Typical terms and conditions for parole in California for a person serving a four-year sentence for burglary including what would be considered a parole violation and the consequences for violating parole (1996 - May 2001) [USA37239.E]

No information on the typical terms and conditions for parole in California for a person serving a four-year sentence for burglary could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. What follows in this Response concerns the California parole system and general terms and conditions for parole as well as the general consequences for violating parole.

Little Hoover Commission describes itself as "is a bipartisan, independent body whose function is to promote efficiency, effectiveness and economy in state programs." In a January 1998 report on the California corrections system it provided background information on California's parole system:

How Parole Works
Inmates sentenced under the State's determinate sentencing law are automatically released on parole when they have served the time specified in the original sentence, minus work-time credits. Parole terms are shorter than they were under indeterminate sentencing -- parolees serve no more than four years, with most serving one to three years.
Those who fail parole can only be re-incarcerated for up to one year. Parole violators - those who have not committed a new crime, but who are guilty of not abiding by parole conditions - can only be returned to custody for four months.
Within CDC [California Corrections Department], the Institutions Division is responsible for operating the 33 prisons. Supervising inmates when they are released falls to the Parole and Community Services Division, which consists of 118 parole offices in 64 locations throughout California, divided into four regions.
As of March 1997 parolees under supervision in California numbered 101,910. The State has approximately 1,200 parole agents to handle that caseload -about one agent for every 85 parolees.(100) That compares to a national average of one agent for every 70 parolees. The number of parolees is expected to grow by 5,000 a year over the next five years.
Because parole offices cannot closely monitor such large numbers of parolees, CDC has developed a triage process that divides parolees into three supervision categories, depending on perceived risk:
High control cases (8 - 10 percent of parolees). These parolees must report to the agent at least twice a month, with the agent visiting the home once and the parolee reporting to the parole office once.
Control service cases (60 percent of parolees). These parolees, most of them nonviolent property offenders, must report to the agent at least twice a quarter.
Minimum supervision cases (25 and 30 percent of parolees). These parolees must report to the parole agent at least twice a year.
Preparation for release in most cases is minimal to non-existent. According to CDC regulations, at least three months before release, an inmate's options for housing and employment must be assessed and compiled into a "field file." CDC claims these files are prepared on time in 95 percent of all cases.
Based on that information and a risk assessment, a parole agent recommends the conditions of parole to be set and determines what level of supervision the parolee will receive. The parole office unit supervisor reviews the agent's recommendations and sets the parole conditions. A copy is furnished to the inmate before release.
All parolees must comply with a list of standard conditions, which are shown in the box to the right. [All parolees are required to comply with the standards conditions of release. Violating the conditions can result in a return to prison: report to the parole agent within 24 hours of release; not carry weapons; report changes of address and employment; not travel more than 50 miles from home or leave the county for more than 48 hours without prior approval from the parole agent; obey all parole agent instructions; not commit crimes.] In addition to the standard conditions, the parole agent and unit supervisor can impose special parole conditions, depending on the individual case. Special conditions for substance abusers, for example, usually include periodic drug testing.
The most common reason for failing parole and being returned to custody is for drug use, and parole officials believe that drug abuse is a contributing factor in many other revocations.

The California Board of Prison Terms, which "conducts parole consideration hearings for all inmates sentenced to life terms with the possibility of parole," (n.d.a) wrote that "determinate terms are fixed terms of imprisonment, such as a 3-year term for burglary, and are established by statute. Once the prisoner has served the determinate term imposed by the sentencing court, he or she must be released from prison and placed on parole. The Board is not involved in this process" (n.d.b).

The California Department of Corrections (CDC) supervises parolees, of determinate sentences, in addition to being responsible for the state's prisons (Second Quarter 2001). Its Website states:

For at least a year after being paroled, an offender remains under the watchful eye of parole staff. This "conditional release" provides an extra measure of control over the offender's behavior during the critical transition back into society.
The amount of time spent on parole depends on the crime and the parolee's behavior. Most parolees serve from one to three years on parole. Those with life sentences who are paroled spend three to five years on parole.
Parole Conditions
Before being paroled, an offender agrees in writing to abide by certain conditions. The basic parole conditions are:
Obey all parole agent instructions
Report immediately upon release and later as instructed
Follow all laws
Do not carry any weapon
In addition to these basic requirements, many parolees also have special conditions of parole. For example, those with psychological problems are required to attend outpatient therapy. Those who abuse drugs or alcohol must abstain and must test periodically to ensure compliance. Those who are violent or predatory may be directed to stay away from certain individuals or locations.
If the parolee fails to adhere to these conditions, parole can be revoked and he or she can be sent back to prison (n.d.).

In further detail, according to the CDC "Regulations governing the department are found in the California Code of Regulations, Title 15, Crime Prevention and Corrections, Division 3, Chapter 1" (n.d.b). Subchapter 6 of these regulations is entitled "Parole," while subchapter 7 is entitled "Parole Hearings Division." The following are some selected excerpts from subchapter 7:

3901.9.2. Notice of Parole.

(a) Definition. The notice of parole is a general description of rules and regulations governing parolees.
(b) Notice. The notice of parole shall read as follows:
(1) Release. You will be released on parole effective
______________________ for a period of. This parole is subject to the following notice and conditions. Should you violate any conditions of this parole, you are subject to arrest and the parole hearings division may modify, suspend, or revoke your parole and/or order your return to custody. You have read or have had read to you these conditions of parole and you fully understand them. Whenever any problems arise or you do not understand what is expected of you, talk to your parole agent.
(2) Extradition. You waive extradition to the State of California from any state or territory of the United States, or from the District of Columbia. You will not contest any effort to return you to the State of California.
(3) Psychiatric Returns. If the parole hearings division determines that you suffer from a mental disorder which substantially impairs your ability to maintain yourself in the community or which makes you a danger to yourself or others, the parole hearings division may order your placement in a community treatment facility or state prison, if necessary for treatment. The parole hearings division may revoke your parole and order you returned to prison for psychiatric treatment if the necessary treatment cannot be provided in the community.
(4) Search. You and your residence and any property under your control may be searched without a warrant at any time by any agent of the Department of Corrections or any law enforcement officer.
(5) Detainer. If another jurisdiction has lodged a detainer against you, you may be released to the custody of that jurisdiction. Should you be released from their custody prior to the expiration of your California parole, or should the detainer not be exercised, you are to immediately contact the nearest parole and community services division office for instructions concerning reporting to a parole agent.
(6) Residence. The establishment and maintenance of a residence upon release from prison is critical to the successful reintegration of a parolee into society and is in the interest of the public.
(7) Certificate of Rehabilitation. You have been informed and have received in writing the procedure for obtaining a Certificate of Rehabilitation.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3056, 3057, 3060, and 5077, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.9.3. General Conditions of Parole.

(a) The parole conditions are not a contract but are the specific rules governing all parolees whether or not the parolee has signed the form containing the parole conditions. A violation of any of these conditions of parole may result in the revocation of parole and the parolee's return to prison. The general conditions of parole shall read as follows:
(1) Special conditions. Any special condition imposed by the department.
(2) Release, Reporting, Residence and Travel. Unless other arrangements are approved in writing, you will report to your parole agent within 24 hours or the next working day if released on the day before a holiday or weekend. Your residence and any change of residence shall be reported to your parole agent in advance. You will inform your parole agent within 72 hours of any change of employment location, employer or termination of employment.
(3) Parole Agent Instructions. You shall comply with all instructions of your parole agent and will not travel more than 50 miles from your residence without his/her prior approval. You will not be absent from your county of residence for a period of more than 48 hours and not leave California without prior written approval of your parole agent.
(4) Criminal Conduct. You shall not engage in conduct prohibited by law. You shall immediately inform your parole agent if you are arrested for a felony or misdemeanor crime.
(5) Weapons. You shall not own, use, have access to, or have under your control any of the following:
(A) Any type of firearm or instrument or device which a reasonable person would believe to be capable of being used as a firearm or any ammunition which could be used in a firearm.
(B) Any weapon as defined in state or federal statutes or listed in Penal Code section 12020 or any instrument or device which a reasonable person would believe to be capable of being used as a weapon as defined in Penal Code section 12020.
(C) Any knife with a blade longer than two inches, except kitchen knives which must be kept in your residence and knives related to your employment which may be used and carried only in connection with your employment.
(D) A crossbow of any kind.
(6) You shall sign the parole agreement containing the conditions of parole specified in this section and any special conditions imposed as specified in section 3901.9.4.
NOTE: Authority cited; Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3060, 3060.5, and 12020, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.9.4. Special Conditions of Parole.

Special conditions may be established and imposed by the department or the parole hearings division as provided in section 3901.9.1, and are in addition to the general conditions of parole. Special conditions include:
(a) "To participate in psychiatric treatment. You agree to participate in the psychiatric treatment program approved for you by the parole and community services division." This special condition shall be imposed whenever the parole hearings division or the department's psychiatric staff have determined that treatment is required for successful adjustment on parole.
(b) "To abstain from alcoholic beverages. You agree to totally abstain from the use of any alcoholic beverages or liquors." This special condition shall be imposed whenever the circumstances of the commitment offense are such that this condition is required by the provision of Penal Code section 3053.5. This special condition may also be imposed whenever the department determines that such a condition is warranted by the circumstances of the case.
(c) "To participate in anti-narcotic testing. You agree to participate in anti-narcotic testing in accordance with instructions from a parole agent." This special condition may be imposed if there is a documented or admitted history of controlled substance usage.
(d) "Residence. You shall maintain a residence with a street address or a dwelling location approved in writing by the parole and community services division." This special condition shall be imposed on all parolees required to register under the provisions of Penal Code sections 290 and 457.1, and Health and Safety Code section 11590.
(e) Other. Any other condition deemed necessary by the parole hearings division or the department due to unusual circumstances. This special condition shall be imposed whenever warranted by unusual circumstances. The reasons for its imposition shall be sufficiently documented in the parolee's central file to explain the need for imposition. A special condition of parole which requires the parolee to participate in a live-in program shall not be imposed without a hearing by the parole hearings division.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 290 and 457.1, Penal Code; and Section 11590, Health and Safety Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.9.5. Waiver of Parole.

The parole hearings division may, for good cause, waive parole and discharge any prisoner. Except those who meet the criteria set forth in Penal Code section 2962, a prisoner sentenced pursuant to Penal Code section 1170 or the department may request waiver of parole pursuant to section 3901.11.1.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Section 3000, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.11.1. Filing for Reconsideration of Length and/or Conditions of Parole.

(a) Prisoners whose length and/or conditions of parole were established by the department shall first appeal through the department's appeal procedures in sections 3084, et seq. When the department appeal is final, the prisoner may request parole hearings division review by following the procedures in sections 3901.5.1-.6.
(b) A prisoner or parolee objecting to the decision after reconsideration may appeal the decision under the procedures of sections 3901.5.1-.6.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3000 and 5077, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New article 6 and section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.13.1. Discharge Review.

(a) General. At the discharge review the parole hearings division shall consider the parolee's adjustment in prison and on parole and any other information relevant to determining whether the parolee should be discharged or retained under parole supervision.
(b) Scheduling. ...
(c) Prisoner Rights. The prisoner does not have a right to a personal appearance during the review. The parolee shall receive a copy of the parole hearings division's decision, including the reasons for a decision not to discharge the parolee. The parolee may appeal a refusal to discharge as provided in sections 3901.5.1-.6. If the parole hearings division does not discharge the parolee, it shall review the case annually thereafter until discharge. Subsequent reviews shall be performed as provided in this section.
(d) Criteria. Factors tending to indicate there is a good cause to retain a parolee on parole include:
(1) Commitment Offense. The parolee was committed to prison for several offenses, for an offense involving weapons or great bodily harm, for an offense which was part of large scale criminal activity or for an offense which caused considerable concern in the local community.
(2) Institutional Adjustment. While in prison the parolee was involved in serious gang activities or in general acts of violence.
(3) Parole Adjustment. While on parole the parolee has been involved in criminal activity even if that activity did not result in revocation of parole, has been using drugs, has been involved in gang activities, is currently undergoing criminal prosecution or is being investigated for possible prosecution.
(4) Placement Returns. The parolee has been returned to custody for substance abuse or psychiatric treatment.
(5) Supervision Needed. The parolee is in special need of continued supervision for the safety of the parolee or of the public.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3000 and 3001, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
New article 7 and section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.17.1. Authority to Place Parole Hold.

(a) A parole agent may impose a parole hold only when the parole agent determines that the parolee falls within the criteria listed in section 3901.17.2, and there is probable cause to believe the parolee has violated parole.
(b) The hold decision must be made in every case regardless of the type of crime or parole violation with which the parolee is charged and regardless of whether another criminal justice agency is detaining the parolee.
(c) A parole agent may place a parole hold on a parolee when he/she is already confined as the result of a new criminal charge or may arrest a parolee and place him/her in a local jail facility or state prison on a parole hold pending investigation of alleged parole violations.
(d) The fact that a parolee has been released on bail or his/her own recognizance does not serve as a substitute for the parole agent's decision to place a hold. The parole hearings division must consider the threat to the community. A case may be presented to the parole hearings division at the central office calendar for a decision regarding the placement of a parole hold.
(e) An absconder whose parole has been suspended and who has been subsequently apprehended, but who does not require the placement of a parole hold under one of the criteria listed in section 3901.17.2 should be reported to the parole hearings division at the central office calendar to be reinstated on parole pending further determination, and any outstanding warrants should be recalled.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3056, 3057, and 11175, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
New article 9 and section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.17.2. Criteria for Placement of Parole Hold.

(a) A parolee suspected of a parole violation may be detained by a parole hold for any of the following reasons:
(1) He/She is a danger to him/herself.
(2) He/She is a danger to the person of property of another.
(3) He/She may abscond.
(b) In addition, a parole hold may be placed where the parolee is alleged to be a person described in Section 3901.19.2(a)(7).
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Section 3056, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.17.3. Parole Hold Considerations.

Examples of factors to be considered in deciding whether to place a parole hold include:
(a) The emotional or mental health of the parolee resulting in the parolee being a danger to self or others, or being unable to adequately take care of him/herself.
(b) The presence of drug or alcohol abuse. If drug or alcohol abuse is the only factor warranting a parole hold, the parolee should be placed in jail on a parole hold only when there is no suitable alternative available, such as hospital, detoxification center, or substance abuse treatment control unit with adequate security.
(c) The seriousness of the alleged parole violation.
(d) Prior instances of assaultive behavior when the present violation relates to danger to others.
(e) Involvement in the transportation, sale, or distribution of narcotics or dangerous restricted drugs.
(f) Present threats of violence.
(g) Repeated unlawful conduct during the parolee's current parole in contrast to a "one-time" incident.
(h) Record of escapes from custody or absconding from parole, probation or bail.
(i) Nomadic geographical pattern of prior arrests.
(j) Employment history and stability.
(k) Residential pattern.
(l) Nature of family and community relationships.
(m) Necessary psychiatric treatment cannot be obtained in the community.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Section 3056, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36). ...

3901.17.6. Return to Prison.

Emergency Return: Psychiatric Treatment. A parolee may be returned to prison on an emergency basis if he/she is alleged to be an individual described in section 3901.19.2(a)(7) and if he/she cannot receive necessary psychiatric treatment pending a hearing, as certified in writing by the parole and community services division.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Section 3056, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.19.1. Parole Violation Authority.

The parole hearings division is authorized to revoke parole in any case where the parolee has violated parole. Parole violations listed in section 2616(a) must be reported to the parole hearings division. The parole and community services division is authorized to dispose of any other parolee misconduct.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Section 3056, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New article 10 and section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.19.2. Behavior to Be Reported.

(a) Behavior Which Must Be Reported. The parole and community services division shall report to the parole hearings division any parolee who is reasonably believed to have engaged in the following kinds of behavior:
(1) Any violent conduct described under Penal Code section 667.5(c) or any other assaultive conduct resulting in serious injury to the victim.
(2) Possession, control or use of any firearms, explosive or weapons as defined in federal or state statutes, including weapons listed in California Penal Code section 12020, and any knife having a blade longer than two inches except as provided in section 3901.9.3(a)(5)(C).
(3) Involvement in fraudulent schemes involving over $1,000.
(4) Sale, transportation or distribution of any narcotic or other controlled substances as defined in Division 10 of the Health and Safety Code.
(5) A parolee whose whereabouts are unknown and has been unavailable for contact for 30 days.
(6) Any other conduct or pattern of conduct in violation of the conditions of parole deemed sufficiently serious by the parole and community services division staff.
(7) Facts indicating the parolee is suffering from a mental disorder which substantially impairs the parolee's ability to maintain him/herself in the community, or which makes the parolee a danger to him/herself or others, when necessary psychiatric treatment cannot be obtained in the community.
(8) The failure to register as provided in Penal Code section 290 if the parolee is required to register and the failure to provide a blood specimen and saliva sample as provided in Penal Code section 290.2, requiring sex offenders to give samples before release.
(9) The refusal to sign a parole agreement setting forth the conditions of parole.
(b) Behavior Which May be Reported. Any conduct which the parole agent, unit supervisor or field administrator feels is sufficiently serious to report regardless of whether the conduct is being prosecuted in court.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3000, 3056, 3057 and 3060, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.19.3. Investigation of Parole Violations.

A parole agent shall investigate all cases of a parolee suspected of a parole violation. All available facts relating to the charged violation shall be documented. If the parolee is suspected of a violation which is being investigated as a new crime by a police agency, the parole agent should obtain a copy of the arresting agency's arrest and investigation report. If the parolee is suspected of a violation which is not being investigated as a new crime by a police agency, the parole agent should interview all persons who have knowledge of the conduct and record their statements.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3000 and 3056, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.19.4. Parole Violation Report.

The parole violation report is a document prepared by the parole agent specifying the parole violation charges against a parolee, and containing or referring to the information known to the parole agent relevant to the charges. The parole violation report shall include a resume of the parolee's adjustment to community supervision. Any documents which relate to the parole violation shall be attached to the report or specifically identified in the report.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3000 and 3056, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.19.5. Supplemental Parole Violation Reports.

A supplemental parole violation report may be submitted to: report significant new information or evidence which tends to prove or disprove the violations previously charged; note court actions on charges which are being prosecuted in a criminal proceeding; expand, clarify or correct information in an earlier report; add or amend charges before a hearing is scheduled; provide the parole hearings division with information not related to the violation, but which may affect the parole hearings division's decision regarding the appropriate disposition; provide additional information to the parole hearings division at any time requested by the parole hearings division; or change the parole and community services division recommendation. A copy of the supplemental parole violation report shall be given to the parolee within four days after the report has been submitted to the parole hearings division.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3063, Penal Code.
HISTORY:
1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36).

3901.19.6. Parole Violation Recommendations.

The parole and community services division shall recommend the appropriate alternative necessary to deal with the violation charged. In a parole violation report the parole and community services division may make the following recommendations:
(a) Continue on Parole. This recommendation may be used when the violation charged is not serious enough to warrant reimprisonment. A continue on parole recommendation may include a recommendation to delete, modify, or add special conditions of parole.
(b) Local Program. This recommendation may be used when the violation charged does not require reimprisonment of the parolee but does require treatment which can be obtained in a community facility or program.
(c) Schedule for Revocation Proceedings, Psychiatric Treatment. This recommendation shall be used only when a parolee's adjustment indicates the parolee may be suffering from a mental disorder which substantially impairs the parolee's ability to maintain him/herself in the community, or which makes the parolee a danger to him/herself or others, when necessary psychiatric treatment cannot be obtained in the community. The recommendation shall not be made when violations of another term or condition of parole are charged. When this recommendation is made a psychiatric report shall accompany the parole violation report and shall be made available to the hearing panel.
(d) Schedule for Revocation Proceedings. This recommendation shall be used whenever the violation charged is so serious that reimprisonment is necessary whether or not the parolee is in need of medical or psychiatric treatment. This recommendation shall be used when a parolee who is required to register under Penal Code section 290 fails to register within the time prescribed in Penal Code section 290(g) and when they refuse to sign their conditions of parole.
NOTE: Authority cited: Stats. 1992, ch. 695, sec. 45. Reference: Sections 3000, 3056, 3057, 3060, and 3060.5, Penal Code.

HISTORY:

1. New section filed 9-3-93; operative 9-3-93 pursuant to Government Code section 11346.2(d) (Register 93, No. 36) (3 June 1998).

With respect to the possible consequences to parolees who commit two or more crimes while on parole, a 5 May 1998 CDC news release advised that the department was engaged in a pilot project in which these persons, when returned to three specified prisons, engage in "hard labor ... physically demanding manual labor" such as breaking granite and concrete.

A 16 November 1997 article from the Sacramento Bee on California's determinate sentencing system and automatic parole, reported that under the determinate sentencing system "virtually everybody who gets out of prison" is subject to a three-year parole. Most parolees returned to prison have violated regulations on mandatory drug testing or missed meetings with their parole agents, while approximately 22 per cent of those returned in 1996 had committed new crimes (ibid.).

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Please find below the list of additional sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

References


California Board of Prison Terms, Sacramento. n.d.a. "About the BPT." http://www.bpt.ca.gov/about.bpt.html [Accessed 18 May 2001]

_____. n.d.b "Who Gets Parole." http://www.bpt.ca.gov/parole.html [Accessed 14 May 2001]

California Department of Corrections (CDC). Second Quarter 2001. "About the Department." http://www.cdc.state.ca.us/factsht.htm [Accessed 14 May 2001]

_____. 3 June 1998. California Department of Corrections Regulations. http://www.cdc.state.ca.us/cgi-bin/foliocgi.exe/t15.nfo? [Accessed 14 May 2001]

_____. 5 May 1998. "California Inmates Do Hard Time." http://www.cdc.state.ca.us/news/1998/98-12.htm [Accessed 14 May 2001]

_____. n.d.a. "Supervised Parole." http://www.cdc.state.ca.us/program/parole.htm [Accessed 18 May 2001]

_____.n.d.b. "Issues & Insights." http://www.cdc.state.ca.us/issues/issues.htm [Accessed 18 May 2001]

Little Hoover Commission, Sacramentio, CA. January 1998. Beyond Bars: Correctional Reforms to Lower Prison Costs and Reduce Crime. http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhcdir/crime.html [Accessed 15 May 2001]

Sacramento Bee. 16 November 1997. Andy Furillo. "Parolees Caught in Revolving Door of State Penal System." (NEXIS)

Additional Sources Consulted


LEXIS/NEXIS

Six non-documentary sources contacted did not provide information on the requested subject.

Internet sites including:

California Department of Corrections (CDC)

California Prison Focus

Families to Amend California's 3-Strikes (FACTS)

The Friends Committee on Legislation of California

Human Rights Watch

Little Hoover Commission

Prison Activist Resource Centre (PARC)

The Sentencing Project

Stop Prisoner Rape