Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

This Response to Information Request replaces HTI105164 of June 2015 and HTI103582 of September 2010.

1. National Identification Card (carte d'identification nationale, CIN)

1.1. History and Legislation

A Decree Establishing the National Identification Office (ONI) (Décret portant la création de l'Office national d'identification (ONI)) was adopted on 1 June 2005 and provides the following:

[translation]

Article 1. - The identification of every natural person living within the national territory is mandatory. The identification of Haitians is carried out through the national identification card. The identification of foreign residents is carried out through their residence permit. The identification of foreign diplomats and their family members who hold diplomatic passports is carried out through a diplomatic card issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (Haiti 2005)

The CIN replaces the fiscal identity card and is now the card that allows an elector to vote, among other things (Haiti n.d.a; AyiboPost 2019-10-13). Sources report that it is also referred to as a voting card (AyiboPost 2019-10-13; US n.d.).

On 19 April 2017, the Bill Establishing the Unique National Identification Card and Relating to the Protection of Personal Data (Projet de loi instituant la Carte d'identification nationale unique et portant sur la protection des données personnelles) was adopted and provides the following:

[translation]

Article 1. - The identification of every natural person living within the national territory is mandatory. The identification of Haitians is carried out through the unique national identification card (carte d'identification nationale unique, CINU). The identification of foreign residents is carried out through their residence permit. The identification of foreign diplomats and their family members who hold diplomatic passports is carried out through a diplomatic card issued by the ministry responsible for foreign affairs.

Article 2. - Every Haitian, from birth, will receive a birth certificate assigning them a unique national identification number (numéro d'identification nationale unique, NINU), which they will keep for their entire life. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

The Director of Défenseurs plus, [Défenseurs plus English version] "a non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion and effective defense of [h]uman [r]ights" in Haiti (Défenseurs plus n.d.), stated in an interview with the Research Directorate in June 2022 that the 2017 bill was followed by a decree adopted in 2020 that officially established the CINU and made the CIN [translation] "invalid" (Défenseurs plus 2022-06-17). Among the sources consulted within the time constraints of this Response, the Research Directorate found only the first 2 pages of the June 2020 Decree on the Unique National Identification Number (NINU) and the Unique National Identification Card (CINU) (Décret portant sur le Numéro d'identification nationale unique (NINU) et la Carte d'identification nationale unique (CINU)), which do not reveal its contents (Haiti 2020-06-16). According to Haitian online news source Le Facteur Haïti, citing ONI's Director General, this decree announces a new [translation] "more secure" version of the CIN, with biometric and "tamper-proof" features, and makes the older CIN issued under the 2005 decree "invalid" as of October 2020 (Le Facteur Haïti 2025-06-04). According to the Défenseurs plus Director in 2022, most of the provisions of the decree that put [the new CIN] in place in 2020 were [translation] "broadly inspired" by the 2005 decree that governed the previous CIN (Défenseurs plus 2022-06-17). However, an article published in Le Nouvelliste in June 2020 indicates that the abbreviations CINU and NINU are no longer used under the new version of the Decree on the Unique Identification Number and the National Identification Card (Décret sur le numéro d'identification unique et la carte d'identification nationale) published in Le Moniteur, the official gazette of the Republic, on 18 June 2020 (Le Nouvelliste 2020-06-19).

Under article 1 of both the 2005 decree and the 2017 bill, identification of Haitians is mandatory (Haiti 2017; Haiti 2005). The Haitian online news outlet Le Quotidien 509 reports that [translation] "upon reaching the age of majority, all Haitians are required to apply for a national identification card" (2024-11-18).

The 2017 bill provides the following:

[translation]

Article 32. - From the enactment of this bill, any person caught without their unique national identification card will be subject to a fine of one thousand (1,000) gourdes [HTG] [C$10.42] upon filing of a report by a police officer and imposed immediately and without delay by the Peace Court.

Any foreign national caught without their residence permit, who cannot prove their status as a tourist or diplomat, will be detained and deported at the border to their country of origin as quickly as possible, if there is no reason to detain them for any other matter. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

1.2. Approval Authority

According to articles 17 and 18 of the 2005 decree, the ONI, which falls under the Minister of Justice and Public Security, is responsible for managing the identification of Haitians and issuing their CINs (Haiti 2005). Other sources also note the ONI's role in issuing CINs (Le Facteur Haïti 2025-06-04; US n.d.).

The 2017 bill also provides the following:

[translation]

Article 18.1. - The National Identification Office makes the devices and electronic and digital access available so the public and private institutions, organizations and companies are able to validate the national identification card. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

1.3. Functions and Uses of the CIN

The 2017 bill provides the following:

[translation]

Article 16. - The unique national identification card is required of every Haitian in order to:

1. Work in the public service, assume political office;
2. Hold a salaried job;
3. Do an internship;
4. Request a document from the central or decentralized public administration offices;
5. Serve as a representative;
6. Enrol in higher education institutions;
7. Obtain a passport, driver's license, motor vehicle licence plates, insurance policy (or renew one), firearms permit (or renew it), academic or professional credential, or any other public document;
8. Take an official examination;
9. Execute a civil and legal act, whether as plaintiff or defendant;
10. Register trademarks and patents;
11. File a registration, application or request to the civil registry office or to the civil status service at National Archives;
12. Participate in a civil status act as a party, an informant or a witness;
13. Participate in an examination or competition to obtain a state-recognized licence, diploma or title;
14. Apply to open a bank account;
15. Conduct a financial transaction;
16. Sign an authentic act or a private deed that affects one's assets;
17. Benefit from a government social program;
18. Vote at an electoral meeting;
19. Apply for an elected position in the federal or local government;
20. Register a political party or apply to have it recognized;
21. Register a group or coalition of political parties;
22. Solicit election campaign funding for a political party, group or coalition of political parties;
23. Request a personal or corporate telephone number;
24. Comply with any other situation requiring identification. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)
    
    

These functions are also listed on the ONI website, but paragraphs c), h), l), n) and w) are not included in this list (Haiti n.d.b).

The 2017 bill also provides the following:

[translation]

Article 17. - The unique national identification card is the one and only document enabling an elector to exercise their right to vote at any electoral assembly.

Article 18. - The unique national identification card, the residence permit and the diplomatic card replace the national identification card every time it is necessary to identify a natural person. Their numbers must appear in all written instruments, civil, commercial, judicial or extrajudicial, authentic or privately signed.

The unique national identification card or residence permit must be presented when requested by the police or competent authorities. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

An article in Le Facteur Haïti reports that, as part of a campaign to raise awareness for the importance of possessing a CIN, the ONI stated in November 2024 that [translation] "Haiti's national identification card (CIN) is not just a simple administrative document. It serves as a 'passport' to participation in civic, professional and social life, both in the country and the rest of the world" (2024-11-18). Other sources also highlight the importance of having a CIN for activities of everyday life, including accessing essential services (Défenseurs plus 2025-09-30; FCN 2024-06-14). A report published in 2025 by the UNHCR states that "[c]ivil documentation is a crucial protection tool in Haiti's current crisis. It allows individuals to exercise their rights and access essential services such as healthcare and education" (UN 2025-10-22).

Sources also report that the CIN is essential for financial transactions (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a; Ayibopost 2025-05-26; VBI 2024-11-18; Global Press Journal 2023-07-25).

Other sources indicate that not having this card can prevent individuals from movement within the country, particularly in the current security context (Ayibopost 2025-05-26; FCN 2024-06-14; France 2024-12-12; Le Facteur Haïti 2024-11-18). Indeed, according to The New Humanitarian, a news organization focused primarily on humanitarian crises, in 2025, "[j]ust walking in the street without identity papers can be enough to raise suspicion" in Haiti (2025-01-13). Sources report that vigilante groups check identity documents of people coming in and out of the area under their watch (Juno7 2024-11-22; Crisis Group 2023-07-03). The independent Haitian media outlet AyiboPost reports that when a person is unable to identify themselves, they may be [AyiboPost English version] "beaten up" by the bwa kale [vigilante] movement (2025-05-26). According to other sources, people have been killed by vigilante groups because they were unable to produce identification documents (UN 2025-01-13, para. 25; Juno7 2024-11-22).

Le Facteur Haïti reports that a young man was killed on 12 November 2024, in Port-au-Prince, by members of the Haitian National Police (Police nationale d'Haïti, PNH) and civilians after being unable to produce his CIN, and explain where he came from and why he was without identification (2024-11-13). While unable to verify the information, Amnesty International reports the case of a 15-year-old boy who was slain by the police because, according to his parents, he had failed to provide his CIN (2025, 26). According to a report by the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (Bureau intégré des Nations Unies en Haïti, BINUH), street vendors who were unable to provide identity documents or [translation] "justify" their presence were executed by law enforcement officers (UN 2025-02-04, 11).

Furthermore, sources indicate that in the context of the prevailing violence in Haiti, many citizens are being stripped of their identity documents (Défenseurs plus 2025-09-30; FCN 2024-06-14). According to some sources, this happens when individuals are forced to flee their homes at the time of attacks by armed groups (Défenseurs plus 2025-09-30; Amnesty International 2025, 44−45; France 2024-12-12). This also happens following incidents of arson (Défenseurs plus 2025-09-30; Amnesty International 2025, 44−45).

1.4. Availability of the CIN

Sources indicate that it is difficult to obtain identity documents in Haiti (Executive Director 2026-01-05; Juno7 2024-11-22; FCN 2024-06-14). The delays are very long (Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; Global Press Journal 2023-07-25). Juno7, an independent digital news source that covers current events in Haiti, notes that the ONI is [translation] "regularly criticized for its dysfunction" (2024-11-22). According to the UNHCR, in October 2025, the "primary barriers to documentation include high administrative costs, limited state capacity, and centralization of services" (UN 2025-10-22).

At the same time, according to Global Press Journal, a US-based international newspaper that platforms the voices of local women journalists in conflict regions (Global Press n.d.), worsening insecurity and the desire of many Haitians to flee their country are causing demand for CINs to surge (2023-07-25).

Sources report that the Haitian government has taken certain measures to try to improve the situation (Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; Global Press Journal 2023-07-25; VBI 2024-08-20). In 2023, it set up DELIDOC, the online identity document-request platform to speed up the application process (Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; Global Press Journal 2023-07-25). Articles published in 2024 and 2025 report that the ONI began distributing CINs throughout the country via mobile caravans (Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; VBI 2024-08-20).

Nevertheless, in 2024 and 2025, organizations continued to issue urgent calls for easier access to identity documents (Défenseurs plus 2025-09-30; FCN 2024-06-14). According to the Haitian media outlet Lakay Info 509, [translation] "long wait times [and] slowdowns ... persist"; staff shortages and political instability are making it difficult to apply these measures, and the DELIDOC platform has had many glitches (2025-06-20). An associate professor of anthropology at a Canadian university [1] added in correspondence with the Research Directorate that "Haitians report that ONI offices have become extremely difficult to reach. In some areas, the offices are simply closed; in others, travel to reach them is too dangerous given the pervasive insecurity situation" (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a).

Sources from 2025 deplore the [translation] "fragility" (Défenseurs plus 2025-09-30) or [AyiboPost English version] "poor quality" (AyiboPost 2025-05-26) of the CINs issued in Haiti (Défenseurs plus 2025-09-30; AyiboPost 2025-05-26). In a survey whose results were published in May 2025, several citizens reported to AyiboPost that their cards had deteriorated very quickly after receiving them, raising concerns about the quality of the materials used (2025-05-26). According to the same source, citizens have been refused services because of the [AyiboPost English version] "damaged state of their cards" (AyiboPost 2025-05-26).

1.4.1. Corruption

News articles report corrupt practices surrounding the delivery of the CINs (Rezo Nodwès 2025-08-23; Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; Ayibopost 2025-05-26; Global Press Journal 2023-07-25). According to some of these sources, citizens facing long delays are forced to pay a fee to speed up their application processing, even though this service is normally free (Ayibopost 2025-05-26; Global Press Journal 2023-07-25). They report that these fees can amount to several thousand gourdes (Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; Ayibopost 2025-05-26). Some sources report that these bribes are demanded directly by ONI agents themselves (Rezo Nodwès 2025-08-23; Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; AyiboPost 2025-05-26), both in the provincial towns and in Port-au-Prince (Lakay Info 509 2025-06-20; AyiboPost 2025-05-26). Lakay Info 509 reports that [translation] "[t]his system creates a clear social divide. The most affluent manage to obtain their documents in a matter of weeks or even days, while the most destitute wait months or even years" (2025-06-20).

2. CIN Versions

Two websites specializing in identity documents state that the CIN has been in force in Haiti since 1 August 2005 (EU 2021-07-01; Keesing Technologies n.d.). However, the card displayed and described on these websites (which is mainly red and blue and shows the Haitian flag in the top right corner and coat of arms in the bottom right corner) is different from the card on the ONI website (which is mainly turquoise [blue-green] and peach, with the text printed in black font, and shows the Haitian coat of arms in the top left corner) (Haiti n.d.a), a sample of which is attached to this Response.

In correspondence with the Research Directorate in January 2026, 2 local sources consulted in Haiti stated that the card in force is the mostly turquoise and peach one (attached to this Response) (Co-Director of Défenseurs plus 2026-01-13; Executive Director 2026-01-13) and, according to one of these sources, it has [translation] "entirely replaced [the other] since 2018" (Executive Director 2026-01-13). The ONI website shows a sample of this card (Haiti n.d.a). According to the Executive Director of the National Human Rights Defense Network (Réseau national de défense des droits humains, RNDDH) [2], the other card, which is mainly red and blue card, is the one described in the 2005 decree (Executive Director 2026-01-05) and has reportedly been out of circulation since 2017 (Executive Director 2026-01-13).

In follow-up correspondence with the Research Directorate, the Associate Professor also referred to the turquoise and pink card, which he called "the CINU/biometric card" (attached to this Response), as the newer one, but added that, to their knowledge, both versions of the CIN [the one in force between 2005 and 2017 and the one in force since 2018] are still accepted, as long as the cards from the first version are still within their validity period (2026-01-13b). RNDDH's Executive Director also noted that replacing one card with the other has been [translation] "gradual" (Executive Director 2026-01-13). The Associate Professor also noted that "[t]here is a lot confusion about the cards and terms for them" (2026-01-13b).

Sources state that the CIN implemented by the 2017 bill is sometimes called the [translation] "Dermalog card" (Haiti 2020-10-25), referring to the computer software used to produce it (AyiboPost 2025-05-26; Le Quotidien 509 2024-11-18) since 2017 (AyiboPost 2025-05-26). Some sources also refer to it as the "Carte d'identification nationale unique" [Unique National Identification Card] or "CINU" (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a; AyiboPost 2025-05-26; HaïtiLibre 2025-10-19). However, the US Department of State's Reciprocity Schedule, which does not list a publication date, states that the name of the Haitian identity card is "Carte D'identification Nationale (National Identity Card)" (US n.d.). In addition, "Carte d'identification nationale" is written on the card itself (Haiti n.d.a). That is also what it is called on the ONI website (Haiti n.d.a).

2.1. First Version of the CIN

2.1.1. Content

The 2005 decree provides the following:

[translation]

Article 4. - The national identification card will include the following:

• Surname
• Married name of a married woman
• First name(s)
• Date of birth
• Gender
• Place of birth
• Marital status
• National identification number

It will contain the digital photograph, digital fingerprints and signature of the person concerned. If a person is unable to provide a signature, or if fingerprints cannot be taken, this will be recorded by the National Identification Office.

The holder of a national identification card will request that a new card be issued whenever their status changes. (Haiti 2005)

According to the sample provided by Keesing Technologies' DocumentChecker, the following information can be found on the front of the card, in French and in Haitian Creole:

• Document type
• Photograph
• Name of country
• Identification number
• Surname
• Given name
• Date of birth
• Gender
• Place of birth
• Date of issue
• Haitian flag
• Reproduction of photograph in a smaller format
• Haitian coat of arms
• Signature (Keesing Technologies n.d.).
  
  

The following is on the back:

• 1D Barcode
• Date of expiry
• Department
• Commune
• Communal section
• Address
• Country map outline
• 2D Barcode
• Fingerprint (Keesing Technologies n.d.).
  
  

2.1.1.1. National Identification Number (Numéro d'identification nationale, NIN)

The 2005 decree provides the following:

[translation]

Article 2 - At birth and upon registration with the National Identification Office, every Haitian will receive a national identification number that they will keep for the rest of their life.

The national identification number will identify the person's sex, date and place of birth, as well as the registration order in the National Identification Register.

The National Identification Office will determine the numeric values designating the departments and communes, as well as continents and countries for Haitians born abroad. (Haiti 2005)

The 2005 decree also states the following about the replacement of the fiscal identification number:

[translation]

Article 29 - Within a maximum period of one year from the next President of the Republic taking office, the unique identification number will replace the fiscal identification number (numéro d'identification fiscale, NIF) for the purposes of personal identification of all Haitians and will appear on the passport, driver's license, fiscal identification card, social security card and any other identification documents issued by the competent authorities. Valid documents will continue to be used until they expire. Ministries and other state institutions, particularly the Ministry of Economy and Finance, will take all measures, in conjunction with the National Identification Office, to fulfil this obligation. (Haiti 2005)

In a September 2010 telephone interview with the Research Directorate, an ONI representative provided the following explanation with respect to the meaning of the digits in the national identification number appearing on the first version of the CIN: from left to right, the first 2 digits are the department code; the following 2 digits refer to the city; the next 2 refer to the country; the next 4 and the next 2 indicate, respectively, the year and the month of birth; finally, the last digits represent the entry number in the national identification registry (registre national d'identification) (Haiti 2010-09-09). The public administration of Haiti uses digits as codes to refer to departments, cities, communes, and countries (Haiti 2010-09-09). For instance, regarding departments, code 01 refers to the Ouest department and 07 to the Sud deparment (Haiti 2010-09-09). As for countries, code 99, which appears on the CIN, refers to the Republic of Haiti, while code 00 refers to the Dominican Republic (Haiti 2010-09-09).

In 2015, in a telephone interview with the Research Directorate, the Director of the ONI office at Fort-Liberté [county seat of the Nord-Est department] gave the following explanation of the significance of these digits: the first 2 digits refer to the issuing department; the next set of 2 digits refer to the commune of birth; the third set of 2 digits refer to [translation] "Haiti" or "foreign"; the next set of 4 digits refer to the year of birth; the next 2 digits refer to the month of birth; and the last 5 digits represent "a number allotted to the card bearer" (Haiti 2015-05-08).

The ONI Director General stated in correspondence with the Research Directorate in 2015 that 2 series of national identification numbers are currently in circulation: the 17-digit [translation] "first generation" and the 14-digit "second generation" (Haiti 2015-05-13). CINs with a [translation] "second generation" national identification number began being issued in December 2014 (Haiti 2015-05-13).

2.1.2. Appearance

According to websites specializing in identity documents, the dimensions of the first version of the CIN are 86 mm x 54 mm (EU 2021-07-01; Keesing Technologies n.d.). The EU's Public Register of Authentic Identity and Travel Documents Online (PRADO) notes that this card is made of PVC (polyvinylchloride) (EU 2021-07-01). According to Keesing Technologies' DocumentChecker, it contains no lamination (Keesing Technologies n.d.). The same source notes that the photograph is "[i]ntegrated" into the card and "repeated in smaller size on the right" (Keesing Technologies n.d.). According to PRADO, both the main photograph of the face and the [EU English version] "secondary (ghost) photo" are in colour (EU 2021-07-01). Sources further report that the fingerprint appears on the back of the card (Keesing Technologies n.d.; US n.d.). In 2015, the ONI Director in Fort-Liberté had stated that a sticker displaying the bearer's [translation] "voting centre" was affixed to the CIN (Haiti 2015-05-08).

2.1.2.1. NIN Appearance

Keesing Technologies' DocumentChecker states that the NIN on the first version of the CIN is shown as follows: "2 digits, hyphen, 2 digits, hyphen, 2 digits, hyphen, 4 digits, hyphen, 2 digits, hyphen, 5 digits," and it is printed in toner (Keesing Technologies n.d.).

2.1.3. Security Features

Keesing Technologies' Documentchecker lists the following features:

• Micro text/micro images [in the background of the card and the main photo]: Small letters, numbers and/or images that are barely perceptible with the naked eye, but become visible at low magnification (under a loupe).
• Toner print text: A toner printer transfers text / or images by fusing heated toner to a surface.
• Photo repetition: The photograph of the document holder is repeated once, or more often.
• Screentrap: A security feature that is integrated in the background printing and consists of structures that are modulated in terms of direction and angle. When the feature is photo-copied, the structures become visible (or invisible). This anti-copy security feature consists of a regular line pattern in the background printing. The pattern creates a moire effect when copied.
• Offset printing: An indirect printing technique whereby an image is transferred from a flat print plate to a rubber blanket before being transferred onto the substrate. Offset printing may be recognised by its sharp detail, fine line structure and solid areas of ink.
• 2D Barcode: Data stored between the 2 dimensions, that may be read by a scanner. More information can be stored in a 2D barcode than in a 1D barcode.
• 1D Barcode: Data stored in the widths of, and space between, printed parallel lines that may be read by a scanner.
• Fingerprint: The thumb- or fingerprint of the document holder. (Keesing Technologies n.d.)
  
  

PRADO also lists the following security features:

• UV feature[s]
• Light: UV light (365 nm)
• Features: fluorescent overprint (invisible under normal light)
• Colours: green (EU 2021-07-01).
  
  

2.1.4 Sample

A sample of the first version of the CIN is available on PRADO's website (EU 2021-07-01).

2.2. Second Version of the CIN [CINU, Dermalog Card, Biometric Card]

2.2.1. Content

According to the 2017 bill,

[translation]

Article 6. - The unique national identification card will include the following:

1. Surname
2. Married name of a married woman
3. First name(s)
4. Date of birth
5. Gender
6. Marital status
7. Unique national identification number
8. Digitized photograph
9. Watermarked coat of arms of the Republic of Haiti
10. Smart chip. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)
    
    

On the ONI website, the page entitled [translation] "Content of new National identification card," consulted by the Research Directorate in January 2026, was empty (Haiti n.d.f). The front of the new CIN sample, which appears on another page of the same website, lists the following cardholder information in French and Haitian Creole:

• Name of country
• Document name
• First name
• Last name
• Place of birth (department and commune)
• Date of issue of card (day-month-year in numbers)
• Signature
• Alphanumeric card number (9 digits and letters)
• Gender (one letter)
• Nationality
• Date of birth (day-month-year in number)
• Card expiry date (day-month-year in number)
• Unique identification number (10 digits) (Haiti n.d.a).
  
  

The following items are also shown on this side of the card:

• 2 photographs of the cardholder, one large and one small
• 2 versions of the Haitian coat of arms, one multicoloured and one green, inserted in a hexagonal shape (Haiti n.d.a).
  
  

The back of the sample of the new version of the CIN, obtained by the Research Directorate, shows:

• The Haitian coat of arms
• A duplicate of the photograph on the front
• Department
• Commune
• Communal section
• Address
• 2D Barcode
• Instructions in case the card is lost
• Serial number
• Radio-frequency identification symbol
• A series of numbers, letters and chevrons that include, among other things, the cardholder's card number, unique identification number, date of birth, and name (Attachment).
  
  

Although the US Reciprocity Schedule states that the holder's fingerprint is on the back of the card (US n.d.), the sample of the new version of the CIN that was provided to the Research Directorate does not (Attachment).

2.2.1.1. Unique National Identification Number (Numéro d'identification nationale unique, NINU)

The 2017 bill provides the following:

[translation]

Article 3.- The unique national identification number has the same coding structure as the fiscal identification number (Numéro d'identification fiscale, NIF).

Article 4.- The unique national identification number acts as the fiscal identification number.

Article 4.1. Haitians who already hold a NIF will be assigned a NINU identical to their NIF.

...

Article 7.- The National Identification Office is responsible for assigning the unique national identification number recorded on the birth certificate. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

According to the Associate Professor,

[t]he NINU (Numéro d'identification nationale unique—Unique National Identification Number) represents an attempt to create a comprehensive system of individual identification that transcends the physical card itself. This 10-digit number is intended to serve as a permanent identifier for each Haitian citizen, assigned once and retained throughout life, functioning as a stable reference point that persists even if physical cards are lost, damaged, or renewed. (2026-01-13a)

2.2.2. Appearance

According to the Director General of the ONI, quoted in an article published on the Haitian news website HaïtiLibre, the new version of the CIN is made of [translation] "polycarbonate" (HaïtiLibre 2025-10-19).

The US Reciprocity Schedule notes that the new version of the card features the colours beige, teal [elsewhere described as turquoise], and pink [elsewhere described as peach] (US n.d.).

2.2.3. Security Features

The 2017 bill provides the following:

[translation]

Article 6.1.- The smart chip will contain, and not be limited to:

1. Fingerprint
2. Iris scan
3. Biographical data
4. Cardholder's signature

If a person is unable to provide a signature, or if it is impossible to take their fingerprints, this will be duly noted by the data entry operator at the National Identification Office and recorded in the biometric data contained in the smart chip.

The holder of the unique national identification card will request that a new card be issued when there is a change in status. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

Sources note that the most recent version of the CIN contains biometric data, including fingerprints, iris scan, and facial recognition (HaïtiLibre 2025-10-19; VBI 2024-12-02; Haiti n.d.a). Some sources specify that this data is stored on an integrated microchip (Haïti Libre 2025-10-19; VBI 2024-12-02). According to some sources, the new CIN also includes a barcode (HaïtiLibre 2025-10-19; VBI 2024-12-02) and a QR code (HaïtiLibre 2025-10-19).

The Défenseurs plus Director had stated in 2022 that the new identity card was the [translation] "safest" and "most reliable" official document, or even "more tamper-proof than the passport" in Haiti because of the biometric data it contained (Défenseurs plus 2022-06-17).

The same source had also stated that the new CINU is [translation] "much more secure" than the former CIN (Défenseurs plus 2022-06-17). According to the HaïtiLibre article, upon speaking at a CIN authentication process workshop he was giving to Haitian diplomats in October 2025, the ONI director stated that these features make it [translation] "difficult to falsify" (2025-10-19). In an article published in December 2024 by the Haitian news website Vant Bèf Info (VBI), ONI's Director of communications stated that the fact that the data is encrypted makes it [translation] "practically inaccessible to fraud attempts" (2024-12-02).

2.2.4. Samples

A sample of the front of the most recent CIN is published on the [translation] "National identification card" page of the ONI website (Haiti n.d.a).

A sample of the front and back of the most recent version of the CIN is attached to this Response.

3. Requirements and Procedure for Obtaining or Replacing a CIN

According to article 1 of the 2017 bill [see section 1.1 of this Response], the CIN is reserved for Haitian citizens (Haiti 2017). Other sources also report that you must be a Haitian national to obtain a CIN (EU 2021-07-01; US n.d.).

The 2005 decree provides the following:

[translation]

Article 3 - The national identification card is issued to all Haitians who have reached the age of 18. The government is required to issue the national identification card. The first-time issuance of the national identification card is free of charge. The national identification card may be renewed every ten (10) years on the cardholder's birthday. (Haiti 2005)

The 2017 bill provides the following:

[translation]

Article 5.- The unique national identification card is issued to all Haitians.

The government is required to issue the unique national identification card.

Article 5.1.- The unique national identification card may be renewed every fifteen (15) years on the cardholder's birthday.

...

Article 12.1.- The budgetary law establishes the cost of printing or renewing the unique national identification card. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

Other sources published in 2025 report that the age required to possess a CIN is 18 (Le Facteur Haïti 2025-06-04; Amnesty International 2025, 26).

Other sources indicate that the CIN is free (Ayibopost 2025-05-26; Global Press Journal 2023-07-25).

Some sources report that the CIN is valid for 10 years [3] (HaïtiLibre 2025-10-19; Facteur Haïti 2025-06-04; Associate Professor 2026-01-13b).

3.1. Within the Country, in Person

The 2017 bill provides the following:

[translation]

Article 12. - To obtain the unique national identification card, the interested party must, in addition to the documents listed in the previous article,

1. Appear in person before ONI officials;
2. Pay the contribution if required;
3. Be photographed;
4. Sign the register;
5. Have their biometric data recorded.

...

Article 13. - If the interested party is unable to present any of the documents provided for in Article 10, they may proceed with their registry in the National Identification Register by presenting their fiscal identity card, driver's license or passport, or by having themselves identified by two witnesses who know them personally, are domiciled in the same commune or communal section, are themselves registered in the National Identification Register and who declare under oath that the identity of the person concerned is correct and that the facts reported by the latter are true and accurate.

If the registration of one of the witnesses in the National Identification Register is fraudulent, the registration of the interested party requesting the participation of this witness is null and void. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

The ONI website summarizes the requirements for applying for a CIN as follows:

[translation]

The following is required when applying for a CIN:

• Be in possession of a valid document (authenticated and legalized baptismal certificate, birth certificate, adoption certificate, copy of the issue of the [M]oniteur for naturalized Haitian foreign nationals, extract from the archives)
• Go to one of the ONI registration offices
• Wear collared clothing
• Registration of biographical and biometric data. (Haiti n.d.c)
  
  

The following is required to replace it:

[translation]

Lost CIN: Go to an ONI office with a declaration of loss issued by the Haitian National Police.

Damaged CIN: Go to one of the ONI offices with the damaged card. (Haiti n.d.d)

Sources report that, in the event of a lost CIN, a certificate of loss must be obtained from the police (Rezo Nodwès 2025-08-23; AyiboPost 2025-05-26).

In an article dated November 2024, Le Facteur Haïti provides a list of identity documents accepted [translation] "among others" by the ONI when applying for a CIN: "a birth certificate, an adoption certificate, a copy of the issue of the Moniteur for naturalized Haitian foreign nationals, an extract from the archives or an authenticated baptismal certificate" (2024-11-25). The US Reciprocity Schedule lists only the original birth certificate or an extract thereof (US n.d.).

The Executive Director of RNDDH stated that

[translation]

to obtain the card, you must go to an Identity Documents Reception and Delivery Centre (Centre de Recherche et de Livraison de Documents d'Identité, CRLDI), mobile office or communal office, with the original of one or the other of the following documents:

• a birth certificate
• an archival extract
• baptismal certificate legalized by the archdiocese (for Catholics) and by the ministry responsible for religious affairs (for Protestants or any other religious denomination). (Executive Director 2026-01-05)
  
  

Le Facteur Haïti reported in November 2024 that the time it takes to obtain a CIN after the appointment is [translation] "between 8 and 22 days" (2024-11-25). According to RNDDH's Executive Director in January 2026, it takes at least one day for the registration, and then [translation] "15 days at most" for the processing and delivery (Executive Director 2026-01-05). However, the Global Press Journal notes that the wait times to obtain a CIN are [Global Press Journal English version] "long" (2023-07-25). A Lakay Info509 article published in June 2025 reports that the delay can be 6 weeks (2025-06-20). According to RNDDH's Executive Director, technical problems and overcrowding in the offices are causing these delays (Executive Director 2026-01-05).

3.2. Within the Country, Online

Media outlets report that, since 31 March 2023 (Karibinfo 2023-04-02; HPN Info 2023-03-31), Haitians have been able to pre-order their CIN using the DELIDOC online identity document application platform (Le Facteur Haïti 2025-06-04; HaïtiLibre 2023-04-07; Karibinfo 2023-04-02; HPN Info 2023-03-31). The instructions provided on the DELIDOC website show that there are 2 steps to the process: first, a pre-application must be initiated online, and then the applicant must go in person to an ONI office to complete it (Haiti n.d.e). The online application involves filling out a form (which will display a pre-application number and a QR code), then choosing an ONI office that is equipped with a registration station and making an appointment there (Haiti n.d.e). At the time of the appointment, the applicant must go in person to the ONI office with the documents required depending on the type of application, provide their fingerprints, and have their photograph taken (Haiti n.d.e). The person will then be called to pick up their CIN in person when it is ready (Haiti n.d.e). An article published in HaïtiLibre in April 2023 lists the same steps (2023-04-07).

Both the DELIDOC platform and the US Reciprocity Schedule state that the process is free (Haiti n.d.e; US n.d.).

According to some sources, the DELIDOC platform was up and running in January 2026 (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a; Executive Director 2026-01-05). However, the Executive Director noted that it could still [translation] "experience technical problems" (2026-01-05). The Associate Professor, for their part, stated that "its reliability and … availability" fluctuate according to "Internet connectivity issues, power outages, server maintenance problems, and the general degradation of government infrastructure" (2026-01-13a). According to the same source, "[g]iven the current situation—with ONI offices destroyed or inaccessible, equipment lost to gang attacks, and administrative capacity severely diminished—the utility of an online pre-application system becomes questionable even when the platform itself is technically functioning" (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a).

3.3. Abroad, in Person

Information on the requirements and procedure for obtaining a CIN from abroad or any instructions on the matter from Haitian government sources, including embassies and consulates, was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

Sources report that, in some countries, without specifying which ones, it is possible to apply for a CIN at the Haitian embassy or consulate [4] (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a; Executive Director 2026-01-05). According to these sources, applicants would need to provide a birth certificate, an extract from the national archives or a baptismal certificate (Associate Professor 2026-01-13; Executive Director 2026-01-05). According to RNDDH's Executive Director, the baptismal certificate must be recognized by the archdiocese or by the ministry of religious affairs (Executive Director 2026-01-05). Then, according to the Associate Professor, if the consulate has the necessary equipment, the person may provide their biometric data (2026-01-13a).

The same source indicated, however, that "the actual availability and functionality of these services vary significantly from one consular location to another" (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a). RNDDH's Executive Director similarly stated that [translation] "this service is not, however, available in all foreign countries" and, "as a result, some Haitians are forced to return to Haiti to obtain [a CIN]," particularly when it is the initial application, as the person is required to provide a signature and fingerprints and have their photograph taken (Executive Director 2026-01-05).

According to the Associate Professor, "[i]n practice, most Haitians living abroad ... ask friends or family members still in Haiti to navigate the process on their behalf" (2026-01-13a). Both sources indicated that having to provide biometric data complicates the process (Associate Professor 2026-01-13a; Executive Director 2026-01-05). According to the Executive Director, applying for a CIN through a third party is mainly possible when replacing the card, since the data is already registered (2026-01-05).

3.4. From Abroad, Online

The Executive Director also stated that it is possible to apply for a replacement CIN from abroad using the DELIDOC platform, since the applicant's details are already registered: the applicant merely needs to access the website, fill out the form, and choose the delivery location (2026-01-05). In follow-up correspondence with the Research Directorate, the source clarified that the delivery location could be abroad if the service is available in the country concerned, or in Haiti, in which case, if the applicant [translation] "has influential connections or trusted contacts within the service," a third party may pick up the card on their behalf (Executive Director 2026-01-12). The same source pointed out, however, that the wait time can be long (Executive Director 2026-01-05). An article in Lakay Info 509 reports that [translation] "for the diaspora, delays are shorter, but fees are higher, sometimes up to 205 dollars [without specifying the currency], which is not within everyone's reach" (2025-06-20).

4. Fraudulent CINs

The 2017 bill provides the following:

[translation]

Article 30. - Any person who obtains a unique national identification card by forging signatures, fabricating facts, making a false representation, providing fraudulent documents or completing a double registration, shall be prosecuted for forgery of a public document and punished in accordance with articles 107 to 111 of the Penal Code.

Any person who assists in fraudulently obtaining a unique national identification card will be prosecuted as an accomplice and receive the same penalties.

Public officials who knowingly assist in fabricating and issuing forged unique national identification cards will also be prosecuted for fraud.

Article 31. - Any person who is found guilty of forgery under Article 30 shall also be permanently barred from holding any elected office positions. (Haiti 2017, bold in original)

An article on fake identification cards published in AyiboPost in August 2025 reports that difficulties obtaining the CINU are pushing some people to turn to counterfeiting, and notes that this practice [AyiboPost English version] "is spreading in a context of insecurity, where people intercepted without their ID risk being killed" (2025-08-26). According to this source, [AyiboPost English version] "[c]itizens and fraudsters are printing their own identification cards, which they use to receive money transfers [and] carry out banking transactions" (Ayibopost 2025-08-26). This is facilitated by the fact that [AyiboPost English version] "the vast majority of banks and transfer services have no procedures or technological device to authenticate the national ID cards presented by clients" (Ayibopost 2025-08-26). The RNDDH's Executive Director also stated that [translation] "fake identity cards are circulating in Haiti," but noted that "it is not common or widespread" (Executive Director 2026-01-05). The Associate Professor, for their part, noted the following:

The prevalence of fake cards is difficult to quantify precisely, but the AyiboPost report and my own interviews suggest they circulate widely enough to constitute a recognized phenomenon rather than isolated incidents. Their existence reflects a kind of documentary black market that emerges when formal systems fail to provide essential credentials. People need identification to function in society, and when legitimate pathways are blocked by corruption, violence, or administrative collapse, they create alternative solutions. (2026-01-13a)

Sources claim that the fake identification cards are [translation] "easy" to identify (Executive Director 2026-01-05; AyiboPost 2025-08-26). When AyiboPost interviewed ONI's technical director, he stated that they can be recognized by the fact that they do not contain the electronic chip found on the real card; examination under UV light does not reveal security features that are invisible under normal light; and they are [AyiboPost English version] "made of PVC, printed with ink, and feature characters generated by Photoshop" (2025-08-26). According to RNDDH's Executive Director, they also lack [translation] "the hologram that becomes visible in the light" on authentic cards (Executive Director 2026-01-05).

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Response to Information Request.

Notes

[1] The Associate Professor has been researching Haiti for over 20 years, but has been prevented from visiting in recent years due to the security situation; he bases his responses on his "extensive previous fieldwork experience, ongoing academic research, analysis of current reporting and documentation, and regular conversations with Haitians both in the country and in the diaspora" (2026-01-13a). ^[back]

[2] RNDDH is a Haitian NGO that provides human rights education to civil society and monitors and reports on human rights violations by key state institutions (RNDDH n.d.). ^[back]

[3] The Director General of the ONI stated in 2015 that the 2005 Decree was still in effect, but that a modification had been made with respect to the validity period of certain cards (Haiti 2015-05-13). According to article 2 of the Decree Amending the 1 June 2005 Decree on the National Identification Card (Décret portant amendement du Décret du 1er juin 2005 relatif à la Carte d’identification nationale), published on 2 March 2015 in Le Moniteur, [translation] "[i]t has been added to Article 29.1, which reads as follows: 'Article 29.1 - The validity period of National Identification Cards (CIN) issued in 2005, 2006 and 2007 has been extended to 31 December 2017'" (Haiti 2015, bold in original).^[back]

[4] An article in the Haitian news source Le Journalier reported in December 2024 that the Minister of Haitians Living Abroad and the Director of the ONI had met to [translation] "relaunch and improve the process to obtain the national identification card (CIN) for members of the Haitian diaspora" (Le Journalier 2024-12-02). In 2024 and 2025, media sources reported that CIN offices would be opening in France (Juno7 2024-10-17; RTMI 2024-10-18) and Chile (HaïtiLibre 2025-06-13; Juno7 2025-06-12). ^[back]

References

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Vant Bèf Info (VBI). 2024-12-02. "La Carte d'identification nationale : sécurité, modernité et inclusion pour tous." [Accessed 2025-11-26]

Vant Bèf Info (VBI). 2024-11-18. "La Carte d'identification nationale : un sésame pour la vie citoyenne et administrative en Haïti." [Accessed 2025-11-26]

Vant Bèf Info (VBI). 2024-08-20. "Haïti : discussions autour de la distribution des cartes d'identification nationale dans l'Ouest." [Accessed 2025-11-26]

Additional Sources Consulted

Oral sources: Anthropologist at a Canadian university; geographer at a French university; Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime; Haiti – consulate general in Montreal, embassy in Ottawa; International Crisis Group.

Internet sites, including: Austrian Red Cross – ecoi.net; Bertelsmann Stiftung; Dermalog; Fondasyon Je Klere; Gazette Haïti; Global Protection Cluster; The Haitian Times; Haïti Progrès; Haïti Standard; Haïti24; iciHaïti; Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti; Le National; Organization of American States; RHINews; Télé Pluriel.

Attachment

Haiti. 2025. Office national d'identification (ONI). "Carte d'identification nationale." Sample sent to the Research Directorate by the Executive Director of the Réseau national de défense des droits humains (RNDDH), 2026-01-15.