a-4690 (ACC-AFG-4690)

Nach einer Recherche in unserer Länderdokumentation und im Internet können wir Ihnen zu oben genannter Fragestellung Materialien zur Verfügung stellen, die unter anderem folgende Informationen enthalten:

Konsequenzen bei verweigerter Zwangsheirat

AI - Amnesty International: Human rights challenges facing Afghanistan’s National and Provincial Assemblies - an open letter to candidates, 15. September 2005
http://web.amnesty.org/library/pdf/ASA110112005ENGLISH/$File/ASA1101105.pdf  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“Prisons across Afghanistan contain women who allege that they have not committed a criminal act. Many jailed women claim to be incarcerated for transgressing social norms and morals, such as refusing to marry against their wishes or fleeing violence from family members.” (S.2)

RFE/RL - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Afghanistan: Interview With UN Special Rapporteur On Violence Against Women, 26. Juli 2005
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/7/99775C66-B885-4308-A3DC-16F9051643A9.html  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“She [Yakin Erturk, the United Nations special rapporteur on violence against women] says the majority of the people she met pointed to forced marriage and child marriages as the primary source of violence against women.

The Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) estimates that between 60 percent and 80 percent of marriages in the country are forced marriages which the woman has no right to refuse. Many of those marriages, especially in rural areas, involve girls below the age of 15.

The UN rapporteur on violence against women says forced marriages make it far more likely that women will be subjected to domestic violence, including sexual abuse.“

DIS - Danish Immigration Service: The political conditions, the security and human rights situation in Afghanistan; Report on fact-finding mission to Kabul, Afghanistan 20 March - 2 April 2004, November 2004
http://www.udlst.dk/NR/rdonlyres/e2kb4pmod3svrbhnlxwzyzkx726i7gvz3e6nzxk5rnsdn6foptwuz7b3olw6idr6l3ljvdwjcplch2liha6fgaojond/Afganistan%28engelsk%29.pdf  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“According to the EU Special Representative, it is customary practice that young women are married against their will to older men, which contributes to a high incidence of suicide among young women. [...]

The Vice Minister for Women underlined that forced marriages are widespread. It is also common that a 12-year-old girl has to marry a 50-year-old man. A woman runs the risk of being murdered by her family, if she does not marry the person whom the family has chosen. The source said that it is not in reality possible for a young girl to seek support from the authorities or the police against a marriage her parents have decided upon.

The President of the Supreme Court stated that according to Islamic law, it is not permitted to force women to marry against their will. The source stated that a woman could always make a complaint to the courts in such a situation.” (Kapitel 6.2.4., S.50)

USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004 - Afghanistan, 28. Februar 2005
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41737.htm  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“Violence against women persisted, including beatings, rapes, forced marriages, and kidnappings. Such incidents generally went unreported, and most information was anecdotal. The Ministry of Women’s Affairs estimated that more than 50 percent of marriages involved women under 16, the legal minimum age of marriage for women. It was difficult to document rapes, in view of the social stigma that surrounded them. Information on domestic violence and rape was limited. In the climate of secrecy and impunity, domestic violence against women and rape remained a serious problem. [...]

In detention facilities, there were 136 women, many of whom were imprisoned at the request of a family member. Many of the incarcerated opposed the wishes of the family in the choice of a marriage partner, were accused of adultery, or faced bigamy charges from husbands who granted a divorce, only to change their minds when the divorced wife remarried. Other women faced similar charges from husbands who had deserted them and reappeared after the wife had remarried. Some women resided in detention facilities because they had run away from home due to domestic violence or the prospect of forced marriage, and there were no shelters for women in this situation. There were approximately eight detention centers for women in the country.” (Sektion 5, Kap. Women)

UK Home Office: Country Report Afghanistan, Oktober 2005
http://www.ecoi.net/pub/hl900_afghanistan_151105.doc  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

Absätze 6.264-6.270, 6.276-6.283

IWPR - Institute for War and Peace Reporting: Self-Immolation Seen as Only Escape, 30. September 2005
http://www.iwpr.net/index.php?apc_state=hen&s=o&o=archive/arr/arr_200509_190_2_eng.txt  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

(Artikel über Selbstverbrennungen u.a. wegen Zwangsehen)

Ist eine Ärztin an ihrer Berufsausübung gehindert, da Männer sich nicht von Frauen behandeln lassen wollen

In den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Quellen konnten keine konkreten Informationen zur Berufsausübung von Ärztinnen gefunden werden. Die meisten Berichte beschäftigen sich dem umgekehrten Fall: Frauen und männliche Ärzte. In einigen Berichten wird jedoch auf weibliches medizinisches Personal verwiesen (ohne nähere Details, ob es sich um Ärztinnen handelt):

USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004 - Afghanistan, 28. Februar 2005
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41737.htm  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“Women continued to be denied access to adequate medical facilities. According to the AIHRC, nearly 40 percent of the 756 basic primary-health facilities in 2002 had no female workers, a major deterrent for women because societal barriers discouraged them from seeking care from male health workers.” (Sektion 5, Kap. Women)

IMC - International Medical Corps: where we work - Afghanistan, ohne Datum
http://www.imcworldwide.org/loc_afghanistan.shtml  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“In addition, IMC provides refresher training courses for male and female Afghan health care providers including professionals, para-professionals and community health volunteers. [...]”

IMC berichtet auch von der Rückkehr von 12 Ärztinnen im Jahr 2002:

IMC - International Medical Corps: IMC In Afghanistan, ohne Datum
http://www.imc-la.com/programs/afghanistan.html  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“Heralding a new era in Afghanistan’s history, twelve IMC-trained Afghan women physicians returned from exile to their homeland in early 2002, and now serve with IMC at the forefront of efforts to provide quality health care to the nation’s long-suffering population, particularly its women. These twelve doctors are a small part of the more than 1,000 Afghan female health care workers that IMC trained in one year alone in Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan.”

IMC - International Medical Corps: IMC Female Afghan Doctor Heads Up Successful Measles Campaign, Februar 2002
http://www.imc-la.com/programs/Articles/Afghanistan/020702-DrRokhshana.html  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

UNHCR bietet in einigen der Return Information Updates unter anderem Informationen zur Gesundheits­versorgung, manchmal auch mit Verweisen auf weibliches medizinisches Personal. So z.B. das Update Nr.49 vom Jänner 2004:

UNHCR: Return Information Update - Issue 49, 15. Jänner 2004
http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&id=4006bcdb2  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“Kabul: In Kabul province, more than 11,931 health staff of whom 4,368 are doctors (3,624 male and 742 female), 13,258 are nurses (9,870 male and 3,388 female) and 2,856 are midwives (84 male and 2,772 female), provide medical services in 13 hospitals and 69 clinics, which is the 30% of the health facilities in entire country.” (S.4)

Weiters wird eine Tabelle aufgeführt, die auch in einigen anderen Provinzen der Zentralregion Ärztinnen führt, des weiteren werden in manchen anderen Provinzen Ärztinnen erwähnt (für Details siehe im Bericht).

Es wurden nicht alle Updates durchsucht, ob sich weitere Informationen über Ärztinnen finden. Wenn Sie wünschen, können wir dies auf Nachfrage recherchieren.

Müssen Frauen Kopftuch tragen?

Diese Frage lässt sich nicht allgemein für ganz Afghanistan beantworten. Für eine weitere Recherche wären nähere Angaben zur Region nötig. So hält z.B. das USDOS fest, dass es bzgl. eventueller Kleidervorschriften für Frauen regionale Unterschiede gebe:

USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004 - Afghanistan, 28. Februar 2005
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41737.htm  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“Many women continued to wear the burqa because of conservative traditions and fear of harassment or violence; however, this varied greatly among regions. Cases of local authorities policing aspects of women’s appearance, to conform to a conservative interpretation of Islam and local customs, appeared to have diminished.” (Sektion 5, Kap. Women)

Im Folgenden seien einige Beispiele herausgegriffen:

USDOS - US Department of State: International Religious Freedom Report 2005 - Afghanistan, 8. November 2005
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51615.htm  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“Most women in rural areas wear burqas, a traditional full body and face covering; however, many urban women did not wear burqas before the Taliban imposed this practice. Although a number of women in urban areas no longer wear the burqa since the fall of the Taliban, a majority of women continue to do so either from choice or community pressure.” (Sektion II)

“Local officials also confronted women over their attire and behavior, although there were no known official policies mandating the wearing of the burqa or regulating the activities of women.” (Sektion III)

IWPR berichtet zum international Frauentag 2005:

IWPR - Institute for War and Peace Reporting: A Day for Women to Shine, 18. März 2005
http://www.iwpr.net/index.php?apc_state=hen&s=o&o=archive/arr/arr_200503_165_3_eng.txt  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“The Intercontinental Hotel in Kabul buzzed with excitement earlier this month as more than 500 men and women, some of the latter stylishly dressed and even a few without the once-obligatory headscarf, marked International Women’s Day.”

HRW berichtet hingegen folgendes über Drohungen gegen eine Frau, die ohne Kopftuch fotografiert wurde:

HRW - Human Rights Watch: Between Hope and Fear - Intimidation and Attacks against Women in Public Life in Afghanistan, Oktober 2004
http://hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/afghanistan1004/afghanistan1004.pdf  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

“A woman working for an Afghan NGO described the threats she received after a photograph of her, taken at a moment when her headscarf had inadvertently slipped off, was published on the web. K.N. had traveled abroad for a leadership conference and the photograph was published on the sponsor’s website. Starting in mid-April 2004, she received threatening daily e-mails for two weeks and two letters delivered directly to her house. She told Human Rights Watch:” (für weitere Details zu dem Fall siehe im Bericht)

Allgemeine Lage von Frauen

UK Home Office: Country Report Afghanistan, Oktober 2005
http://www.ecoi.net/pub/hl900_afghanistan_151105.doc  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

Absätze 6.196-6.283, 5.194-5.200

HRW - Human Rights Watch: Campaigning against Fear: Women’s Participation in Afghanistan’s 2005 Elections, 17. August 2005
http://hrw.org/backgrounder/wrd/afghanistan0805/afghanistan081705.pdf  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

RFE/RL - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Afghanistan: Interview With UN Special Rapporteur On Violence Against Women, 26. Juli 2005
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/7/99775C66-B885-4308-A3DC-16F9051643A9.html  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004 - Afghanistan, 28. Februar 2005
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41737.htm  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

Siehe Sektion 5, Kapitel “Women”

HRW - Human Rights Watch: Between Hope and Fear - Intimidation and Attacks against Women in Public Life in Afghanistan, Oktober 2004
http://hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/afghanistan1004/afghanistan1004.pdf  (Zugriff am 23. November 2005)

Diese Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen. Die Antwort stellt keine abschließende Meinung zur Glaubwürdigkeit eines bestimmten Asylansuchens dar.