BACKGROUND INFORMATION
“Originally the small, youth militia arm of a relatively moderate Islamist organization that rose to power in Somalia in early 2006, al Shabaab was radicalized and brought to prominence as a popular Islamist guerilla movement by Ethiopia’s invasion in December of that year. However, since early 2008 al Shabaab has undergone yet another transformation, this time from a largely nationalist organization focused on driving out Ethiopia through conventional military means to a hybrid movement that has increasingly embraced transnational terrorism and attempted to portray itself as part of the al Qaeda-led global war against the West.” (
CSIS, 15 July 2011, p. 1)
“Im März 2007 kamen die ersten Schutztruppen der Friedensmission der Afrikanischen Union (AMISOM) zur Unterstützung der Übergangsregierung ins Land. 2009 zogen sich die äthiopischen Truppen aus Somalia zurück. Der gemäßigte Islamist Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed wurde neuer Präsident der Übergangsregierung, die von der extremistischen al-Shabaab-Miliz bekämpft wurde. Al-Shabaab war zwar als Jugendorganisation der 'Union islamischer Gerichte' tätig, wurde aber nach deren Zerschlagung durch die äthiopischen Truppen eine eigenständige Organisation. Bis Ende 2010 übernahm al-Shabaab in weiten Teilen Süd- und Zentralsomalias wieder die Kontrolle. Die Übergangsregierung wurde unter dem Schutz der AMISOM-Mission auf Teile Mogadischus zurückgedrängt.
Ab Februar 2011 intensivierten die Truppen der Übergangsregierung und AMISOM-Truppen den Kampf gegen die al-Shabaab-Miliz, die sich im August 2011 aus Mogadischu zurückziehen mussten und im Sommer auch in anderen Teilen des Landes unter Druck gerieten. Nach mehreren Überfällen und Entführungen von ausländischen Staatsbürgern aus Kenia durch somalische Milizen marschierten im Oktober 2011 kenianische Truppen im Süden Somalias ein.“ (
AI, December 2011)
“In December, Kenya decided that its troops in Somalia would join AMISOM. On 31 December, pro-TFG and Ethiopian forces captured the border town of Beletweyne.” (
AI, 24 May 2012)
“Al-Shabaab committed serious abuses such as targeted killings, beheadings, and executions, and forcibly recruited adults and children in areas under its control. On July 22, 2012, in the coastal town of Merka, al-Shabaab publicly executed three men it accused of being Western spies. Al-Shabaab continued to apply an extreme form of Islamic law in areas under its control, restricting the movement of people in need of humanitarian assistance or seeking to flee fighting in Kismayo. […] Al-Shabaab has targeted children for recruitment, forced marriage, and rape, and has attacked teachers and schools. […] Al-Shabaab maintains restrictions on humanitarian assistance and prohibits more than 16 humanitarian organizations, including the UN’s Children Fund (UNICEF) and Action Contre la Faim (ACF), from working in areas under its control.” (
HRW, 31 January 2013)
“The security situation remained unpredictable in Mogadishu. While the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and the Somali National Security Forces maintained their hold on the city, Al-Shabaab attacks occurred frequently, including targeted killings and hand grenade attacks, with an increase in outlying districts. While there were fewer incidents of the use of improvised explosive devices, periodic suicide attacks, such as those carried out on 12 September against the Jazeera Hotel while President Mohamud was present, and at the Village Restaurant on 20 September, demonstrated the group’s persistent infiltration of the city. Increasing abuses by undisciplined elements within the Somali Government forces against civilians and each other reflected the lack of a centralized command. This indirect threat left a United Nations employee wounded by a stray bullet from a likely intra-militia clash in October. […]
Guerrilla and terrorist tactics were frequently used in the recovered areas, including weekly in Baidoa (Bay) and Kismaayo and almost daily in the Afgooye and Merka areas. Al-Shabaab killed a United Nations employee on 27 August in Marka and issued threats against and harassed other aid workers in southern Somalia. […]
Local antipathy to Al-Shabaab meant that Shabelle Dhexe suffered relatively few attacks. Attacks also decreased in Beledweyne (Hiraan), though they still occurred weekly, and there were continued reports of harassment of civilians and aid agencies in southern Hiraan. […]
Al-Shabaab became more active in Puntland from late November onwards, undertaking several attacks. Killings and arrests of suspects, discoveries of ordnance and continued reports of troop movements demonstrated the insurgents’ enduring presence in the region and neighbouring Galmudug. […]
Much of the country remains under the influence of Al-Shabaab; areas recovered from the insurgency are especially volatile. There is little accountability for human rights violations. The humanitarian situation remains dire.” (
UNSC, 31 January 2013)
“Al-Shabab lost control of a number of key towns, including Baidoa, Afgoye, Merka and Kismayo, but remained in control of large parts of the countryside.” (
AI, 23 May 2013)
“Al-Shabaab continued to commit frequent killings during the year. This included politically motivated killings that targeted those affiliated with the TFG; attacks on humanitarians, NGO employees, and foreign peacekeepers; killings of prominent peace activists, community leaders, clan elders, and their family members for their roles in peace building; and beheadings of persons it accused of spying for and collaborating with Somali national forces and affiliated militia. […] Suicide bombers suspected to be linked to al-Shabaab but with no clear affiliation carried out suicide attacks.” (
USDOS, 19 April 2013, Section 1a)
“Once strong and united, Somalia’s al-Shabaab militant group is on the brink of self-destruction following a multi-year power struggle and the development of internal divisions within its leadership. At present, the group’s amir, Ahmad Abdi Godane (a.k.a. Shaykh Mukhtar Abu Zubayr), is attempting to consolidate his position though a bloody campaign involving the elimination of his rivals within the movement.” (
Jamestown Foundation, 9 August 2013)
OVERVIEW
“Al-Shabab factions continued to torture and unlawfully kill people they accused of spying or not conforming to their own interpretation of Islamic law. They killed people in public, including by stoning, and carried out amputations and floggings. They also imposed restrictive behavioural codes on women and men. […] Al-Shabab continued to forcibly recruit children before and during military operations. Most were sent to the front line.” (
AI, 23 May 2013)
“There were widespread press reports throughout the year [2012] of al-Shabaab combatants engaging in forced marriages. In February al-Shabaab ordered parents in areas it controlled to compel their unmarried daughters to marry members of mujahidin forces. There were also reports of al-Shabaab stoning to death couples accused of adultery and sex outside of marriage. In October al-Shabaab stoned to death a woman in Jamame, Lower Juba, after an al-Shabaab court found her guilty of having sex outside of marriage.” (
USDOS, 19 April 2013, Section 1c)
“The eastern Somalia-Ethiopia border region is among the areas heavily infested with UXOs, which were planted during the 1977 border war. Cities that witnessed more recent clashes between government troops and the insurgent Al-Shabab militia group are similarly affected. […] ‘The laying of mines by Al-Shabab has been reported as a means to secure strategic locations. This is in addition to the detritus of war left after decades of civil conflict, and the minefields laid during the Ogaden and Somali National Movement conflicts.’ [notes the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) on its website.]” (
IRIN, 1 February 2013)
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
JANUARY 2013
“Islamist militants in Somalia have said a second French soldier was killed during a failed hostage rescue attempt.” (
BBC, 14 January 2013)
“The Somali Islamist group al-Shabab says it has killed French intelligence agent Denis Allex in retaliation for a failed French operation to free him.” (
BBC, 17 January 2013)
“African Union peacekeepers trying to dislodge Islamist rebels from Somalia's Lower Shabelle region shot dead at least seven civilians in a remote town, including five children who were studying the Koran, residents said on Thursday.” (
Reuters, 17 January 2013)
“Two security guards have been killed in a suicide attack near the offices of Somalia's president and prime minister. […] Information Minister Abdullahi Hersi said the bomber, a former member of the Islamist militant group al-Shabab, had been an employee of the intelligence services until recently.” (
BBC, 29 January 2013)
FEBRUARY 2013
“At least four people were killed Monday when a suicide bomber blew himself up in his car in an attack aimed at a senior police officer in Somalia's central Galkayo region, police said. […] The Shebab have claimed responsibility for most of the suicide attacks that have taken place in the past year.” (
AFP, 11 February 2013)
“Somali government troops and African Union forces seized the formerly Islamist-held town of Burhakaba on Wednesday, the latest loss for the Al-Qaeda linked Shebab fighters, commanders said.” (
AFP, 27 February 2013)
MARCH 2013
“Suicide bombers killed a civilian at a beach front restaurant in the Somali capital on Friday, officials said, underscoring how fragile security remains 18 months after African troops drove Islamist militants out of the city. […] There was no immediate claim of responsibility but the al Shabaab rebel group has vowed to carry out guerrilla-style attacks against the new government, which is supported by Western powers and regional states.” (
Reuters - AlertNet, 1 March 2013)
“At least ten people were killed Monday in a suicide car bomb in the Somali capital claimed by Islamist insurgents, in one of the bloodiest attacks in war-ravaged Mogadishu in recent months. […] Al-Qaeda-linked Shebab fighters boasted of the killings, saying they had targeted and wounded Mogadishu's intelligence chief Khalif Ereg.” (
AFP, 18 March 2013)
“Since the August 2011 withdrawal of Al-Shabab insurgents from the Somali capital, Mogadishu, security has improved, allowing for the gradual resumption of government functions. But sporadic suicide attacks, conflict-related population displacement and socio-economic problems persist, exemplifying some of the daunting challenges still ahead.” (
IRIN, 26 March 2013)
APRIL 2013
“African Union and Somali government forces have opened a key route after months of fighting, commanders said Tuesday, reaching the former Islamic stronghold of Baidoa by road for the first time. Troops from the 17,000-strong AU force have been battling for almost a year to open up the 240 kilometre (150 mile) stretch of road -- a former stronghold region of Somalia's Al-Qaeda linked Shebab -- running northwest from Mogadishu.” (
AFP, 2 April 2013)
“Meanwhile, there has been an explosion in Mogadishu at the main office of Dahabshiil, one of the largest money transfer companies in Africa. […] It was not clear who was behind the explosion but the firm had threatened to close down its branches in areas held by al-Shabab” (
BBC, 2 April 2013)
“The revival of Al Shabaab activity in Mogadishu and nearby regions is likely to continue. The British Foreign Office issued an advisory against travel to Somalia and in particular Mogadishu against a background of renewed reports of possible Al Shabaab threats in the capital. Risk management measures are already in place to address the existing terrorist threats and corresponding risk levels. A general advisory regarding kidnapping countrywide was also issued by NGOs. Necessary precautions are being taken.” (
UNHCR, 7 April 2013)
“The withdrawal of Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF) from Xudur, the regional capital of Bakool created a security vacuum in the districts. An estimated 2,500 individuals were displaced after the insurgent group Al-Shabaab quickly took control of the town.” (
UNHCR, 8 April 2013)
“The military capability of the Al-Shabaab insurgents in Somalia has been tremendously degraded although they continue to carry out terrorist attacks. That's what the top United Nations envoy in the country, Augustine Mahiga, told reporters in the Tanzanian city of Dar Es Salaam on Thursday.” (
UN Radio, 11 April 2013)
“The week’s activities were overshadowed by two terror incidents in Mogadishu (14 April), targeted at the Court house as well as a Turkish convoy moving between the Peace Hotel and Km4. Approximately 30 people were killed in the incidents as the Al Shabaab militants have reportedly vowed to continue similar attacks against the government, which they call a ‘Western Stooge’. […] In Bosasso, armed confrontation has been reported between Al-Shabaab militants in the Golis Mountains and Puntland Intelligence Agency (PIA) at Dhaadhabo area. Reports indicate that the intelligence agency was tipped off Al Shabaab movement in the area which prompted an offence from the PIA. Details of casualties are still unclear.” (
UNHCR, 14 April 2013)
“On 14 April Al Shabaab claimed responsibility for the complex attack including multiple VBIEDs, PBIEDs and a hostage situation targeted at the High Court Complex next to the Banadir Regional Administration’s office in HamarWeyne district. Dozens of fatalities and casualties are reported, including the decease of two lawyers from local NGO SWDC, a former partner of UNHCR.” (
UNHCR, 14 April 2013)
“Foreign fighters were involved in Sunday's bomb and gun attacks in Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon has said. At least 29 people died in the suicide bombings at the main courts and near the airport, he said. The al-Qaeda-linked al-Shabab group said it carried out the attacks.” (
BBC, 14 April 2013)
“A nine-man suicide commando blasted its way into Mogadishu's main court complex Sunday, some blowing up their explosives vests while others sprayed gunfire in a rampage that left 29 civilians dead, while a separate bomb attack killed five more. The Al-Qaeda-linked Shebab militant group claimed responsibility for the courthouse attack, from which Somalia's chief justice escaped unharmed.” (
AFP, 15 April 2013)
“The attacks claimed by the Islamist armed group al-Shabaab on the Mogadishu regional courthouse and on an aid workers’ convoy on April 14, 2013, were grave violations of the laws of war. At least four legal professionals were killed, including a judge and three lawyers.” (
HRW, 16 April 2013)
“Reporters Without Borders is shocked to learn that another journalist has been killed in the Somali capital, Mogadishu. It was Mohamed Ibrahim Rageh, who worked for Somali National Television and Radio Mogadishu, which are both state-owned. Two gunmen trailed him home and shot him yesterday evening. […] Rageh had recently returned to Somalia after several years in Kenya and Uganda. In 2009, he resigned as a Radio Shabelle host and member of the National Union of Somali Journalists (NUSOJ) in order to leave the country after receiving death threats from the Islamist militia Al-Shabaab.” (
RSF, 25 April 2013)
“Somalia's deputy chief prosecutor has been shot dead by three masked men in Mogadishu, officials say - shortly after the UK reopened its embassy in the city. […] The Islamist group al-Shabab, which is part of al-Qaeda, says it carried out this month's attack on the court house.” (
BBC, 26 April 2013)
MAY 2013
“Around 11 people were killed in Somalia's capital Sunday when a suicide attacker from the Al-Qaeda linked Shebab insurgents rammed a car laden with explosives into a convoy carrying officials from Qatar, police said.” (
AFP, 5 May 2013)
“A car bomb has exploded near a government convoy in the Somali capital Mogadishu, killing at least seven people, officials say. […] No group said immediately it had carried out Sunday's attack. The country's main Islamist group al-Shabab, which is part of al-Qaeda, has been forced out of the main cities in the south and centre but still controls smaller towns and many rural areas.” (
BBC, 5 May 2013)
“The militant group al-Shabab said on Twitter that an American unmanned aircraft had come down near a town under its control. A regional governor told Reuters that fighters had shot at the object.” (
BBC, 28 May 2013)
JUNE 2013
“The head of the Islamist militant group al-Shabab in Somalia's north-eastern region of Puntland has been captured, an official has told the BBC. Puntland's Security Minister, Khalif Isse, said Abdikafi Mohamed Ali was wounded in a raid at a militant safe house in the port city of Bossaso. A soldier was killed in the operation and the city is in lockdown as the hunt continues for other militants, he said.” (
BBC, 5 June 2013)
“Though Somali government officials heralded the group’s withdrawal from Mogadishu as the end of an era, the reality remains different. Al-Shabaab has evacuated its known military bases but continues to maintain a presence there. Control of the city is divided between two shifts in which government soldiers and al-Shabaab alternate as the dominant force according to the time of day.” (
Jamestown Foundation, 14 June 2013)
“At least seven people were killed when a bomb exploded in a tea shop popular with government troops in the Somali town of Wanlaweyn on Saturday, officials and residents said.” (
AlertNet, 15 June 2013)
“Somali officials say 15 people have been killed in an attack on a UN compound launched by militants from the Al-Shabaab Islamic group. […] The UN compound is located near Mogadishu's airport, which also serves as a base for an African peacekeeping force deployed in Somalia.” (
RFE/RL, 19 June 2013)
“Heavy fighting has taken place between rival factions of Somalia's militant Islamist group al-Shabab near the key coastal town of Brava, witnesses say.” (
BBC, 20 June 2013)
JULY 2013
“The surrender of Somalia's veteran militant Islamist, Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys, signals that his faction has lost the battle for control of the al-Shabab group to hardliners determined to step up their military campaign to establish an Islamic state in the East African country.” (
BBC, 4 July 2013)
“At least five people have been killed in a suicide attack targeting African Union peacekeepers in the Somali capital, Mogadishu, witnesses say. […] The al-Qaeda-linked group al-Shabab has said it carried out the attack.” (
BBC, 12 July 2013)
“Two Spanish aid workers kidnapped in Kenya nearly two years ago and held over the border in Somali have been freed, their employer has said. […] Kenya accused the al-Qaeda-aligned group al-Shabab of being behind their kidnapping and a spate of others in 2011, thus threatening the country's security.” (
BBC, 18 July 2013)
“A car bomb has exploded outside a building housing Turkish embassy staff in the Somali capital Mogadishu, according to officials. At least two people were killed, one of them the suspected attacker. The Somali Islamist group al-Shabab said it had carried out the attack in the western Hodan district of the city.” (
BBC, 27 July 2013)
AUGUST 2013
“Two Kenyan hostages have been reunited with their families after being freed by militant Islamists in Somalia. Yesse Mule and Fredrick Wainana were abducted from the Kenyan town of Gerille in January 2012 by fighters of the al-Qaeda-linked al-Shabab group.“ (
BBC, 1 August 2013)
“Osman Aweis Dahir, director of the local Dr. Ismail Jimale Human Rights Organisation, said that the Somali militant group Al-Shabaab has renewed its campaign to bring instability to the country’s capital Mogadishu. […] But in recent weeks there has been a rise in the number of ambushes, assassinations and suicide bombs in Somalia’s capital.” (
IPS, 3 August 2013)
“Foreign aid workers are increasingly becoming targets of corrupt officials within the Somali government and the Islamist extremist group Al-Shabaab.” (
IPS, 16 August 2013)
SEPTEMBER 2013
“At least 18 people were killed in the Somali capital Mogadishu Saturday when two blasts rocked a popular restaurant, police said, in attacks quickly claimed by Shebab Islamists.” (
AFP, 7 September 2013)
“Two top Islamist militants, from the US and UK, have been killed in Somalia after falling out with al-Shabab, witnesses have told the BBC. […] Omar Hammami, known as al-Amriki, and Osama al-Britani, a British citizen of Pakistani origin, are said to have died in an early-morning attack in a village south-west of the capital, Mogadishu. They had been hiding from al-Shabab since leaving the group this year. […] He [one of al-Amriki's fighters] said al-Shabab had taken away the bodies of the two Westerners.” (
BBC, 12 September 2013a)
“Some 160 Somali religious scholars have issued a fatwa denouncing al-Shabab, saying the group had no place in Islam. […] The announcement comes as residents of central Somalia say al-Shabab executed a young man in the town of Bula Burte and performed a double amputation on another in front of a crowd of several hundred people.” (
BBC, 12 September 2013b)
OCTOBER 2013
“Islamist fighters in southern Somalia say Western forces have launched a night-time raid on one of their bases. […] Residents in Barawe, which is controlled by militants, say they were woken up by heavy fighting before dawn on Saturday.” (
BBC, 5 October 2013)
“And a leader of the al-Shabab group was targeted in southern Somalia, but that raid appears to have failed. The al-Shabab leader - who has not been identified - is suspected of involvement in last month's attack in the Westgate shopping centre in Kenya's capital Nairobi, which left at least 67 people dead. Al-Shabab has said it carried out the attack on 21 September.” (
BBC, 6 October 2013)
“Somali militant group al-Shabab has sent reinforcements to the town of Barawe, where US commandos tried to seize one of its leaders on Saturday, residents have told the BBC. The residents say about 200 masked fighters have arrived in the coastal town with heavy machine guns.” (
BBC, 7 October 2013)
“At least 15 people died Saturday in a suicide attack in a restaurant in the central Somali town of Beledweyne claimed by the Shebab, a local police chief said.” (
AFP, 19 October 2013)
“An air strike in southern Somalia has killed two senior commanders of the militant Islamist group, al-Shabab, residents have told the BBC. The strike destroyed the vehicle the militants were travelling in between the towns of Jilib and Barawe, seen as a major base of al-Shabab, they said.” (
BBC, 29 October 2013)
NOVEMBER 2013
“At least four people including a government official were killed Friday in an Islamist militant car bomb attack outside a top hotel in Somalia's capital Mogadishu, officials said. Police and security forces immediately sealed off the area after the huge blast outside the Maka al Mukarama hotel, popular with officials and businessmen. A police officer earlier put the toll at 11 dead. A Somali government official said the evening attack bore all the hallmarks of the Al-Qaeda-linked Shebab.” (
AFP, 8 November 2013)
“At least six people have been killed after a suspected suicide attack at a hotel in Somalia's capital, Mogadishu. Interior Minister Abdikarim Hussein Guled told the BBC that 15 people had been injured after a car exploded outside the Hotel Maka.” (
BBC, 8 November 2013)
“Reporters Without Borders condemns the Islamist militia Al-Shabaab’s latest attempt to restrict freedom of information, this time by trying to ban television viewing in the coastal town of Barawe, in the Lower Shabelle region of southern Somalia” (
RSF, 11 November 2013)
“At least 19 people have been killed in a suicide attack on an African Union base in the Somali town of Beledweyne near Ethiopia's border, officials say. […] An al-Shabab spokesman, Abdiasis Abu Musab, told the Reuters news agency that the al-Qaeda-linked group had carried out the attack.” (
BBC, 11 November 2013)
SOURCES: (all links accessed at 10 December 2013)
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: Suicide bomber kills four in central Somalia: police, 11 February 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/suicide-bomber-kills-four-central-somalia-police
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: African Union, Somali troops capture Islamist-held town, 27 February 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/african-union-somali-troops-capture-islamist-held-town-0
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: Somali car bomb attack kills ten, 18 March 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somali-car-bomb-attack-kills-ten
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: African Union, Somali troops open key road seized from Islamists, 2 April 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/african-union-somali-troops-open-key-road-seized-islamists
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: Suicide raid, car bomb kill 34 civilians in Mogadishu, 15 April 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/suicide-raid-car-bomb-kill-34-civilians-mogadishu
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: 'Several' killed in attack on Qatari officials in Somalia, 5 May 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/several-killed-attack-qatari-officials-somalia
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: Shebab claim twin blasts in Somali capital that kill 18, 7 September 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/shebab-claim-twin-blasts-somali-capital-kill-18
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AFP - Agence France-Press: Suicide blast in central Somalia kills 15, 19 October 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/suicide-blast-central-somalia-kills-15
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AFP - Agence France-Presse: At least four dead, many wounded in Mogadishu hotel car bombing, 8 November 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/least-four-dead-many-wounded-mogadishu-hotel-car-bombing
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AI – Amnesty International: Clans, Warlords und Rebellen, December 2011
http://www.amnesty.de/journal/2011/dezember/clans-warlords-und-rebellen
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AI – Amnesty International: Amnesty International Report 2012 - The State of the World's Human Rights, 24 May 2012
http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/somalia/report-2012
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AI - Amnesty International: Amnesty International Report 2013 - The State of the World's Human Rights - Somalia, 23 May 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/248045/358337_en.html
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AlertNet: Tea shop bomb in Somali town kills at least 7, 15 June 2013 (published by Reuters)
http://www.trust.org/item/20130615132510-qyou8
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BBC News: Second French soldier dies after Somalia raid - rebels, 14 January 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21009364
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BBC News: Denis Allex: French agent 'killed' by Somalia al-Shabab, 17 January 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21056592
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BBC News: Suicide blast by offices of Somalia president and PM, 29 January 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21241751
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BBC News: Somalia: Mogadishu to Baidoa road 'reopened', 2 April 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22009749
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BBC News: Somali bombings 'kill at least 30', 15 April 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22153911
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BBC News: Mogadishu shooting: Top Somali legal official killed, 26 April 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22306625
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BBC News: Deadly blast hits government convoy in Mogadishu, 5 May 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22418109
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BBC News: Suspected US drone crashes in Somalia's Lower Shabelle, 28 May 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22691991
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BBC News: Somali al-Shabab leader Abdikafi Mohamed Ali 'captured', 5 June 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22783882
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BBC News: Somalia's al-Shabab militants in 'deadly feud', 20 June 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22988404
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BBC News: Will Somali Islamist purge strengthen al-Shabab?, 4 July 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23146744
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BBC News: Somali capital Mogadishu hit by 'suicide attack', 12 July 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23291562
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BBC News: Spanish hostages freed from Somalia, 18 July 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23359943
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BBC News: Somalia's al-Shabab frees Kenya's Mule and Wainana, 1 August 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23529942
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BBC News: Deadly bomb hits Turkish target in Mogadishu , 27 July 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23478001
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BBC News: Al-Amriki and al-Britani: Militants 'killed' in Somalia, 12 September 2013a
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24060558
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BBC News: Somali Islamic scholars denounce al-Shabab in fatwa, 12 September 2013b
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24057725
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BBC News: Al-Shabab militant base 'attacked' on coast of Somalia, 5 October 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24409797
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BBC News: US commando raids target Islamist leaders in Africa, 6 October 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24417099
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BBC News: US raid on Somalia: Al-Shabab bolsters presence in Barawe, 7 October 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24426347
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BBC News: Somalia's al-Shabab commanders 'killed' in strike, 29 October 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24717220
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BBC News: Mogadishu blast: 'Suicide attack' in Somali capital, 8 November 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24873912
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BBC News: Somali African Union Beledweyne base hit by bomb attack, 19 November 2013
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24998892
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CSIS - Center for Strategic and International Studies: Al Shabaab, 15 July 2011
http://csis.org/files/publication/110715_Wise_AlShabaab_AQAM%20Futures%20Case%20Study_WEB.pdf
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HRW - Human Rights Watch: World Report 2013 - Somalia, 31 January 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/237034/346030_en.html
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HRW - Human Rights Watch: Somalia: New Al-Shabaab Attacks are War Crimes, 16 April 2013
http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/16/somalia-new-al-shabaab-attacks-are-war-crimes
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IRIN - Integrated Regional Information Network: UN condemns Al-Shabab's ban on ICRC, 31 January 2012 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/209722/329806_de.html
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IRIN - Integrated Regional Information Network: Landmine danger persists in Somalia, 01 February 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/237333/346351_en.html
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IPS - Inter Press Service - News Agency: Extremist Violence Returns to Hit Mogadishu, 3 August 2013
http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/08/extremist-violence-returns-to-hit-mogadishu/
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IPS - Inter Press Service - News Agency: Somali Officials Back Terrorists Against Aid, 16 August 2013
http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/08/somali-officials-back-terrorists-against-aid/
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IRIN - Integrated Regional Information Network: Briefing: In Somalia, relative peace belies rocky road ahead, 26 March 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/242968/352618_en.html
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Jamestown Foundation: Mogadishu’s Dilemma: Who’s in Control? Terrorism Monitor Volume: 11 Issue: 12, 14 June 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/250879/375063_de.html
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Jamestown Foundation: Somalia’s al-Shabaab Movement Turns on Itself; Terrorism Monitor Volume: 11 Issue: 16, 9 August 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/257204/369239_en.html
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Reuters: Peacekeepers kill 5 children in Somali town - residents, 17 January 2013
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/peacekeepers-kill-5-children-in-somali-town-residents/
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Reuters - AlertNet: Suicide bombs kill civilian at Somali beach restaurant, 1 March 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/suicide-bombs-kill-civilian-somali-beach-restaurant
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RFE/RL - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Fifteen Reported Dead In Attack On UN Compound In Somalia, 19 June 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/250629/374714_de.html
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RSF - Reporters Sans Frontières: Somalia - Journalist gunned down outside Mogadishu home, 25 April 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/245781/369264_de.html
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RSF - Reporters Sans Frontières: Somalia - Al-Shabaab bans TV in southern town of Barawe, 11 November 2013
http://en.rsf.org/somalia-al-shabaab-bans-tv-in-southern-08-11-2013,45445.html
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UN Radio: Military capability of Al-Shabaab insurgents degraded in Somalia: UN envoy, 11 April 2013 (published by ReliefWeb)
http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/military-capability-al-shabaab-insurgents-degraded-somalia-un-envoy
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UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR Somalia Operational Highlights; 1st - 7th April 2013, 7 April 2013
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1366197030_unhcr-20somalia-20operational-20highlights-201-20to-207-20april.pdf
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UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Xudur Displacement; 8 April, 2013, 8 April 2013
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1366199334_xudurflashreport.pdf
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UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR Somalia Operational Highlights; 8-14 April 2013, 14 April 2013
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1366207679_operational-20highlights-208-14-20april-201.pdf
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UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR Somalia Mogadishu Operational Highlights; 8 - 14 April 2013, 14 April 2013
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1366207224_mogadishu-20operational-20highlights-208-14-20april-202013-201.pdf
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UNSC - UN Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia [S/2013/69], 31 January 2013 (available at ecoi.net) http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1360766729_n1321515somalia.pdf
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USDOS - US Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2012 - Somalia, 19 April 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/245108/368554_de.html
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USDOS - US Department of State: 2012 International Religious Freedom Report - Somalia, 20 May 2013 (available at ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/247451/371036_de.html