239, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/gcr/2015-
2016/Global_Competitiveness_Report_2015-2016.pdf
57 Police Department under the Ministry of Interior, “2015 m. policijos veiklos apžvalga” [Overview of police activities in 2015], Vilnius 2016, http://www.policija.lt/index.php?id=2875
58 „Pasitikėjimas teismais - teigiamas pirmą kartą per du dešimtmečius” [Trust in the courts is positive for the first time in two decades], delfi.lt, 22 April 2015, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/law/pasitikejimas-teismais-teigiamas-pirma-karta-per-du-desimtmecius.d?id=67806586
59 UAB Vilmorus, “Pasitikite, ar nepasitikite šiomis Lietuvos institucijomis” [How many trust or do not trust the
Lithuania authorities], UAB Vilmorus, accessed 25 October 2016, http://www.vilmorus.lt/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=2&cntnt01returnid=20
60 Prison department, „Kalėjimų departamento ir jam pavaldžių įstaigų 2015 m. veiklos ataskaita” [Report of prisons department and it‘s subordinate bodies‘ activities in 2015”], February 2016, http://www.kaldep.lt/lt/kalejimu-departamentas/administracine_informacija/ataskaitos/metines.html
61 “Corruption Perceptions Index 2015,” Transparency International, https://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#resultstable
62 “Corruption Perceptions Index 2016,” Transparency International, https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016
63 Transparency Lithuania, “Anot partijų atstovų, labiausiai korumpuotos – žemėtvarka, politinės partijos ir savivaldybės” [According to representatives of the parties, the most corrupt are landsurvey institutions, political parties and municipalities], http://www.transparency.lt/anot-partiju-atstovu-labiausiai-korumpuotos-zemetvarka-politines-partijos-ir-savivaldybes/
64 BNS, “STT smūgis: kratomas Liberalų sąjūdis ir „MG Baltic”“ [SIS blow: Liberal Movement and the MG Baltic are searched], delfi.lt, 12 May 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/stt-smugis-kratomas-liberalu-sajudis-ir-mg-baltic.d?id=71249808
65 Dainius Sinkevičius, “STT E. Masiulį ir R. Kurlianskį sekė net 7 mėnesius: pinigus perdavė prie Seimo” [STT Masiulis and R. Kurlianskas followed by 7 months of the money transferred to the Seimas], delfi.lt, 26 May 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/stt-e-masiuli-ir-r-kurlianski-seke-net-7-menesius-pinigus-perdave-prie-seimo.d?id=71381238
66 “Eligijus Masiulis tęsia pasakas: per kratą bandė STT agentams įduoti skolos raštelį, bet šie esą neėmė” [Masiulis continues his tales: during the search he tried to give the SIS agents a note of debt, but they did not take it], 15min.lt, 7 September 2016, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/eligijus-masiulis-tesia-pasakas-per-krata-bande-stt-agentams-iduoti-skolos-rasteli-bet-sie-esa-neeme-56-679587
67 Dainius Sinkevičius, “Nuosprendis Darbo partijos byloje: V. Uspaskichas į kalėjimą nesės” [Juudgment in the Labor Party case: Uspaskichas will not go to prison], delfi.lt, 1 February 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/nuosprendis-darbo-partijos-byloje-v-uspaskichas-i-kalejima-neses.d?id=70276966
68 Kyšininkavimo skandalas plečiasi: STT kratė darbiečių lyderį [Scandal of bribing expands: STT shake leader of Labor party], TV3, 30 May 2016, http://www.tv3.lt/naujiena/872402/kysininkavimo-skandalas-pleciasi-stt-krate-darbieciu-lyderi
69 “Naujametė dovana: STT pareiškė įtarimus partijai „Tvarka ir teisingumas” [New Year's gift: SIS announced allegations for the Order and Justice Party], 15min.lt, 30 December 2015, http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/nusikaltimaiirnelaimes/naujamete-dovana-stt-pareiske-itarimus-partijai-tvarka-ir-teisingumas-59-561449
70 Tomas Janeliūnas, “Pirk dramblį” [Buy an elephant], iq.lt, 5 May 2016, http://iq.lt/lietuva/pirk-drambli?psl=0
71 See Nations in Transit 2016 https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2016/lithuania
72 Liepa Želnienė, “Pokalbių dėl Vijūnėlės išklotinės: Kęstutis Trečiokas norėjo „revizijos” Druskininkuose, nes darbe užknisa protą” [Transcripts of conversations regarding Vijūnėlė: Kęstutis Trečiokas wanted “revision” in Druskininkai, because it sucks at work], 15min.lt, 1 March 2016,http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/pokalbiu-del-vijuneles-isklotines-kestutis-treciokas-norejo-revizijos-druskininkuose-nes-darbe-uzknisa-prota-56-589787
73 Paulius Garkauskas, “Prokurorai sieks, kad Vijūnėlės dvaras būtų nugriautas” [Prosecutors will seek Vijunele manor to be demolished], delfi.lt, 1 March 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/prokurorai-sieks-kad-vijuneles-dvaras-butu-nugriautas.d?id=70559732
74 BNS, “Prokuratūra tirs, kodėl kariuomenės virtuvės indai tokie brangūs” [The prosecutor's office will investigate why the army kitchen utensils are so expensive], delfi.lt, 30 August 2016, http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/prokuratura-tirs-kodel-kariuomenes-virtuves-indai-tokie-brangus.d?id=72171246
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