16 April 2023 | Thomson Reuters (Author)

Sudan

Brief chronology of political developments since 2018

Sudan's years of political strife (Media Report, English)

15 April 2023 | BBC News (Author)

Sudan

Background article on the fighting between the army and the Rapid Support Forces

Sudan fighting: The military rivalry behind the clashes in Khartoum (Media Report, English)

15 April 2023 | Thomson Reuters (Author)

Sudan

Brief background article on the power struggle

Factbox: The struggle for power in Sudan (Media Report, English)

13 April 2023 | Thomson Reuters (Author)

Sudan

Brief background article on the Rapid Support Forces

Factbox: Who are Sudan's Rapid Support Forces? (Media Report, English)

16 December 2025 | BBC News (Author)

Sudan

North Darfur: According to reports, paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) try to cover up mass killings in al-Fashir

Sudan's RSF trying to cover up mass killings in el-Fasher, researchers say (Media Report, English)

• North Darfur: According to reports, paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) try to cover up mass killings in al-Fashir
• Norddarfur: Berichten zufolge versuchen die Rapid Support Forces (RSF) Massentötungen in al-Faschir zu vertuschen 
• Stewart Maclean Sudan's paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has been trying to cover up mass killings in the city of el-Fasher by burying and burning bodies, a research team from Yale University says. The RSF had drawn international condemnation amid reports of executions and crimes against humanity when its fighters captured the city in October. […] Following an international backlash, RSF leader Gen Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo declared an investigation into what he called violations committed by his soldiers during the capture of el-Fasher. However, the group continued to deny widespread allegations that killings in the city are ethnically motivated and follow a pattern of the Arab paramilitaries targeting non-Arab populations.

15 December 2025 | HRW – Human Rights Watch (Author)

Sudan

Former leader of militia, Ali Kosheib, sentenced to 20 years in prison by International Criminal Court (ICC)

ICC Sentences Former Sudanese Militia Leader to 20 Years (Appeal or News Release, English)

• The current conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has been ragingfor more than two years [https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/04/13/sudan-after-2-years-war-global-action-needed] and both warring parties continue to commit atrocitycrimes [https://www.hrw.org/africa/sudan] across Sudan, including the RSF’s most recent wave of mass killings and other grave abuses

12 December 2025 | BBC News (Author)

Sudan

UK imposes sanctions on 4 commanders of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), who are accused of committing mass killings, systematic sexual violence and deliberate attacks on civilians

UK sanctions RSF commander linked by BBC Verify to Sudan massacre (Media Report, English)

• UK imposes sanctions on 4 commanders of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), who are accused of committing mass killings, systematic sexual violence and deliberate attacks on civilians
• Großbritannien verhängt Sanktionen gegen 4 Kommandeure der paramilitärischen Rapid Support Forces (RSF), denen Massenmorde, systematische sexuelle Gewalt und vorsätzliche Angriffe auf Zivilist·innen vorgeworfen werden
• Brig Gen Al-Fateh Abdullah Idris, also known as Abu Lulu, was filmed shooting dead at least 10 unarmed captives after the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) seized the city in late October. Thousands of people are believed to have been killed by the RSF after the army withdrew from el-Fasher. […] The UK has also sanctioned three other RSF commanders, including deputy head Abdul Rahim Hamdan Dagalo. Dagalo, who was also placed under EU sanctions in November, was shown in verified footage touring an army base in the city in the hours after el-Fasher fell. He is the brother of RSF chief Mohamed "Hemedti" Dagalo. […] UK officials accused Abu Lulu, Dagalo, Gedo Hamdan Ahmed and Tijani Ibrahim Moussa Mohamed of carrying out "heinous" acts of violence, including mass killings, systematic sexual violence and deliberate attacks on civilians. The men have been placed under travel bans and any assets they hold will be frozen. […] In the days that followed the el-Fasher massacre, RSF leader Gen Mohamed "Hemedti" Dagalo [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3vn17r29v9o] admitted that his troops had committed "violations" and said the incidents would be investigated. Among those arrested was Abu Lulu.

11 December 2025 | ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (Author)

Sudan

Article on security-related developments (covering 1 January to 28 November 2025)

Fighting moves to Kordofan as Sudan’s east–west divide solidifies (Special or Analytical Report, English)

• As Africa’s most fatal conflict approaches its three-year mark, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and its allies managed to retake control throughout central Sudan, while the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) made key gains in Darfur. In previous years of the conflict, the territory under the RSF and the SAF control was more of a patchwork. […] Army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan appointed Kamil Idris as prime minister in May 2025, while the RSF formed a government based in Nyala, the capital of South Darfur, led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, popularly known as Hemedti.

9 December 2025 | BBC News (Author)

Sudan

According to a report by the Sudan Witness Project, at least 1,700 civilians have been killed in air force bombings since the conflict broke out in April 2023

Sudan air force bombing of towns, markets and schools has killed hundreds, report says (Media Report, English)

• Its rival, the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) does not have aircraft. It launches drone strikes, but drones were excluded from the research. The RSF has been internationally condemned for allegedly carrying out ethnic massacres in Sudan's western Darfur region, triggering charges of genocide by the United States.

9 December 2025 | BBC News (Author)

Sudan

Militia leader known as Ali Kushayb sentenced by International Criminal Court (ICC) to 20 years in prison for war crimes committed during the Darfur conflict more than 2 decades ago

Sudan militia chief sentenced to 20 years for war crimes during Darfur conflict (Media Report, English)

• Five years after the end of that crisis, Darfur is a key battleground in another civil war [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cpvdn8pmmd1o], this time between Sudan's army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), whose origins lie in the Janjaweed.