Freedom in the World 2025 - Qatar

Not Free
25
/ 100
Political Rights 7 / 40
Civil Liberties 18 / 60
Last Year's Score & Status
25 / 100 Not Free
A country or territory’s Freedom in the World status depends on its aggregate Political Rights score, on a scale of 0–40, and its aggregate Civil Liberties score, on a scale of 0–60. See the methodology.
 
 

Overview

Qatar’s hereditary emir holds all executive and legislative authority and ultimately controls the judiciary. Political parties are not permitted, and public participation in the political arena is extremely limited. While Qatari citizens are among the wealthiest in the world, most of the population consists of noncitizens with no political rights, few civil liberties, and limited access to economic opportunity.

Key Developments in 2024

  • In January, a court sentenced Ali Sherif al-Emadi, a former finance minister, to 20 years in prison after he was convicted of bribery, money laundering, misuse of public funds, and abuse of position. One of his codefendants, Sheikh Nawaf bin Jassim al-Thani, a brother of a former prime minister and member of the ruling family, was sentenced to six years in prison after he was found guilty of misusing public funds.
  • The Indian government announced in February that Qatari authorities had released eight former Indian naval officers who had been detained in 2022 on charges of spying on behalf of Israel. They had been sentenced to death in October 2023, then had their sentences commuted to terms of imprisonment that December.
  • In July, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found that whistleblower Abdullah Ibhais, a former media manager for Qatar’s 2022 World Cup organizing committee, had been arbitrarily detained and was denied his right to a fair trial after he raised concerns over the treatment of migrants working on construction projects linked to the global soccer tournament. Ibhais, a Jordanian citizen, was sentenced to three years in prison in 2021.
  • A series of amendments to the 2004 penal code were enacted in October, criminalizing certain new offenses and setting stronger penalties for some existing crimes. Among other changes, the revised code set a penalty of up to three years in prison for illegally entering or exiting the country, or for assisting others who commit such an offense.
  • In November, Qatari referendum voters approved constitutional amendments that ended the election of 30 of the 45 members of the Shura Council after just one cycle in 2021, reverting to a system whereby the entire legislative body would be appointed by the emir. The Interior Ministry, which managed the referendum, reported that nearly 91 percent of those voting approved the proposed changes, with a turnout of 84 percent among eligible citizens. Among other revisions, the amendments permitted all Qatari citizens to be appointed to the Shura Council rather than just “native” or “original” citizens whose families had settled in Qatar before 1930. Unlike the terminated Shura Council elections, balloting for Qatar’s Central Municipal Council was expected to continue.

This report has been abridged for Freedom in the World 2025 due to ongoing budget constraints. Freedom in the World is entirely funded by nongovernmental sources such as private foundations, corporations, and individuals like you. Please consider making a donation to support future editions of this vital resource.

For additional background information, see last year’s full report.

Political Rights

A Electoral Process

A1 0-4 pts
Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? 0 / 4
A2 0-4 pts
Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? 1 / 4
A3 0-4 pts
Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies? 1 / 4

B Political Pluralism and Participation

B1 0-4 pts
Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings? 0 / 4
B2 0-4 pts
Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections? 0 / 4
B3 0-4 pts
Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means? 1 / 4
B4 0-4 pts
Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities? 1 / 4

C Functioning of Government

C1 0-4 pts
Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government? 0 / 4
C2 0-4 pts
Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective? 2 / 4
C3 0-4 pts
Does the government operate with openness and transparency? 1 / 4

Civil Liberties

D Freedom of Expression and Belief

D1 0-4 pts
Are there free and independent media? 1 / 4
D2 0-4 pts
Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private? 2 / 4
D3 0-4 pts
Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination? 2 / 4
D4 0-4 pts
Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution? 2 / 4

E Associational and Organizational Rights

E1 0-4 pts
Is there freedom of assembly? 1 / 4
E2 0-4 pts
Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work? 0 / 4
E3 0-4 pts
Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations? 1 / 4

F Rule of Law

F1 0-4 pts
Is there an independent judiciary? 1 / 4
F2 0-4 pts
Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters? 1 / 4
F3 0-4 pts
Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies? 3 / 4
F4 0-4 pts
Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population? 0 / 4

G Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights

G1 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education? 1 / 4
G2 0-4 pts
Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors? 1 / 4
G3 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance? 1 / 4
G4 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation? 1 / 4
 

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