Freedom in the World 2025 - Bahrain

Not Free
12
/ 100
Political Rights 2 / 40
Civil Liberties 10 / 60
Last Year's Score & Status
12 / 100 Not Free
A country or territory’s Freedom in the World status depends on its aggregate Political Rights score, on a scale of 0–40, and its aggregate Civil Liberties score, on a scale of 0–60. See the methodology.
 
 

Overview

Bahrain’s Sunni-led monarchy dominates state institutions, and elections for the lower house of parliament are neither competitive nor inclusive. Since violently crushing a popular prodemocracy protest movement in 2011, the authorities have systematically eliminated a broad range of political rights and civil liberties, dismantled the political opposition, and cracked down on persistent dissent concentrated among the Shiite population.

Key Developments in 2024

  • In March, 31-year-old inmate Hussain Khalil Ibrahim Kadhim died in custody at Jau Prison. He had been imprisoned since 2017 on charges related to sheltering wanted individuals, and had reported torture and denial of medical care. When other prisoners protested in the wake of his death, authorities allegedly responded by reducing access to food and air conditioning, among other measures. Another prisoner died at Jau in December, as protests and interventions by security forces reportedly continued.
  • In a series of four mass pardons in April, June, September, and December, the king ordered the release of 3,482 prisoners. Those released included more than 800 people who had been deemed political prisoners by human rights advocates, though none were prominent dissidents or 2011 protest leaders, and more than 300 other political prisoners remained behind bars at year’s end. In addition to pardons, a number of prisoners received conditional release under alternative sentencing or open-prisons programs. Despite such clemency actions, the country’s residents continued to face arrest during the year for criticizing the authorities or posting allegedly offensive religious content on social media.
  • In June, the interior minister announced the formation of a committee to investigate cases of fraudulently obtained citizenship since 2010. Separately in July, a court ordered the removal of lawmaker Mohammad Rafiq al-Hussaini from his seat on the Council of Representatives, alleging that he had failed to disclose Pakistani dual citizenship; he was then stripped of his Bahraini citizenship in August and deported to Pakistan.

This report has been abridged for Freedom in the World 2025 due to ongoing budget constraints. Freedom in the World is entirely funded by nongovernmental sources such as private foundations, corporations, and individuals like you. Please consider making a donation to support future editions of this vital resource.

For additional background information, see last year’s full report.

Political Rights

A Electoral Process

A1 0-4 pts
Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? 0 / 4
A2 0-4 pts
Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? 1 / 4
A3 0-4 pts
Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies? 1 / 4

B Political Pluralism and Participation

B1 0-4 pts
Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings? 0 / 4
B2 0-4 pts
Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections? 0 / 4
B3 0-4 pts
Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means? 0 / 4
B4 0-4 pts
Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities? 0 / 4

C Functioning of Government

C1 0-4 pts
Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government? 0 / 4
C2 0-4 pts
Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective? 2 / 4
C3 0-4 pts
Does the government operate with openness and transparency? 0 / 4
Add Q
Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group? -2

Civil Liberties

D Freedom of Expression and Belief

D1 0-4 pts
Are there free and independent media? 0 / 4
D2 0-4 pts
Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private? 1 / 4
D3 0-4 pts
Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination? 0 / 4
D4 0-4 pts
Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution? 1 / 4

E Associational and Organizational Rights

E1 0-4 pts
Is there freedom of assembly? 0 / 4
E2 0-4 pts
Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work? 0 / 4
E3 0-4 pts
Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations? 1 / 4

F Rule of Law

F1 0-4 pts
Is there an independent judiciary? 0 / 4
F2 0-4 pts
Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters? 1 / 4
F3 0-4 pts
Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies? 0 / 4
F4 0-4 pts
Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population? 0 / 4

G Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights

G1 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education? 1 / 4
G2 0-4 pts
Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors? 2 / 4
G3 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance? 2 / 4
G4 0-4 pts
Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation? 1 / 4
 

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