31. Oktober 2024

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Kinderrechte

Kinderarbeit und Menschenhandel

Bildung

Versorgungslage

Kinder ohne familiären Anschluss

Sicherheitslage

Kinderrechte

Der Jahresbericht (Berichtszeitraum 2023) des Länderbüros des UN-Kinderhilfswerks (UN Children's Fund, UNICEF) enthält allgemeine Informationen zur Lage von Kindern im Land:

·      UNICEF – UN Children's Fund: Angola Country Office Annual Report 2023, 14. Februar 2024
https://www.unicef.org/media/152216/file/Angola-2023-COAR.pdf

Ein vermutlich im November 2021 zuletzt aktualisierter Überblick der Kinderrechts-NGO Humanium enthält weitere Informationen zur Lage von Kindern im Land:

·      Humanium: Children of Angola; Realizing Children’s Rights in Angola, ohne Datum
https://www.humanium.org/en/angola/

Auf den Seiten 24 bis 27 eines Berichts des deutschen Bundesamts für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) vom April 2024 finden sich Informationen zur Menschenrechtslage von Frauen und Kindern im Land:

·      BAMF – Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (Deutschland): Länderreport 67 Angola; Allgemeine Situation und Menschenrechtslage, 17. April 2024
https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Behoerde/Informationszentrum/Laenderreporte/2024/laenderreport-67-Angola.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4

Das US-Außenministerium bietet in seinem Jahresbericht zur Menschenrechtslage (Berichtszeitraum 2023) einen allgemeinen Überblick zur Lage von Kindern:

·      USDOS – US Department of State: 2023 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Angola, 23. April 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2107603.html

„Birth Registration: Although birth registration was universalized, the government did not register all births immediately, which blocked access to government services including education beyond sixth grade. […]

Child Abuse: There were laws against child abuse, but they were rarely enforced. Child abuse was widespread. Reports of physical abuse within the family were commonplace, and local officials largely tolerated abuse due to lack of capacity within institutions to provide appropriate care. The Ministry of Social Action, Family and Women’s Promotion offered programs for child abuse victims and other vulnerable children, but nationwide implementation of such programs remained incomplete.

Child, Early, and Forced Marriage: The legal age for marriage with parental consent was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. The government did not enforce this restriction effectively, and the traditional age of marriage in lower income groups coincided with the onset of puberty.

Sexual Exploitation of Children: The law prohibited the sale or use of children for commercial sexual exploitation. Police did not actively enforce laws prohibiting commercial sexual exploitation, and local NGOs expressed concern regarding the sexual exploitation of children. The law prohibited the use of children to produce pornography; however, it did not prohibit the procuring or offering of a child for the production of pornography, or the use, procuring, or offering of a child for pornographic performances.

Sexual relations between an adult and a child younger than 12 were considered rape, and conviction carried a potential penalty of eight to 12 years’ imprisonment. Adult sexual relations with a child between ages of 12 and 17 were considered sexual abuse, and convicted offenders could receive sentences from two to eight years in prison. The legal age of consensual sex was 18. Limited investigative resources and an inadequate judicial system prevented prosecution of most cases. There were reports of prosecutions during the year.“ (USDOS, 23. April 2024, Section 6)

Kinderarbeit und Menschenhandel

Die folgenden Ausschnitte aus ausgewählten Quellen enthalten Informationen zu Kinderarbeit und Menschenhandel:

·      USDOL – US Department of Labor: 2023 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Angola, 5. September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2116124.html

„In 2023, Angola made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The Human Rights Provincial Committees of 7 of the country's 18 provinces conducted several awareness-raising events on human trafficking, including lectures, conferences, radio programs, fairs, and forums for law enforcement officials, students, teachers, journalists, and health services staff. Moreover, awareness-raising campaigns aimed at parents, farmers, and construction companies in Bengo province significantly decreased the number of child labor cases in the region. The government also increased the labor inspectorate budget by almost $1.4 million. However, despite these efforts, Angola's laws on child trafficking for forced labor exploitation do not meet international standards since prohibitions require the use of threats, violence, coercion, fraud, or abuse to be established for the crime of child trafficking. Additionally, laws prohibiting the commercial sexual exploitation of children do not sufficiently meet international standards since they do not criminalize the use, procuring, and offering of a child for pornographic performances. The number of labor inspectors is also likely insufficient for the size of Angola's workforce, and social programs do not target children subjected to certain worst forms of child labor, including commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. […]

Overview of Children's Work by Sector and Activity

Children in Angola are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in construction. […]

Children at Higher Risk

Undocumented Congolese migrant children enter Angola for work in diamond-mining districts, and some are subjected to forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation in mining camps. Girls as young as age 12 are subjected to human trafficking from Kasai Occidental in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Angola for forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Moreover, Angolan boys are taken to neighboring countries and forced to herd cattle or work as couriers to transport illicit goods.” (USDOL, 5. September 2024)

·      USDOS – US Department of State: 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report: Angola, 24. Juni 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2111817.html

„As reported over the past five years, human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Angola, and traffickers exploit victims from Angola abroad. Traffickers exploit Angolans, including children as young as 12 years old, in forced labor in the brick making, domestic service, construction, agriculture, fisheries, and artisanal diamond mining sectors. Angolan girls as young as 13 are victims of sex trafficking, and girls in domestic work within private homes in Angola are vulnerable to labor trafficking. Angolan adults use children, including Congolese children, younger than 12 in forced criminal activity, such as petty street crimes, because children cannot be criminally prosecuted. Children of refugees lack legal identity documents preventing them from obtaining a secondary education and making them vulnerable to exploitation. ‘Handlers’ increasingly bring children from rural areas to Luanda for street work, including begging, shoe shining, car washing, and parking assistance, where they are vulnerable to forced labor from their handlers and other traffickers. Extreme poverty, economic decline, rising unemployment, and inflation in recent years has led to a significant increase in the number of children using the streets as a source of livelihood, especially in urban areas.” (USDOS, 24. Juni 2024)

Bildung

Die folgenden Ausschnitte aus ausgewählten Quellen enthalten Informationen zu Bildung:

·      USDOL – US Department of Labor: 2023 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Angola, 5. September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2116124.html

„Barriers to Education Access

Refugee children face difficulties in continuing their education beyond age 11 since their status is directly connected to their parents' refugee cards, which are not accepted by secondary schools. Reports further indicate that children associated with the LGBTQIA+ [Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual/Transgender, Queer, Intersexual und Asexual] community, specifically trans children, are less likely to finish their compulsory education due to discrimination from classmates, teachers, and school administrators. In addition, although education is free up to the ninth grade, families often face difficulty in paying informal school fees, such as for textbooks, and at times, bribes are requested by some education officials for new admissions or passing grades. Reports further indicate that over 2 million school-age children in the country do not currently attend school due to a lack of classrooms and teachers. Additionally, poor infrastructure, including the lack of sanitation facilities, disproportionately affects girls' attendance, especially at the secondary school level. Lack of birth registration and proper identification documents is yet another barrier to children accessing education in Angola since they are only permitted to attend school up to the sixth grade without either of these documents. Although the government issued over 5 million birth registration cards and 2.6 million identification cards during its ‘Massive Registration Campaign,’ the project ended at the end of 2023.” (USDOL, 5. September 2024)

·      USDOS – US Department of State: 2023 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Angola, 23. April 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2107603.html

„Education: There were reports parents, especially in rural areas, were more likely to send boys to school than girls. According to UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization], enrollment rates were higher for boys than for girls, especially at the secondary level. The NGO Mosaiko reported girls dropped out at higher rates than boys due to insecure school environments, sexual abuse, stigma derived from early pregnancies, and the need to travel long distances to school exposing girls to sexual violence.” (USDOS, 23. April 2024, Section 6)

·      Borgen Project (The): Education in Angola: Challenges and Developments, 23. Juli 2024
https://borgenproject.org/education-in-angola/

„With more than one-fourth of the population being considered illiterate and approximately two million children being out of school, the question arises as to why a country with such abundant resources has been lagging in its educational advancement. […] According to statistics taken by Angop, the state-controlled news agency, the annual average rate of enrolling children without a place to study stands at a whopping 18.59%. Although children are willing to attend school, spatial barriers prevent many from receiving an education. The Luanda province, located on the Northern coast of Angola, reported that it was unable to find room for roughly 16,000 children who finished the 9th grade to continue their education. Children who want to either enter or continue their schooling in various Angolan provinces are continually being denied due to a lack of infrastructure, although recent legislation regarding education seems to be improving the future of Angolan schooling. […] Strides have been made to alleviate the issues within the education system, as legislation and funding for schooling have risen in recent years. […] Improvement of the Angolan education system will be a long-term process, especially after the devastation its infrastructure and economy have faced after the war. From the lack of classrooms to the low rates of literacy and graduation, the Angolan youth continue to seek a successful education. Now, with the increase in funding for school governance, quality of programs, school building and teacher training, the future of Angolan education seems promising. Suppose the government continues to prioritize the restoration and development of the education system. In that case, Angola can transition into one of the educational powerhouses of Africa.” (The Borgen Project, 23. Juli 2024)

Weitere Informationen und Daten zu Bildung in Angola finden sich auch unter folgenden Links

·      Broken Chalk: Challenges facing the Education System in Angola, ohne Datum
https://brokenchalk.org/challenges-facing-the-education-system-in-angola/         

·      UNESCO – UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, Country Profile Angola, ohne Datum
https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/countryprofiles/AO.pdf

Die portugiesischsprachige Website des angolanischen Bildungsministeriums ist über folgenden Link erreichbar:

·      MED – Ministério da Educação: Website, ohne Datum
https://med.gov.ao/ao/

Versorgungslage

Auf den Seiten 11 bis 13 des folgenden Berichts des BAMF vom April 2024 finden sich Informationen zur wirtschaftlichen Lage bzw. zur Gesundheitsversorgung im Land:

·      BAMF - Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (Deutschland): Länderreport 67 Angola; Allgemeine Situation und Menschenrechtslage, 17. April 2024
https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Behoerde/Informationszentrum/Laenderreporte/2024/laenderreport-67-Angola.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4

Folgender, im Jänner 2024 veröffentlichte Bericht der Weltbankgruppe und des Instituto de Desenvolvimiento Local enthält detaillierte Informationen zur wirtschaftlichen Lage bzw. zu sozialem Schutz:

·      World Bank Group & Instituto de Desenvolvimiento Local: Establishing an Adaptive Social Protection System in Angola, Jänner 2024
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099021524040036108/pdf/P17948519e34aa03518a4a13eea791cca3f.pdf

Die folgenden Ausschnitte aus ausgewählten Quellen enthalten Informationen zur aktuellen Versorgungslage:

·      Amnesty International: The State of the World's Human Rights; Angola 2024, 24. April 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2107830.html

„In the south, the population continued to suffer the impact of severe and prolonged drought. According to UNICEF [UN Children's Fund], 3.8 million people needed humanitarian assistance, 2 million of whom were children; 600,000 people needed health assistance, and 1 million were in need of nutrition assistance. The government failed to provide timely humanitarian relief, and needs were addressed mainly by NGOs or UN agencies like UNICEF and the World Food Programme.“ (Amnesty International, 24. April 2024)

·      FEWS NET – Famine Early Warning Systems Network: Angola Key Message Update September 2024: Population in need likely to increase as lean season starts early, 4. Oktober 2024
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/974e680b-303b-41dc-b3ad-3de9371e0b95/ao-kmu-2024-10-1728075696.pdf

„In drought-affected southern and eastern Angola, the lean season started early in September, with many households likely exhausting their food stocks atypically early and becoming market dependent for food amid high prices. As a result, Crisis (IPC [Integrated Food Security Phase Classification] Phase 3) outcomes are ongoing and expected to persist through January 2025. Poor households in Cunene, Cuando Cubango, Moxico, Huíla, and parts of Benguela and Namibe provinces are likely among the worst-drought affected and are relying on borrowed food and generating income from selling off-own farm products to purchase food. Households in these areas have faced multiple droughts which are eroding livelihood assets and decreasing their ability to cope with the current shocks. In addition to reports of hunger in these drought-affected areas, there are concerns of high food prices negatively impacting very poor households’ ability to access food in other rural and urban areas, which are likely to experience Stressed (IPC Phase 2) outcomes. Minimal (IPC Phase 1) outcomes are expected in the rest of the country due to an average main harvest and second season production.” (FEWS NET, 4. Oktober 2024)

·      WFP – World Food Programme: WFP Angola Country Brief, September 2024, 30. September 2024
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/72eb8164-a1d3-4e12-9124-0d6bcfd8bda3/WFP%20Angola%20Country%20Brief%20-%20September%202024.pdf

„[…] Angola’s economic growth has been volatile and tied to oil, leaving the country with high levels of poverty and inequality. Additionally, Angola’s agricultural resources remain underutilized, and the country is exposed to various climate-related shocks. El Niño conditions have impacted the southern and eastern regions of the country, causing the most protracted drought in 40 years. The El Niño-induced drought is hitting areas of the country where vulnerable communities are already grappling with the effects of six consecutive years of below-average rainfall, dry conditions, and annually decreasing harvests. Based on the figures included in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Humanitarian Appeal, 2.2 million people in Angola are in need of assistance due to the El Niño-induced drought. Rainfall shortages in the south and center of the country significantly reduce agricultural production, which is the main source of food for rural households. The general rise in food prices also restricts households’ purchasing power. Food insecurity and undernutrition remain serious public health problems and are driven by a range of factors, including poverty, limited dietary diversity, poor sanitation and hygiene conditions, and gender inequality.” (WFP, 30. September 2024)

·      HRW – Human Rights Watch: Repatriated Angolan Children Face Precarious Conditions, 10. Juni 2024
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/06/10/repatriated-angolan-children-face-precarious-conditions

„Namibian authorities are repatriating Angolans, including dozens of children—many unaccompanied—who were found begging or selling wooden artifacts in Namibia’s cities and towns. Many of the children are from Angola’s southern Cunene, Huila, and Namibe provinces, where the worst drought in four decades has caused severe food shortages and livestock deaths. Over the years, thousands have fled the region and crossed the border to Namibia in search of food and jobs. […] El Niño, the climate phenomenon that disrupts normal weather patterns, is a key driver of the droughts and food insecurity that led many Angolan children to flee to Namibia. […] In recent years, Angola has resettled repatriated children in a government-managed camp in Cunene province, where at least six children reportedly died in 2021 due to the inadequate shelter and food. A volunteer at the camp told Human Rights Watch that many of the repatriated children eventually returned to Namibia because local authorities did not provide enough assistance. Angolan civil society groups have warned about the risks the returned children face in Angola, including poor conditions in camps and lack of public policies to support families in farming following the drought.” (HRW, 10. Juni 2024)

Kinder ohne familiären Anschluss

Es konnten keine Informationen speziell zur Lage von Kindern ohne familiären Anschluss gefunden werden.

Eine im November 2023 veröffentlichte Studie zu Kindern ohne elterliche Fürsorge in Afrika erwähnt jedoch Folgendes:

·      ACERWC - African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child: Continental Study on Children Without Parental Care (CWPC) in Africa, 8. November 2023
https://www.acerwc.africa/sites/default/files/2023-11/Media_Release_Children_Without_Parental_Care_08-November_2023.pdf

„ANGOLA: Law on the Protection and Integral Development of Children (Law No.25/12): The child has the right to special attention to the family, society and the state. The state must ensure all forms of protection against abandonment, discrimination, oppression, exploitation and abusive exercise of authority in the family and other institutions. Other relevant laws: Articles 4 and 5 of the Basic Social Protection Law (Law No. 7/04); and the Family Code Law 1 of 88 of 20 February, Article 197 of which provides for adoption.“ (ACERWC, 8. November 2023, S. 38)

Gesucht wurde mittels ecoi.net, Refworld, Factiva, Google und AllAfrica nach einer Kombination aus folgenden Suchbegriffen: parental, child, care, support, orphan, without parents.

Sicherheitslage

Die Reisehinweise auf den Websites der Regierungen von Österreich, Deutschland, USA, dem Vereinigten Königreich und Kanada sowie ein Länderbericht auf der Website des Sicherheitsdienstleisters Garda enthalten Informationen zur aktuellen sicherheitsrelevanten Lage im Land:

·      BMEIA – Bundesministerium für europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten: Reiseinformationen, Angola (Republik Angola), 29. Oktober 2024
https://www.bmeia.gv.at/reise-services/reiseinformation/land/angola

·      Auswärtiges Amt (Deutschland): Angola: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise, Sicherheit, 29. Oktober 2024
https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/angola-node/angolasicherheit/208118#content_0

·      USDOS – US Department of State — Bureau of Consular Affairs: Angola, Republic of Angola, Travel Advisory, 23. September 2024
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/Angola.html

·      FCDO – Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office: Foreign travel advice, Angola, 29. Oktober 2024
https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/angola/safety-and-security

·      Government of Canada: Angola travel advice, letzte Aktualisierung am 24. September 2024
https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/angola

·      Crisis 24: Angola Country Report, ohne Datum
https://crisis24.garda.com/insights-intelligence/intelligence/country-reports/angola