What happened to Phalange force members who refused to join the Lebanese Forces after Amin Gemayel's term as president finished; what happens now to suspected Hobeika supporters; September 1988 to now. [LBN2267]


No information regarding the fate of Phalangist Party members subsequent to the expiration of Amin Gemayel's term as President is currently available to the IRBDC.

The Phalangist Party - also known as Al-Kata'ib or the Lebanese Kata'ib Social Democratic Party - was established by Pierre Gemayel in 1936. Although it advocates a nationalist line, Al-Kata'ib failed to establish itself as a non-sectarian party, and remains a predominantly Maronite Christian party. [George Delury, World Encyclopedia of Political systems and Parties, Second Edition, (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1987), p. 669.] It is described as a nationalist, reformist, democratic social party, which had about 100,000 members in 1986. [ Europa Year Book, 1988, (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1988), p. 1680.] Under Bashir Gemayel, the party won the Presidential elections in 1982 (his brother Amin Gemayel succeeded him). Following the dissolution of the national assembly in late 1988, the main militias have had effective control of different regions of the country.

The Lebanese Forces (LF) is the armed wing of the Phalangist Party in Lebanon. It was formed during the 1970s, and under the leadership of Bashir Gemayel, played a major part in the 1975-76 civil war. [ Henry Degenhardt, ed, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements, (Essex: Longman, 1988), p. 211.] Following the assassination of Bashir Gemayel in September 1982, three men competed for control of the Lebanese Forces (Phalangist Militia): Fouad Abou Nader, Samir Geagea, and Elie Hobeika. Geagea and Hobeika have vied for control of the Lebanese Forces since March 1985, when Geagea (anti-Syrian) took control of the LF from Fouad Abou Nader, a pro-Syrian leader of the Phalangist militia. [ Henry Degenhardt, ed, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements, (Essex: Longman, 1988), p. 212.] In May 1985, Elie Hobeika was placed in charge of the unit. On 28 December 1985, Hobeika signed a peace accord with the Syrian government, the Druze militia (PSP), and Amal (pro-Syrian Shi'a militia). The agreement included provisions for the disbandment of Lebanese militia forces and for the initiation of political reforms which would end Christian domination of Lebanese institutions (parliament, army, etc.). [ Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume XXXII, January 1986, p. 34132.]

Geagea reassumed command of the LF on 15 January 1986, after his anti-Syrian faction, which did not support the December accord, defeated the pro-Syrian faction led by Hobeika. Conflict between Hobeika and Geagea continued throughout 1987. In September 1987 a bomb went off near Hobeika's headquarters in Zahle. [ Keesing's, Volume XXXIV, January 1988, p. 35672.] Forces under the command of Geagea reportedly detained scores of people in 1987, many of whom were suspected of being Hobeika supporters. [ Amnesty International Report 1988, p. 246.] More recent information on the fate of Hobeika supporters is not currently available to the IRBDC. According to news reports, Geagea was still in charge of the Lebanese Forces in 1989. [ For example, see the article from Keesing's Record of World Events, February 1989.]
Please find attachments which corroborate that the Lebanese Forces is the armed wing of the Phalangist Party:
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Henry Degenhardt, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements, London: Longman Group UK Ltd., 1988.
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U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1988, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1989.
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The Middle East and North Africa 1989, London: Europa Publications Limited, 1989.
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George E. Delury, World Encyclopedia of Political Systems & Parties, New York: Facts on File Publications, 1987.
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Keesing's Record of World Events, February 1989, p. 36476.

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