a-7826 (ACC-SOM-7826)

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Das US-Außenministerium (US Department of State, USDOS) zählt die Tumal in seinem Länderbericht von April 2011 zu den Minderheitengruppen. Mischehen („intermarriage“) zwischen Minderheitengruppen und größeren Clans („mainstream clans“) seien durch das Brauchtum beschränkt:
“Minority groups and low-caste clans included the Bantu (the largest minority group), the Benadiri, Rer Hamar, Brawanese, Swahili, Tumal, Yibir, Yaxar, Madhiban, Hawrarsame, Muse Dheryo, Faqayaqub, and Somaliland's Gabooye. Intermarriage between minority groups and mainstream clans was restricted by custom. Minority groups had no armed militias and continued to be disproportionately subject to killings, torture, rape, kidnapping for ransom, and looting of land and property with impunity by faction militias and majority clan members. Many minority communities continued to live in deep poverty and suffer from numerous forms of discrimination and exclusion.” (USDOS, 4. April 2011, Section 6)
Die Minority Rights Group International (MRGI) berichtet im November 2010, dass es Minderheitengruppen, darunter den Tumal, die den „Occupational groups“ (Berufsgruppen) angehören, generell verboten sei, Eheschließungen mit Angehörigen der größeren Clans vorzunehmen:
„Occupational groups: historically known as Midgan (or commonly known nowadays as Gaboye, Madhiban and Musse Deriyo, and originally hunters and leatherworkers with other ritual and craft tasks performed for the majorities); Tumal (blacksmiths); and Yibro (ritual specialists). They are scattered throughout Somalia (Somaliland and Puntland), Ethiopia and Djibouti. […]
All three minority groups are marginalized, discriminated against, and generally prohibited from inter-marriage with the clans, a factor that has maintained their broad separation from the majorities over centuries. […]
Clans customarily prohibited intermarriage with Bantu, although concubinage was not uncommon.“ (MRGI, 23. November 2010, S. 8-9)
Trotz des traditionellen Verbotes der Eheschließung zwischen Angehörigen von Clans und Angehörigen von Minderheiten, seien solche Verbindungen in der Vergangenheit zumindest heimlich eingegangen worden, fährt MRGI fort. Mischehen würden jedoch nur selten vorkommen. Die Einschränkungen bezüglich Eheschließung würden Minderheiten von Formen der Unterstützung durch Clans ausschließen. MRGI beschreibt eine Ehe zwischen einem Mann, der den Isaaq, und einer Frau, die den Madhiban angehöre. Die Frau sei von Verwandten ihres Ehemannes mit einer Flasche geschlagen worden. MRGI berichtet des Weiteren über die Ehe zwischen einer Angehörigen der Hawadle und einem Angehörigen der Midgan. Die Eltern der Frau würden diese nicht mehr als ihre Tochter ansehen. Die Frau befürchte, dass ihre Eltern sie verletzen würden, wenn sie zu ihnen zurückkehre:
„Prohibition on inter-marriage
Despite the customary prohibition by clans on intermarriage with a minority, such relationships have historically probably always taken place, clandestinely at least, although they are rare. This restriction on intermarriage has excluded minorities from forms of clan support or advancement through marriage ties. A case reported to MRG researchers of a mixed marriage in Somaliland in 2009 is described below, where a majority man and minority girl developed a clandestine relationship and married, thus provoking intense hostility from the husband’s clan.
I risked my life. I am Madhiban and I married an Issaq man about a month ago. We knew about the risk we were getting into but we decided to run away and marry far from our village. We came to Gabileh and the family of my husband gave us a hard time. They forced my husband to divorce me and I was beaten up by some of his relatives. They filled a bottle with sand and hit me on my head. They identified me as the major problem, the one tempting their son. I was terribly injured and my family had to take me to hospital. The elders met and I was given compensation [magdhaw in Somali]. Their message was clear: ‘Take your compensation and leave our son alone’. We are considered inferiors and no-one wants to marry us.
The forcibly-divorced Madhiban wife showed MRG’s researcher the scars from the injury to her head. She said she did not report the assault to the police, ‘because the person who injured me and the person I am supposed to complain to are from the same clan’. An Ogaden woman living in an IDP camp in Mogadishu spoke about the following incident:
I know a girl from the Hawadle clan who got married to a Midgan man. They were neighbours in Beletweyne [in central Somalia] but her family did not accept her choice. She has five children; three boys and two girls. Her parents no longer consider her as their daughter and severed contacts with her. She loves her parents and wants to visit them but she fears they might harm her for her choice of husband. Realizing the ordeal, her loving husband decided to divorce her so that her ‘dignity is restored’.“ (MRGI, 23. November 2010, S. 15)
Die MRGI berichtet im November 2010 des Weiteren, dass es in den vergangenen Jahren in den größeren Städten Somalilands zu einer geringen Anzahl von Eheschließungen zwischen Angehörigen von „noblen Clans“ und Angehörigen der Berufsgruppen-Clans gekommen sei. Jedoch seien die Ehepartner von Feindseligkeit und Gewalt durch weitere Angehörige ihrer jeweiligen Clans betroffen. MRGI habe in Hargeisa eine Frau interviewt, die dem Clan der Ogaden angehöre und einen Angehörigen der Gaboye geheiratet habe. Ihr Körper zeige Verletzungen, die Ergebnis von Angriffen und Schlägen durch Familienmitglieder seien. Ihre Brüder hätten sie eine Woche zuvor angegriffen:
“A small number of inter-marriages between members of ‘noble’ clans and occupational groups have occurred in the main towns of Somaliland in recent years, but they face hostility and violence from clan relatives. In Hargeisa, MRG interviewed a 20-year-old Issaq woman from the Ogaden clan married to a Gaboye man. She had bruises all over her body as a result of continued assault and beatings from her family members. Her brothers had assaulted her a week before. She and her husband were both very depressed and in a state of anguish.” (MRGI, 23. November 2010, S. 18)
UNHCR berichtet im Mai 2010, dass Minderheiten von sozialer Ausgrenzung - darunter dem Verbot von Mischehen - betroffen seien:
“Although the abuses against minorities have reduced in scale since the 1990s, low intensity violence against minorities continues to characterize Somali society today, largely because the same underlining social structures are still active. While social exclusion of minorities, including prohibition on inter-marriage and unequal social and political rights, may have been grounded upon distain for their ethnic origin, violations of minorities’ rights occur primarily because they lack the threat of military force.” (UNHCR, 5. Mai 2010, S. 47)
Die MRGI führt in einem weiteren Bericht vom Juli 2010 an, dass in Somaliland Mischehen („Inter-clan marriage“) weiterhin ein Grund für Konflikte seien. Im Vergleich zum südlichen Somalia werde Somaliland als relativ sicher (in Bezug auf Inter- und Intra-Clan-Gewalt) eingestuft, jedoch komme es weiterhin zu Gewalt gegen Mitglieder von Minderheiten. Die Berufsgruppen-Minderheiten („Minority occupational groups“), die in Somaliland als saab oder boon bezeichnet würden, seien besonders von Vorurteilen betroffen. Mitgliedern von „noblen Clans“ sei es absolut verboten, Mitglieder der saab zu heiraten:
“Inter-clan marriage in Somaliland is still a cause of violent conflict, MRG researchers in the region have found.
Compared to southern Somalia, Somaliland is considered to be relatively safe from inter- and intra-clan violence; the last clan conflicts were resolved in 1997. However, despite this comparative stability, violence against members of minority groups is still prevalent. Minority occupational groups, collectively known as saab or boon in Somaliland, are faced with particular prejudice. They are considered to be inferior to majority groups, who are referred to as ‘noble’ clans. This prejudice extends to customs including marriage. Members of noble clans are absolutely forbidden to marry members of the saab. In 2009, one saab woman told MRG how her marriage to a man from a noble clan ended violently when his family found out about their relationship. His relatives beat her and forced her husband to divorce her. She continued:
‘they identified me as the major problem, the one tempting their son. I was terribly injured and my family had to take me to hospital. The elders met and I was given compensation. Their message was clear: “Take your compensation and leave our son alone.” We are considered inferiors and no one wants to marry us.’
MRGI führt weitere Beispiele an, darunter den Fall eines 17-jährigen Mädchens, dass die Hochzeitsfeier einer Frau eines “noblen Clans” und eines Mannes, der den saab angehöre, zufällig beobachtet habe. Bei der Feier seien Fahrzeuge mit bewaffneten Männern vorgefahren. Die Männer hätten dem Mädchen in den Arm geschossen, als es weggelaufen sei. Laut Angaben des Mädchens seien bei dem Vorfall auch andere Menschen verletzt worden. Das Mädchen gehöre ebenfalls den saab an:
Because of such violent reactions from their families, couples with partners from different clans often choose to leave their homes to start a new life together. However, eloping is not always possible and some couples choose to remain despite the threat to their safety. Another woman, this time from a noble clan, describes the consequences of marrying a man from the saab. She says that although she knew the risk of marrying her husband, ‘destiny is more important than anything else …’ They married secretly in a nearby town in 2009, but have been living in a state of anguish since her family found out about their wedding. The bride told MRG:
‘My life became unbearable when my family got to know about my marriage. I was beaten up by my family who had my husband imprisoned. The police officers tried their best to mediate and explained to my family that our religion did not forbid inter-marriages. But there was no way to convince them. The police decided to keep my husband in jail as a way to protect him from further retaliation. At last, he was freed after the intervention of others of his relatives.’
Despite the adversity that they face, she and her husband now live together. She says:
‘I live in a constant state of panic and tension. I am afraid that my family members will kill me because they have already done all that they could. Sometimes they attack me in public places and people of goodwill have rescued me. I do not know when this nonsense will end, only Allah the Almighty knows.’
Sometimes the violence towards couples of such marriages can escalate and affect those around them. A 17-year-old saab girl recalls watching wedding celebrations of a woman from a noble clan and a man from the saab on her way home from school. As she was watching, big cars drove up to the party and armed men got out. When she saw the men, she started to run out of fear and ignored them when they told her to stop. She says,
‘they shot me in my arm. That was the last time I went to school. I am now afraid of going out. My arm still hurts and it is not functioning properly. All I remember is that I fainted. I do not know what happened after that. I heard that other people were also wounded.’” (MRGI, 1. Juli 2010, S. 6)
Das Danish Immigration Service  (DIS) zitiert in einem älteren Bericht zu einer Fact-Finding-Mission vom August 2007 eine internationale Organisation. Personen, die Mischehen („cross clan marriages“) geschlossen hätten, seien mit Problemen konfrontiert. Insbesondere, wenn das Paar oder ein Partner von ihrem oder seinem Clan verleugnet werde. Zwei Quellen hätten angegeben, dass eine Ehefrau bei einer Heirat vom Clan des Ehemannes „absorbiert“ werde. Eine der beiden Quellen habe aber zusätzlich angegeben, dies sei nicht der Fall, wenn die Frau eine Ehe mit einem Angehörigen eines untergeordneten Clans schließe („married below her own clan’s position“). Laut der Organisation NOVIB könne die Eheschließung einer Frau gegen den Willen ihrer Familie – mit einem Mann, der einem untergeordneten Clan angehöre – zum Tod des Mannes führen. NOVIB habe den Fall einer Frau angeführt, die von ihrem Clan in einen anderen Landesteil geschickt worden sei. Das Paar habe später wieder zusammengefunden, müsse sich aber verstecken, da es sonst getötet werde:
„3.8. Cross clan marriages
Yassin explained that the situation for persons living in a cross clan marriage might be difficult in some places. Their situation will depend on actual circumstances and Yassin emphasized that it will never be possible to make reliable general statements about the situation for persons in cross clan marriages.
An international organisation (B) considered that persons in cross clan marriages could face problems, especially if the couple or one of them have been disowned by his or her own clan because of the marriage. However, it was emphasized that whether or not a person is at risk of being marginalized or persecution will depend on that person’s individual plight.
Regarding cross clan marriages Bamehriz stated that the husband’s clan will absorb the woman, and in case the marriage ends she can return to her clan of origin. Cross clan marriages are not so common these days as clans are not on good terms. Before the civil war began in the south in 1991 interclan marriages were much more common.
An international organisation (C) confirmed that a wife is absorbed into her husband’s clan irrespective of her own clan affiliation. This is so except for when she has married below her own clan’s position. However, if the husband dies a problem may arise regarding the widow’s clan affiliation.
According to NOVIB a woman’s marriage against the wishes of her family or clan may lead to the death of the man if he comes from a lower clan than his wife. NOVIB gave an example of a couple in which the woman’s own clan sent her away to the other end of the country. The couple later found each other again and had to go into hiding or they would be killed.“ (DIS, August 2007, S. 30-31)
Weitere Informationen zu Mischehen finden sich in folgenden ACCORD-Anfragebeantwortungen:
·      ACCORD: Somalia: Angehörige der Samaroon/Gadabursi, Aden Yoonis, Reer Gadiid; Schutzhandlungen durch noble Clans; Mischehe a-7470 (ACC-SOM-7470), 22. Dezember 2010
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_153912.html
·      ACCORD: Somalia: 1) Lage der Asharaf; Gehören die Asharaf dem Sub-Clan der Hassan und dem Hauptclan der Arab an? 2) Heirat zwischen Angehörigen von Minderheiten und Mehrheitsclanangehörigen; 3) Situation von Frauen (Gefahren für alleinstehende Frauen) a-7230 (ACC-SOM-7230), 29. April 2010
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_141627.html
 
[Teilfrage entfernt.]
 
 
Quellen: (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 14. Dezember 2011)
·      ACCORD: Somalia: Angehörige der Samaroon/Gadabursi, Aden Yoonis, Reer Gadiid; Schutzhandlungen durch noble Clans; Mischehe a-7470 (ACC-SOM-7470), 22. Dezember 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_153912.html
·      ACCORD: Somalia: 1) Lage der Asharaf; Gehören die Asharaf dem Sub-Clan der Hassan und dem Hauptclan der Arab an? 2) Heirat zwischen Angehörigen von Minderheiten und Mehrheitsclanangehörigen; 3) Situation von Frauen (Gefahren für alleinstehende Frauen) a-7230 (ACC-SOM-7230), 29. April 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/response_en_141627.html
·      DIS - Danish Immigration Service : Human rights and security in central and southern Somalia Joint fact-finding mission by the Danish Refugee Council and the Danish Immigration Service 14 – 27 March 2007, August 2007
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/46e109d92.pdf
·      MRGI - Minority Rights Group International: State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010, 1. Juli 2010
http://www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=846
·      MRGI - Minority Rights Group International: No redress: Somalia's forgotten minorities, 23. November 2010
http://www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=912
·      UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Somalia, 5. Mai 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/90_1273592553_2010-05-unhcr-som.pdf
·      USDOS - US Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2010, Somalia, 8. April 2011 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/158195/260629_en.html