Dokument #1153282
Freedom House (Autor)
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Democratic Governance | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.75 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
Electoral Process | 5.75 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.00 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.25 |
Civil Society | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 5.00 | 4.75 | 4.75 | 4.75 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.75 |
Independent Media | 5.75 | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
Local Democratic Governance | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 |
Judicial Framework and Independence | 5.50 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 |
Corruption | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 |
Democracy Score | 5.68 | 5.93 | 6.04 | 6.21 | 6.11 | 6.00 | 5.96 | 5.89 | 5.93 | 5.89 |
NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. If consensus cannot be reached, Freedom House is responsible for the final ratings. The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s).
In 2015, Kyrgyzstan experienced mixed developments, some nudging the country toward democratization, others pulling it toward greater authoritarianism. The outgoing parliament came to the verge of banning “gay propaganda” and regulating “foreign agents” with legislation mimicking laws passed in Russia in 2012 and 2013. Nevertheless, the October parliamentary elections were marked by a high degree of political competition and unpredictability. In a region notorious for autocratic leadership, these elections stand out as an important shift toward greater political dynamism. Civil society groups played a key role in observing the election process, raising the alarm when suspecting fraud. In general, however, the government continued its attempts to curb nongovernmental organization (NGO) activity and rein in individual activists. Mass media remains generally dynamic, despite cases of government pressure. Judicial sector reforms have achieved some modest results, but courts are still used as a weapon to silence government critics.
The October 4 parliamentary elections marked Kyrgyzstan’s progression toward a more competitive political landscape. President Almazbek Atambayev’s Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) won a plurality of the vote but faced a stronger challenge than many expected from popular opposition parties. Fourteen parties competed, and six were able to surpass national and regional thresholds and secure seats. In the run-up to election day, political parties participated in heated televised debates and engaged in active campaigning across the country. The new parliament includes slightly more female deputies with strong backgrounds in politics.
The elections also underscored shortcomings in Kyrgyzstan’s electoral process. Political parties often relied on party members’ local popularity to attract votes, as opposed to policies and political platforms. Furthermore, the government required voters to submit biometric data before they were allowed to cast their votes. The decision was explained as being in line with government efforts to create a verifiable database of voters and reduce fraud during elections, but only a little over a year’s time was allocated for data collection inside the country. Cases of busing and bribing voters were reported on election day.
The judicial sector continues to serve the interests of political elites and to selectively prosecute government critics or outspoken community leaders. One such example is the popular imam Rashod Kamalov, who was arrested in February and charged with extremism. Judicial reform, initiated four years ago by former president Roza Otunbayeva, has been progressing slowly. It is still left to the new parliament to vote on legislation increasing the independence of courts and introducing mechanisms to protect the rights of detainees. However, as a sign of how far judicial independence still has to go, the Constitutional Chamber suspended one of its members who had conducted an investigation into the legality of the government’s decision to collect biometric data. The suspension was apparently retaliation for contradicting the government’s stance.
Civil society and mass media continue to be dynamic in Kyrgyzstan, albeit centered mostly in the capital city, Bishkek. In 2015, NGOs played a central role in electoral oversight. Several prominent NGO activists have independently reported on key aspects of the electoral process. Yet, Kyrgyzstan has seen the rise of extreme nationalist movements that seek to defend the influence of the Kyrgyz ethnic group through violent means. The government to date has failed to counter such movements systematically, instead offering only sporadic resistance and criticism. The outgoing parliament did abstain from adopting a controversial initiative that would limit civic activism by labeling NGOs that receive funding from outside sources as “foreign agents” and imposing burdensome reporting requirements on them.
The government continues to implement ad hoc measures to prosecute corrupt officials. Notably, President Atambayev’s fight against corruption has touched members of almost every political party while largely avoiding his own. In October, Atambayev sacked Minister of Defense Abibilla Kudaiberdiyev for alleged involvement in corruption and embezzlement on the basis of an investigation by the Anti-Corruption Service and the Prosecutor General. The only exception to the pattern in 2015 was a case opened against Daniyar Narymbayev, Chief of Staff in Atambayev’s administration, who is accused of extortion in a case involving Ata Jurt deputy Khadjimurat Korkmazov. In February, a disagreement with the administration led to the resignation of Prosecutor General Aida Salyanova. According to Salyanova, progovernment media tried to undermine her public image by accusing her husband of corruption. She also said that she and her relatives had received death threats.
In 2015, Kyrgyzstan moved closer into the Russian orbit by joining the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). While it is too early to measure the net impact of EEU membership, some entrepreneurs in Bishkek have already complained about declining export opportunities to Kazakhstan and Russia. Furthermore, the government has been unable to efficiently manage the economic turbulence caused by Western sanctions against Russia.
In July, the Kyrgyz Ministry of Foreign Affairs canceled the 1993 cooperation treaty with the United States to protest a State Department award to imprisoned ethnic Uzbek human rights activist Azimjon Askarov. Atambayev’s administration has been reluctant to actively address issues of interethnic reconciliation lingering since the four-day wave of ethnic violence in June 2010. On its fifth anniversary, the president offered little solace to the victims of violence, mostly ethnic Uzbeks, and the perpetrators have still not been brought to justice.
Score Changes:
As a result, Kyrgyzstan’s Democracy Score improved from 5.93 to 5.89.
Outlook for 2016: The new parliament will begin its work in 2016 in the shadow of a lame-duck President Atambayev, who must step down in 2017 due to term limits. Omurbek Babanov, founder and leader of Respublika and a young and charismatic entrepreneur, is seen as a likely presidential candidate, and his maneuvering for the presidency will be a major political topic in 2016. The new parliament may also be more engaged with issues of immediate national importance, such as the economy and security.
Meanwhile, the government faces a grim economic outlook. The slide of the som against the U.S. dollar, shrinking migrant worker remittances, and the slowing economies in Russia and China may all undermine Kyrgyzstan’s economy in 2016. Prime Minister Temir Sariyev will face both the formidable challenge of designing the right policies to respond to multiple economic crises and the possibility of rising populist opposition due to the slowing economy. Yet, despite the dire economic conditions, the parliament is likely to devote considerable time to controversial legislative initiatives on “gay propaganda” and “foreign agents” that encroach on civil liberties.
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.00 | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.75 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.75 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.00 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.25 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.50 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 5.00 | 4.75 | 4.75 | 4.75 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.75 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.75 | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.25 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.50 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.00 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.50 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 |
Author: Erica Marat
Dr. Erica Marat is Assistant Professor at the College of International Security Affairs of the National Defense University.
[1] “Kyrgyzstan CEC announces final election results,” Inform.kz, 15 October 2015, http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2828762
[2] Ibid.
[3] Marina Skolysheva, “Какими видит правительство и Жогорку Кенеш парламентская коалиция” [How the parliamentary coalition views the government and Supreme Council], Zanoza.kg, 2 November 2015, http://zanoza.kg/doc/327199_kakimi_vidit_pravitelstvo_i_jogorky_kenesh_parlamentskaia_koaliciia.html
[4] “МИД Кыргызстана: Награждение Госдепартаментом США Азимжана Аскарова наносит серьезный ущерб двусторонним отношениям” [Kyrgyz Foreign Ministry: US State Department Award to Azimzhan Askarov seriously damages bilateral relations], Fergananews.com, 7 July 2015, http://www.fergananews.com/news/23632
[5] Ex. Influential entrepreneur Emil Umetaliev from Kyrgyz Concept opposes the union. Kayrgul Moldaliyeva, “Эмиль Уметалиев, президент предприятия «Кыргыз Концепт»: «Не оправдались надежды на Таможенный союз»” [Emil Umetaliev, president of the enterprise Kyrgyz Concept: ‘Hopes for a Customs Union are not justified’], Gezitter.org, 6 November 2015, http://www.gezitter.org/tamozhennyj_sojuz/45094_emil_umetaliev_prezident_predpriyatiya_kyirgyiz_kontsept_ne_opravdalis_nadejdyi_na_tamojennyiy_soyuz/
[6] Sebastien Peyrouse, “Kyrgyzstan’s Membership in the Eurasian Economic Union: A Marriage of Convenience?” Russian Analytical Digest, 17 March 2015, http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center...
[7] Aidanbek Akmat uulu, “Когда ЕАЭС откроет границы для Кыргызстана?” [When will the EEU open its borders to Kyrgyzstan], Azattyk.org, 7 August 2015, http://rus.azattyk.org/content/article/27175242.html
[8] Samat Jumakadyrov, “Кыргызстан в ЕАЭС. Первая жертва – торговля” [Kyrgyzstan and the EEU. First victim–trade], Azattyk.org, 7 January 2016, http://rus.azattyk.org/content/article/27473262.html
[9] Aiday Masylkanova, “Is the ISIS Threat in Kyrgyzstan Real?” The Diplomat, 4 August 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/08/is-the-isis-threat-in-kyrgyzstan-real/
[10] “5 of 9 Runaway Prisoners Detained Outside Bishkek,” AKIpress.org, 12 November 2015, http://www.akipress.com/news:566536/
[11] “Kyrgyzstan: Prison Break Culminates in Bloody Showdown,” EurasiaNet.org, 22 October 2015, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/75676
[12] Catherine Putz, “Kyrgyzstan Withdraws from Negotiations over Kumtor Gold Mine,” The Diplomat, 24 December 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/kyrgyzstan-withdraws-from-negotiations-over-kumtor-gold-mine/
[13] Anara Mamytova, “Алмазбек Атамбаев: Июньские события должны стать уроком для всех граждан Кыргызстана” [Almazbek Atambayev: June events should be a lesson to all citizens of Kyrgyzstan], 24.kg, 10 June 2015, http://www.24kg.org/obschestvo/14113_almazbek_atambaev_iyunskie_sobyitiya_doljnyi_stat_urokom_dlya_vseh_grajdan_kyirgyizstana/
[14] “International Election Observation Mission. Kyrgyz Republic – Parliamentary Elections, October 4, 2015,” Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 5 October 2015, http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/kyrgyzstan/189401?download=true
[15] Ibid.
[16] Ulugbek Akishev, “Ташиева сняли с выборов после скандала с дракой” [Tashiev eliminated from elections after scandal with brawl], Kloop.kg, 28 September 2015, http://kloop.kg/blog/2015/09/28/vybory-2015-tashieva-lishili-registratsii-kandidata-posle-skandala-s-drakoj/
[17] “Live Blogging: Выборы в Жогорку Кенеш Кыргызстана” [Live blogging: elections to Kyrgyzstan’s parliament], Azattyk.org, 3 October 2015, http://rus.azattyk.org/contentlive/liveblog/27285159.html
[18] “Согласно рейтингу, ни одна партия не приблизилась к максимальной оценке по продвижению гендерного равенства в политпариях, - ОО «Агентство социальных технологий»” [According to rating, no party approaches maximum score for advancing gender equality in political parties – NGO Agency of Social Technologies], AKIpress.kg, 6 October 2015, http://kg.akipress.org/news:625052
[19] “Women in national parliaments,” Inter-Parliamentary Union, 31 December 2015, http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
[20] Aidanbek Akmat uulu, “Выборы обнажили несовершенство законодательства” [Elections expose incompleteness of legal framework], Azattyk.org, 9 October 2015, http://rus.azattyk.org/content/article/27296492.html
[21] Ulan Egizbaev, “Пестрый парламент VI созыва” [Motley sixth parliament], Azattyk.org, 2 November 2015, http://rus.azattyk.org/content/article/27339661.html
[22] “«Выборы — 2015»: Дорога в ЖК. Кресло депутата за 5 лет подорожало больше, чем в 3 раза” [‘Elections 2015’: Road to the JK. In five years a deputy’s seat has grown three times as expensive], Tazabek.kg, 5 October 2015, http://tazabek.kg/news:396740; “ Бывший депутат Жогорку Кенеша рассказал, как формируются списки желающих получить депутатский мандат” [Former deputy of Jogorku Kenesh describes how party lists are formed], AKIpress.kg, 11 November 2015, http://kg.akipress.org/news:626740
[23] Jack Farchy, “Voters Celebrate Kyrgyzstan’s Democratic Experiment,” Financial Times, 4 October 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7b833598-6a82-11e5-aca9-d87542bf8673.html#axzz3pEpklwaL
[24] “Партии тратят миллионы на агитацию, но мы должны знать, что завтра они будут их отрабатывать, – молодежное движение” [Parties are spending millions on campaigns, but we need to know that tomorrow they will make it back, — youth movement], CA-News.org, 29 September 2015, http://ca-news.org/news:1164631
[25] For example, the Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society, an NGO with over 15 years of experience monitoring elections, conducted long-term and short-term monitoring efforts across the country.
[26] “Кыргызстан: Юрист Н.Токтакунов потребовал от президента извинений” [Kyrgyzstan: Lawyer N. Toktakunov demands that president apologize], Fergananews.com, 14 October 2015, http://www.fergananews.com/news/23999
[27] Eliza Chudubayeva, “Нурбек Токтакунов оценивает свои шансы на суде по биометрии негативно” [Nurbek Toktakunov predicts he has poor chance of success in case about biometrics], Kyrtag.kg, 30 June 2015, http://kyrtag.kg/society/nurbek-toktakunov-otsenivaet-svoi-shansy-na-sude-po-biometrii-negativno
[28] Mahinur Niyazova, “В МВД считают «действия «Кырк чоро» незаконными, о чем уведомили представителей объединения»” [Ministry of Interior considers “actions of Kyrk Choro illegal, and has informed representatives of the organization of this], 24.kg, 27 January 2015, http://24.kg/obschestvo/5704_v_mvd_schitayut_deystviya_kyirk_choro_nezakonnyimi_o_chem_uvedomili_predstaviteley_obyedineniya_/
[29] Eldiiar Arykbaev, “Видео: Как «Кырк чоро» и «Калыс» сорвали мероприятие в честь Дня против гомофобии” [Video: How representatives of Kyrk Choro and Kalys disrupted event in honor of Day against Homophobia], Kloop.kg, 19 May 2015, http://kloop.kg/blog/2015/05/19/video-kak-kyrk-choro-i-kalys-sorvali-meropriyatie-v-chest-dnya-protiv-gomofobii/
[30] Ibid.
[31] Email communication with Labrys activists, January 2016.
[32] Kyrgyz Indigo, “News Release: A brief overview of the environment for LGBTI people in Kyrgyzstan for 2015,” 5 February 2016.
[33] Anastasiya Bengard, “В Кыргызстане усиливается давление на правозащитников” [Pressure on human rights defenders increases in Kyrgyzstan], 24.kg, 29 September 2015, http://www.24.kg/obschestvo/19869_v_kyirgyizstane_usilivaetsya_davlenie_na_pravozaschitnikov_/
[34] Mahinur Niyazova, “Юрист Нурбек Токтакунов прокомментировал видео, где посол США в КР Ричард Майлз посещает его офис (видео)” [Lawyer Nurbek Toktakunov discusses video in which US Ambassador Richard Miles visits his office], 24.kg, 25 June 2015, http://24.kg/obschestvo/15042_yurist_nurbek_toktakunov_prokommentiroval_video_gde_posol_ssha_v_kr_richard_maylz_poseschaet_ego_ofis_video/
[35] “Кыргызстан из-за угроз покинул гражданский активист, выступавший в поддержку украинского «Евромайдана»” [Civic activist who spoke out in support of Ukrainian ‘Euromaidan’ leaves Kyrgyzstan due to threats], Fergananews.com, 11 March 2014, http://www.fergananews.com/news/21926. The other activist prefers to remain anonymous.
[36] Eldiiar Arykbaev, “Спецслужбы настаивают на «законности» обыска в домах юристов «Бир Дүйнө»” [Security services insist search of homes of Bir Duino lawyers was legal], Kloop.kg, 30 March 2015, http://t.co/FiCZ09ZQAd
[37] Aida Jumasheva, “ Ошский горсуд удовлетворил жалобу адвокатов "Бир Дуйно" на следователя ГКНБ” [Osh city court upholds complaint of Bir Duino lawyers about GKNB investigation], Vecherny Bishkek, 20 May 2015, http://www.vb.kg/doc/313580_oshskiy_gorsyd_ydovletvoril_jaloby_advokatov_bir_dyyno_na_sledovatelia_gknb.html
[38] “Kyrgyzstan: Popular Imam Gets 5-Year Jail Term,” EurasiaNet.org, 8 October 2015, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/75461
[39] “Kyrgyzstan Silences Imam with Extremist Charges,” EurasiaNet.org, 17 February 2015, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/72116
[40] “Кыргызстан: Прокурор требует ужесточить приговор бывшему имаму Рашоду Камалову” [Kyrgyzstan: prosecutor requests harsher sentence for former imam Rashod Kamalov], Fergananews.com, 12 November 2015, http://www.fergananews.com/news/24121
[41] Olzhas Auyezov and Olga Dzyubenko, “Human Rights Watch says top regional researcher barred from Kyrgyzstan,” Reuters, 4 December 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-rights-idUSKBN0TN1I020151204
[42] Multiple interviews with human rights and civil society activists, Bishkek, July 2015.
[43] This bill was reviewed by the Committee on Human Rights, Constitutional Legislation and State Building and recommended for consideration by the parliament.
[44] Catherine Putz, “Kyrgyz Anti-Gay Propaganda Moves Forward,” The Diplomat, 26 June 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/kyrgyz-anti-gay-propaganda-law-moves-forward/
[45] Mirlan Almbekov, “Комитет ЖК КР поддержал поправки в закон «О свободе вероисповедания и религиозных организациях в КР»” [Parliamentary committee supports amendments to the law ‘On freedom of religion and religious organizations in the Kyrgyz Republic], Kabar.kg, 20 December 2015, http://www.kabar.kg/rus/society/full/24214
[46] “А.Атамбаев пообещал, что вскоре откроется ипотечная компания для госслужащих” [A. Atambayev promises that a mortgage company for civil servants will open soon], AKIpress.kg, 3 October 2015, http://kg.akipress.org/news:624788
[47] Ilim Karypbekov, Facebook post, 13 October 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ilim.karypbekov/posts/10153148661518016, accessed on January 23, 2016.
[48] “Кыргызстан: В газете «Вечерний Бишкек» массово увольняют сотрудников и меняют редакционную политику” [Kyrgyzstan: The newspaper Vechernii Bishkek fires employees en masse, changes its editorial policy], Fergananews.com, 12 November 2015, http://www.fergananews.com/news.php?id=23840
[49] “Kyrgyzstan: Public television gives presidential party unfair boost,” EurasiaNet.org, 27 September 2015, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/75281
[50] Anne Lelik, “Kyrgyzstan: Civic group promotes order on Bishkek’s lawless roads,” EurasiaNet.org, 7 April 2015, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/72901
[51] Aizura Chykynova, “В Кыргызстане число пользователей интернета за последние шесть лет увеличилось на 3 млн человек” [Number of internet users in Kyrgyzstan increased by three million in the last six years], Kyrtag.kg, 13 January 2015, http://kyrtag.kg/news/v-kyrgyzstane-chislo-polzovateley-interneta-za-poslednie-shest-let-uvelichilos-na-3-mln-chelovek/
[52] Jenish Aidarov, “Кыргызско-таджикская граница: хулиганство переросло в стрельбу” [Kyrgz-Tajik border: hooliganism turns into shooting], Azattyk.org, 7 July 2015, http://rus.azattyk.org/content/article/27113633.html
[53] Mirzonabi Kholikzod and Masum Mukhammadradzhab, “Житель Чоркуха был убит на границе Таджикистана с Кыргызстаном” [Resident of Chorkuh killed on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan], Azattyk.org, 6 July 2015, http://rus.ozodi.org/content/one-tajik-killed-in-tajik-kyrgyz-border-incident-/27112374.html
[54] “Построение мира и межэтнического согласия в Кыргызстане” [Building peace and inter-ethnic harmony in Kyrgyzstan], State Agency on Local Government and Interethnic Relations, 30 September 2015, http://www.gamsumo.gov.kg/ru/news/full/155.html
[55] “С 12 по 23 Октября 2015 года по Нарынской и Таласской oбластях Гамсумо проведет райoнные заседания” [From October 12-23 2015, GAMSUMO will hold regional meetings in Naryn and Talas oblasts], State Agency on Local Government and Interethnic Relations, 6 October 2015, http://www.gamsumo.gov.kg/ru/news/full/157.html
[56] “В Кыргызстане создаются свои практикующие сообщества органов местного самоуправления” [Practical associations of organs of local self-government created in Kyrgyzstan], State Agency on Local Government and Interethnic Relations, 11 September 2015, http://www.gamsumo.gov.kg/ru/news/full/149.html
[57] “Судебная реформа – революция в законодательстве Кыргызстана” [Judicial reform and revolution in the legislation of Kyrgyzstan], Kabar.kg, 1 October 2015, http://www.kabar.kg/rus/analytics/full/83645
[58] Timur Toktonaliev, “Кыргызстан: непотопляемая коррупция” [Kyrgyzstan: Unsinkable corruption], Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 1 August 2015, http://bit.ly/1UArhYn
[59] Anna Yalovkina, “Кыргызстан: сомнения в обеспечении независимости конституционным судьям” [Kyrgyzstan: Doubts about independence of the Constitutional Court], Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 26 June 2015, http://bit.ly/1SuE2je; “КП признала требование о сдаче биоданных для участия в выборах конституционным” [Constitutional Chamber finds constitutional requirement of providing biometric data for participation in elections], Azattyk.org, 23 September 2015, http://rus.azattyk.org/archive/ky_News_in_Russian_ru/20150923/4795/4795.html?id=27264739
[60] “Правозащитники: В деле Данияра Нарымбаева попраны принципы презумпции невиновности” [Human rights defenders: Presumption of innocence ignored in case of Daniyar Narymbayev], Knews.kg, 12 November 2015, http://www.knews.kg/society/71812_pravozaschitniki_v_dele_daniyara_naryimbaeva_popranyi_printsipyi_prezumptsii_nevinovnosti/
[61] “Ex-Bishkek mayor jailed for corruption,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), 30 July 2013, http://www.rferl.org/content/kyrgyzstan-bishkek-mayor-corruption/25060829.html
[62] “Кыргызстан: Министр обороны снят с должности, против него возбуждено уголовное дело” [Kyrgyzstan: Minister of defense removed from office, criminal case opened against him], Fergananews.com, 12 October 2015, http://www.fergananews.com/news/23989
[63] “Салянова: Веская причина моей отставки - отсутствие поддержки президента” [Salyanova: The clear reason for my resignation: lack of support from the president], Azattyk.org, 11 February 2015, http://rus.azattyk.org/content/article/26841315.html
[64] Transparency International, “Corruption Perceptions Index 2015,” Transparency International,
https://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#results-table
[65] World Bank, “Doing Business 2016,” World Bank, http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Profiles/Country/KGZ.pdf
[66] Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, “Country Report: Kyrgyzstan, 2015 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report,” US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2015/vol1/238987.htm
Nations in Transit 2016 - Kazakhstan (Periodischer Bericht, Englisch)