Political Rights | 2 / 40 |
Civil Liberties | 10 / 60 |
Bahrain’s Sunni-led monarchy dominates state institutions, and elections for the lower house of parliament are neither competitive nor inclusive. Since violently crushing a popular prodemocracy protest movement in 2011, the authorities have systematically eliminated a broad range of political rights and civil liberties, dismantled the political opposition, and cracked down on persistent dissent concentrated among the Shiite population.
- In March, 31-year-old inmate Hussain Khalil Ibrahim Kadhim died in custody at Jau Prison. He had been imprisoned since 2017 on charges related to sheltering wanted individuals, and had reported torture and denial of medical care. When other prisoners protested in the wake of his death, authorities allegedly responded by reducing access to food and air conditioning, among other measures. Another prisoner died at Jau in December, as protests and interventions by security forces reportedly continued.
- In a series of four mass pardons in April, June, September, and December, the king ordered the release of 3,482 prisoners. Those released included more than 800 people who had been deemed political prisoners by human rights advocates, though none were prominent dissidents or 2011 protest leaders, and more than 300 other political prisoners remained behind bars at year’s end. In addition to pardons, a number of prisoners received conditional release under alternative sentencing or open-prisons programs. Despite such clemency actions, the country’s residents continued to face arrest during the year for criticizing the authorities or posting allegedly offensive religious content on social media.
- In June, the interior minister announced the formation of a committee to investigate cases of fraudulently obtained citizenship since 2010. Separately in July, a court ordered the removal of lawmaker Mohammad Rafiq al-Hussaini from his seat on the Council of Representatives, alleging that he had failed to disclose Pakistani dual citizenship; he was then stripped of his Bahraini citizenship in August and deported to Pakistan.
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For additional background information, see last year’s full report.
Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? | 0 / 4 |
Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? | 1 / 4 |
Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies? | 1 / 4 |
Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings? | 0 / 4 |
Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections? | 0 / 4 |
Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means? | 0 / 4 |
Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities? | 0 / 4 |
Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government? | 0 / 4 |
Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective? | 2 / 4 |
Does the government operate with openness and transparency? | 0 / 4 |
Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group? | -2 |
Are there free and independent media? | 0 / 4 |
Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private? | 1 / 4 |
Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination? | 0 / 4 |
Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution? | 1 / 4 |
Is there freedom of assembly? | 0 / 4 |
Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work? | 0 / 4 |
Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations? | 1 / 4 |
Is there an independent judiciary? | 0 / 4 |
Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters? | 1 / 4 |
Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies? | 0 / 4 |
Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population? | 0 / 4 |
Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education? | 1 / 4 |
Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors? | 2 / 4 |
Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance? | 2 / 4 |
Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation? | 1 / 4 |