31. Oktober 2024

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Lage einer alleinerziehenden Mutter

Sicherheitslage

Wirtschaftliche Lage und Versorgungslage

Lage von Kindern

Lage alleinerziehender Mütter

Eine im Oktober 2021 veröffentlichte Studie zu alleinstehenden Frauen mit Kindern erwähnt zusammenfassend Folgendes:

·      Callaghan, Mikyla A. et al.: “I Don’t Know Where I Have to Knock for Support”: A Mixed-Methods Study on Perceptions and Experiences of Single Mothers Raising Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2. Oktober 2021
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/19/10399

„Single mothers in the DRC [Democratic Republic of Congo] face significant financial, health and parenting-related challenges raising children in adverse situations, which may translate into negative child health and developmental outcomes. Single mother participants had little support raising children and primarily exhibited self-reliance to cope with the challenges they faced. Our qualitative findings were supported by the quantitative results derived from participants’ interpretation of their own micronarratives: single mothers were statistically more likely than two-parent family respondents to report household adversity, to parent a child with a disability, and to perceive their micronarratives as negative. Results reinforce that in the DRC, poverty, a lack of social services and support programs, as well as gender inequality, contribute to significant hardship and societal barriers for single mothers. Additional research is needed to clarify what policies and programs could best address challenges faced by single mothers in the DRC to improve health outcomes for mothers and children.” (Callaghan, Mikyla A. et al., 2. Oktober 2021)

Folgendes Dokument enthält zudem Informationen zu alleinerziehenden Müttern in Süd-Kivu:

·      Médard, Kilundu Mbukani et al.: The Problem of Female Single Parenthood in South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Unavoidable Consequences and Different Relational Networks of Solidarity, Mai 2023
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=125065

Im Folgenden finden Sie Informationen zur Lage von Frauen bzw. zur Sicherheits- und Versorgungslage im Allgemeinen.

Sicherheitslage

EUAA-Anfragebeantwortungen vom Februar und Juni 2024 enthalten Informationen zur Sicherheitslage in Kinshasa bzw. der Region Kasai:

·      EUAA - European Union Agency for Asylum: Democratic Republic of the Congo; Security situation in Kinshasa [Q18-2024], 22. Februar 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2104788/2024_02_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q18_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo_DRC_Security_situation_Kinshasa.pdf

·      EUAA - European Union Agency for Asylum: Democratic Republic of the Congo; Security situation in Kasai Central region [Q33-2024], 3. Juni 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2110277/2024_06_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q33_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo_Security_Situation_Kasai_Central_Region.pdf

Auf den Seiten 3 bis 5 eines Berichts des UN Security Council vom September 2024 finden sich Informationen zur aktuellen Sicherheitslage im Land. Es werden jedoch hauptsächlich sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle im Osten des Landes erwähnt:

·      UN Security Council: United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Report of the Secretary-General [S/2024/689], 20. September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2116021/n2426062.pdf

Von UNHCR im September 2024 veröffentlichte Informationsblätter enthalten Informationen zu geschlechtsbasierter Gewalt bzw. zum Schutz von Kindern:

·      UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Democratic Republic of Congo; Gender-Based Violence; January - June 2024, 20. September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2115727/6-+Gender+Based+Violence+-+Quaterly+Dashboard+-+June+2024.pdf

·      UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Democratic Republic of Congo; Child Protection; January - June 2024, 20. September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2115786/Child+Protection+-+Juin+Dashboard+-+2024.pdf

Wirtschaftliche Lage und Versorgungslage

Der im März 2024 veröffentlichte Bericht der Bertelsmann Stiftung enthält Informationen zu sozialen Sicherungsnetzen und zu Gleichberechtigung:

·      Bertelsmann Stiftung: BTI 2024 Country Report Congo, DR, 19. März 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2105834/country_report_2024_COD.pdf

„DR Congo lacks functioning state-sponsored safety nets. Firms are required to register with the National Social Security Fund (CNSS). However, the agency has been dysfunctional for over three decades, failing to adequately protect workers in the formal sector, which constitutes approximately 20% of the country’s workforce. Subsistence agriculture – most of which is no longer possible due to continued violence – and the informal sector account for the living conditions of a significant percentage of the population. Employees, most of whom are state employees, are either poorly compensated or often go temporarily unpaid. Additionally, the majority of retired employees rarely receive their pension payments. Full access to the deficient services provided by the state health care system – a service provision that the government has failed to rectify – remains a luxury reserved for a select few Congolese citizens. The majority of Congolese people rely heavily on their family and community structures as the primary social foundation for survival. In 2022, the United Nations estimated that 27 million Congolese, including 15.8 million children, were in need of urgent humanitarian assistance. Churches and some domestic and international organizations provide social assistance, but due to the current humanitarian catastrophe in the DR Congo, these organizations are overwhelmed, often underfinanced, and only able to help a limited number of people.

Equal opportunity is enshrined in the Congolese constitution, but in the Congolese social reality, in practice it is almost nonexistent. Opportunities for social success, such as access to education, public office, or private employment, are highly dependent on the individual’s personal or ethnic relations with the country’s president, the president’s family, the president’s personal associates, and the country’s high-ranking political and military officials. A merit-based system does not exist. There are no institutions to compensate for gross social inequalities or mechanisms to facilitate the social integration of disabled people or ethnic groups. Even though it is illegal, women and girls are discriminated against on all levels. Women and girls are disproportionately affected by poverty and regularly face sexual violence. Furthermore, the DR Congo is characterized by a deeply embedded patriarchal culture that includes laws and traditional customs that discriminate against women. While the female-to-male access to and completion of primary and secondary school have significantly improved in the last decade, female students accounted for only 31.2% of all students in tertiary education. In the 2021 Gender Inequality Index (GII) – a composite metric of gender inequality using reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market as the main dimensions – the DR Congo ranks 151 out of 179 countries evaluated, with only 14.3% of women occupying parliamentary seats. The DR Congo scores 0.576 and is ranked 151 out of 156 countries evaluated in the Global Gender Gap 2021 index.” (Bertelsmann Stiftung, 19. März 2024, S. 22-23)

Die Weltbankgruppe bietet auf ihrer Website einen zuletzt im Oktober 2024 aktualisierten Überblick zum Land (sozialer Kontext, Zugang zu Bildung, Lage von Frauen, Gesundheitssystem):

·      World Bank Group: Democratic Republic of Congo, Overview, letzte Aktualisierung am 18. Oktober 2024
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview

„Social Context

DRC [Democratic Republic of Congo] ranks 164 out of 174 countries on the 2020 Human Capital Index, reflecting decades of conflict and fragility, and constraining development. DRC’s Human Capital Index is 0.37 which is below the SSA [Sub-Saharan Africa] average of 0.4. This means that a Congolese child born today can expect to achieve only 37% of their potential, compared to what would have been possible if they had benefited from a full, quality schooling experience and optimal health conditions. The main contributors to the low score are low child survival rates under age five, high child stunting, and low quality of education.

DRC has one of the highest stunting rates in SSA (42% of children under age five), and malnutrition is the underlying cause of almost half of the deaths of children under the age of five. Unlike other African countries, the prevalence of stunting in the DRC has not decreased over the past 20 years. Due to the very high fertility rate, the number of stunted children has increased by 1.5 million.

The DRC is home to a diverse array of indigenous peoples (IPs) who have faced a range of challenges, including forced displacement from their ancestral lands, discrimination, and lack of access to basic services such as healthcare and education. Despite these challenges, IPs in the DRC continue to play an important role in preserving the country's cultural diversity and promoting sustainable resource management practices. While efforts are being made to recognize and protect the rights of IPs, much more needs to be done to ensure their full participation in society and the protection of their traditional ways of life.

Access to education Overall, the number of children enrolled in primary education has increased from 11.9 million (10.7 million in public schools) in 2010-2011 to 16.1 million (14.2 million in public schools) in 2018-2019 and to 20.2 million (17.9 million in public schools) in 2020-2021. However, the completion rate at the primary level remains low at 75%. Further, the quality of education is a pressing issue. A child in the DRC is expected to complete 9.1 years of schooling by their 18th birthday, but when adjusted for learning, this time in school translates into only 4.5 years of schooling. The quality of education is extremely poor with an estimated 97% of 10-year-olds in DRC being in learning poverty, meaning they cannot read and understand a simple text.

Congolese women face significant barriers to economic opportunities and empowerment, including high rates of gender-based violence (GBV) and discrimination. Only 16.8% of women have completed secondary school—about half of the rate of completion for men. Early marriage and high fertility rates represent a challenge, where women and girls without any education have a fertility rate twice that of women who complete secondary school (7.4 children compared to 2.9 [DHS 2014]). Half of women report having experienced physical violence, and almost a third have experienced sexual violence, most commonly at the hands of an intimate partner (DHS 2013).

Women’s labor force participation rate in the DRC is estimated at almost 62%, most of whom work in agriculture. While participation is relatively high, women earn considerably less than men and own fewer assets. A 2021 DRC Gender Diagnostic Report identifies three major factors contributing to persistent and significant gender gaps: control over land, voice and agency, and risk and uncertainty including vulnerability to shocks and GBV.

DRC’s health care systems have been greatly impacted by its own protracted conflict, as well as by the continued long-standing complex humanitarian crises in the world. This has been greatly exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and by recurrent disease outbreaks such as cholera, measles, and Ebola. There has been significant COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in DRC, with limited demand, and there is evidence that COVID-19 has had a negative impact on the utilization of health services since March 2020 with a decrease in hospital visits, a reduction in the number of antenatal care visits, reduced access to family planning and contraception, increased food insecurity, as well as increased incidence of sexual and GBV. Close to 23 million children missed out on routine vaccinations in 2020 due to the pandemic, the highest number in more than a decade, according to recent WHO/UNICEF data. This highlights the disruption COVID-19 has had on health systems and a concern that the temporary interruption of basic healthcare delivery will likely lead to a secondary health crisis, if not addressed.” (World Bank Group, letzte Aktualisierung am 18. Oktober 2024)

Das aktuellste verfügbare Länderinformationsblatt, das im Februar 2022 von der IOM veröffentlicht wurde, enthält allgemeine Informationen zu Gesundheitsversorgung, Arbeitsmarkt, Wohnsituation, Sozialwesen, Bildung und Kinder:

·      IOM: Demokratische Republik Kongo Länderinformationsblatt 2021, Februar 2022
https://files.returningfromgermany.de/files/CFS_2021_DRC_DE.pdf

Eine im August 2023 veröffentlichte Anfragebeantwortung des EUAA enthält Informationen zur Lage von Frauen ohne unterstützendes Netzwerk in Kinshasa (Zugang zu Wohnraum, Beschäftigung, sozialen Diensten, Gesundheitsversorgung sowie Behandlung durch die Gesellschaft):

·      EUAA - European Union Agency for Asylum: Situation of women without a support network in Kinshasa [Q28-2023], 25. August 2023
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2096524/2023_08_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q28_DRC_Situation_of_women_without_network.pdf

Eine im September 2024 veröffentlichte Anfragebeantwortung des EUAA enthält Informationen zur Lage von Frauen ohne unterstützendes Netzwerk in Südkivu (Zugang zu Wohnraum, Beschäftigung, sozialen Diensten, Gesundheitsversorgung sowie Behandlung durch die Gesellschaft):

·      EUAA - European Union Agency for Asylum: Democratic Republic of the Congo; Situation of women without a support network in South Kivu [Q60-2024], 2. September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2114588/2024_09_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q60_DRC_Women_without_support_network_South_Kivu.pdf

Eine weitere EUAA-Anfragebeantwortung vom Oktober 2024 enthält Informationen zur Lage von Rückkehrer·innen und Binnenvertriebenen in Kinshasa (Zugang zu Wohnraum, Beschäftigung, sozialen Diensten, Gesundheitsversorgung sowie Behandlung durch die Gesellschaft):

·      EUAA - European Union Agency for Asylum: Democratic Republic of the Congo; Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Kinshasa [Q64-2024], 2. Oktober 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2115895/2024_10_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q64__DRC_Returnees_and_IDPs_Kinshasa.pdf

Auf den Seiten 9 bis 10 eines Berichts des UN Security Council vom September 2024 finden sich allgemeine Informationen zur aktuellen humanitären Lage im Land:

·      UN Security Council: United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Report of the Secretary-General [S/2024/689], 20. September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2116021/n2426062.pdf

Lage von Kindern

Informationen zur Lage von Kindern entnehmen Sie bitte folgenden Links:

·      UNICEF: Democratic Republic of Congo, ohne Datum
https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/en

·      Save the Children: What’s happening in the Democratic Republic of the Congo?, ohne Datum
https://www.savethechildren.net/stories/whats-happening-democratic-republic-congo

·      USDOL - US Department of Labor: 2023 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC), 5 September 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2116165.html

·      USDOS - US Department of State: 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo, 24 June 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111653.html

·      USDOS - US Department of State: 2023 Country Report on Human Rights Practices (Section 6): Democratic Republic of the Congo, 23 April 2024
https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2107668.html