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Document #1002209
ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (Author)
Nach einer Recherche in unserer Länderdokumentation und im Internet können wir Ihnen zu oben genannter Fragestellung Materialien zur Verfügung stellen, die unter anderem folgende Informationen enthalten:
Nach Angaben eines vom Danish Immigration Service (DIS) im März 2004 veröffentlichten Berichtes über eine im Jänner 2004 durchgeführte Fact-Finding-Mission handelt es sich bei den Bandhabow um einen Subklan der Rer Hamar (auch Reer Hamar geschrieben). So seien die Rer Hamar laut Mohamed Abdi Mamow, dem Vorsitzenden der somalischen Menschenrechtsorganisation Organisation for Minority Rights and Development, in zwei allgemeine Kategorien unterteilt: die sogenannten „light-skinned“ („Hellhäutigen“), zu denen die Bandhabow und Morshe gerechnet würden, und die „dark-skinned“ („Dunkelhäutigen“), zu denen die Shanshi und Dharbarwayne gehörten (DIS März 2004, S. 39).
Darüber hinaus berichtet das Danish Immigration Service, die Delegation habe sich mit dem Malaq (Chief) der Bandhabow, Sufi Muudde Ali, der sich auch als oberster Chief aller Rer Hamar und Shingani-Gmeinschaften in Mogadishu vorstellte, und einem weiteren Repräsentanten der Bandhabow getroffen:
“The delegation met with the Malaq (Chief) of the Bandhabow Sufi Muudde Ali, who stated that he is also Superior Chief of all Rer Hamar and Shingani communities in Mogadishu, and Abdulkadir Shooble Dahir, a Bandhabow representative who left Mogadishu in 2000, and is currently living in Nairobi. Malaq Muudde Ali is still living in Hamar Weyne in Mogadishu, but is now attending the peace talks in Nairobi.
According to the representatives, the Bandhabow are craftsmen, small traders, tailors and fishermen. The Bandhabow people are famous for making clothing called Alindi. It was estimated that there are about 100 Bandhabow families still living in Somalia.
Members of the Bandhabow community are both dark-skinned and light-skinned. In every subgroup there might be such a mix. There are no sub-groups that are known for being just lightskinned or just dark-skinned. The representatives informed the delegation that major Somali clans, irrespective of whether they are dark- or light-skinned, regard them equally.
According to the representatives, all Bandhabows and all other Rer Hamar people can intermarry irrespective of whether they are light- or dark-skinned and irrespective of which sub-group they belong to.” (DIS März 2004, S. 39, 40)
In einem etwas älteren Bericht des Danish Immigration Service über eine Erkundungsreise im Jahr 2000 werden die Bandhabow zu den Benadiri gerechnet. So führt das Danish Immigration Service aus:
“From discussions with these groups it transpired that the term Benadiri is used by these groups to indicate the coastal population of Somalia roughly between Mogadishu and Kismayo, who share an urban culture and who are of mixed origin (Persian/Portuguese/Arabian/Swahili/Somali), separate from the major Somali clans. […] Perouse de Montclos adds that the term Benadiri, as a community, did not fully appear before the 1990 civil war (N.B. This is also in accordance with other, UN, sources). In the spoken language, ’Benadiri’ implies a cloth, ’alindi, hand woven by artisans in the city and distinguished by variously coloured stripes. […] In the strictest sense of the word it applies to the traders who were the first inhabitants of Mogadishu but have always been seen as foreigners by the Somalis: the Bandhabow, the Morshe-Iskashato, the Abdisamad, the Sadiq Gedi, the Bafadal, the Amudi, the Duruqo, the rer Shikh, the rer Manyo, the Gudmane in Hamar Weyne district and the rer Faqi in Shingani district.” (DIS Dezember 2000, S. 38)
In den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Materialien konnten keine weiteren Informationen über das Siedlungsgebiet der Bandhabow gefunden werden. Laut dem Bericht des Danish Immigration Service vom Dezember 2000 bedeutet die Bezeichnung „Rer Hamar“ beziehungsweise „Reer Hamar“, zu denen auch die Bandhabow gerechnet werden (siehe dazu auch DIS Dezember 2000, S. 39), Menschen aus Mogadischu (Hamar Weyne). Einige vom DIS konsultierte Quellen hätten den Begriff jedoch für die gesamte Küstenbevölkerung mit gemischter ethnischer Herkunft verwendet (DIS Dezember 2000, S. 38). Nach Angaben von UN OCHA machen die Rer Hamar, Nachfahren arabischer Einwanderer aus Jemen und dem Nahen Osten, die sich in den Küstenstädten Südsomalias niedergelassen hatten, 0,5% der Bevölkerung Somalias aus. Als Siedlungsgebiete der Rer Hamar werden die Distrikte Shangani und Hamarweyne in Mogadischu sowie Merka angeführt (UN OCHA 1. August 2002, Kap. 2.1, Table 1).
Die von den Rer Hamar verwendete Sprache ist laut UN OCHA Somali beziehungsweise ein von den Rer Hamar verwendeter Dialekt von Somali (UN OCHA 1. August 2002, Kap. 2.1).
In den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Materialien konnten keine Berichte gefunden werden, die sich speziell auf die Situation der Bandhabow beziehen. Anbei haben wir jedoch Informationen zur Lage der Reer Hamar beziehungsweise Benadiri, denen die Bandhabow zugerechnet werden, beigelegt:
Nach Aussage des vom DIS konsultierten Mohamed Abdi Mamow seien sowohl die „hellhäutigen“ als auch die „dunkelhäutigen“ Gruppen der Rer Hamar gefährdet, verfolgt zu werden:
“According to Abdi Mamow, the Rer Hamar is divided into two general categories: the so-called
light-skinned and the dark-skinned. The Rer Hamar groups, the Bandhabow and Morshe, are considered dark-skinned, while Shanshi and Dharbarwayne are considered light-skinned. He considered both of these sub groups to be at risk of persecution, but the light skinned groups may enjoy a relatively better degree of security and protection because of their appearance.” (DIS März 2004, S. 39)
Im Bericht des Danish Immigration Service vom März 2004 wird auf Probleme bei der Sicherheit und die wirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit von dominanten Klans hingewiesen:
“Abdi Mamow estimated that 90% of the Rer Hamar population in Mogadishu have left the city as a consequence of civil war and lack of security for this group. The majority of Rer Hamar who are still in Mogadishu are older people who live in Mogadishu’s traditional Rer Hamar district; Hamar Weyn. However, Hamar Weyn is not controlled by the Rer Hamar but by militias of the Habr Gedir sub-clan Suleiman. Wolken had no information concerning the number of Rer Hamar still living in Mogadishu but according to two Tunni businessmen from Mogadishu, Abdulrazak Omar Nurein Scego and Omar Jailani Sheikh perhaps 2,000 persons of the Rer Hamar were still living in Mogadishu.
When asked how those Rer Hamar families still living in Mogadishu are able to cope with the situation in the city, Abdi Mamow explained that some of the families have accepted, or have been forced to marry off their daughters to members of the majority clans such as Habr Gedir. Such a marriage can provide a Rer Hamar family with some degree of security but the alliance is not an even one, as the Habr Gedir son-in-law (nicknamed “Black Cat”) to a large degree controls the economy of his family-in-law. Abdi Mamow explained that if a Rer Hamar family with a “Black Cat” in the house decided to sell its house and other property in order to go abroad the family would have to hand over between a third and one half of the market price of the house to the “Black Cat”. Abdi Mamow added that, by these sorts of marriages, the Habr Gedir “Black Cats” often obtain information about remittances from Rer Hamar relatives abroad and in this way they can secure some of this money for themselves or their militia. Rer Hamar families without a “Black Cat” in their family alternatively pay an amount of money to the Habr Gedir for their protection.” (DIS März 2004, S. 39-40)
Das UK Home Office vom Oktober 2004 hält unter Bezugnahme auf den Bericht des DIS aus dem Jahr 2000 fest, dass die Reer Hamar zur Gruppe der Benadiri gehören. Diese seien von Übergriffen durch Milizen betroffen gewesen:
“As reflected in the JFFMR December 2000, the Benadiri are an urban people of East African Swahili origin, living mainly in the coastal cities of Mogadishu, Merka and Brava [...] These groups suffered particularly badly at the hands of armed militia and bandits as their home areas were fought over by competing United Somali Congress (USC) factions and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM). USC/SNA (a sub group of the USC) forces in particular singled out the Benadiri and Bravanese, with a campaign of systematic rape of women. Members of the minority populations, such as the Reer Hamar, the original Benadiri population of Mogadishu (known in Somali as Hamar) living in the Hamar Weyne and Shingani districts found themselves particularly exposed at times of heavy fighting. Most homes belonging to the Benadiri and Bravanese in Mogadishu had been taken over by members of clan militias, although sometimes the clan occupants allowed them to reside in one room.” (UK Home Office Oktober 2004, Abs. 6.83)
Laut einer Studie des UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) über Minderheiten in Somalia vom August 2002, sind Minderheiten in Somalia, darunter die Rerhamar, von vielfältiger Diskriminierung betroffen und würden als minderwertig angesehen
werden:
“The minority groups include Bantu, Bravenese, Rerhamar, Bajuni, Eyle, Galgala, Tumal, Yibir and Gaboye. These groups continue to live in conditions of great poverty and suffer numerous forms of discrimination and exclusion. [...]
These minority groups are considered inferior, without full rights, hence their low social, economic and political status. As a result of social segregation, economic deprivation and political manipulation, minority groups were systematically excluded from mainstream government positions and the few minorities who held positions had no power to speak on behalf of their communities. Furthermore, as a result of their distinct ethnic identity, some minorities, particular the Bantu and Bajuni, have suffered systematic confiscation of their lands and properties. In other cases, minority groups have been politically manipulated to oppose certain dominant clans. This resulted in animosity between some minority groups and dominant clans. When the Somalia state collapsed, the minority clans suffered brutal reprisals.” (UNOCHA, 1. August 2002, Executive Summary)
Auch das US Department of State (USDOS) rechnet in seinem Menschenrechtsbericht für 2004 die Benadiri und Rer Hamar den Minderheiten zu und hält fest, dass Mitglieder von Minderheitengruppen weiterhin Opfer von Tötungen, Schikanen, Einschüchterung und Misshandlung waren:
“Minority groups and low-caste clans included the Bantu (the largest minority group), the Benadiri, Rer Hamar, Brawanese, Swahili, Tumal, Yibir, Yaxar, Madhiban, Hawrarsame, Muse Dheryo, and Faqayaqub. Intermarriage between these groups and mainstream clans was restricted. Some of these groups had limited access to whatever social services were available, including health and education. Members of minority groups continued to be subjected to killings, harassment, intimidation, and abuse by armed gunmen of all affiliations.” (USDOS 28. Februar 2005, Sektion 5; zur Situation von Minderheitenklans siehe auch IRB 9. August 2004)
Amnesty International (AI) beschreibt die Benadiri und Rer Hamar, die es ebenfalls zu den Minderheitengruppen rechnet, als ziemlich wohlhabende städtische Gemeinschaften, die in Mogadischu und anderen Küstenstädten angesiedelt sind und führt weiters zur Situation der Minderheitengruppen aus:
“The minorities comprise distinct communities, each with a different non-nomadic economic origin. Each has its own separate cultural institutions and history. What they have in common is that that they have traditionally not been allowed to intermarry with the nomadic clans and have been subjected to different degrees of social segregation and discrimination. At the same time, they had some limited protection from clans or families with which they were locally linked. However, as unarmed groups they were extremely vulnerable to human rights abuses since 1991 by clanbased faction militias as a result of the state disintegration, civil wars and social breakdown. Minorities often became deliberate targets for killing, looting, rape and displacement and thousands of survivors fled the country. Indeed, civil conflict and political violence in Somalia have constantly been marked by identity-based abuses.” (AI 1. Juli 2003, S. 33; zu Übergriffen auf Minderheiten siehe auch den jüngsten Jahresbericht von AI vom 26. Mai 2004, Einleitung, Kap. „Gewalt gegen Frauen“, „Fehlende Rechtsstaatlichkeit“)
Diese Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen. Die Antwort stellt keine abschließende Meinung zur Glaubwürdigkeit eines bestimmten Asylansuchens dar.
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