Diese Anfragebeantwortung wurde für die Veröffentlichung auf ecoi.net abgeändert.

26. September 2024

Kurzbeschreibungen zu den in dieser Anfragebeantwortung verwendeten Quellen sowie Ausschnitte mit Informationen aus diesen Quellen finden Sie im Anhang.

Besteht in Dominica Bewegungsfreiheit?

Der Verfassung von Domenica zufolge (zuletzt 2014 abgeändert) darf niemandem die Bewegungsfreiheit entzogen werden, d.h. das Recht, sich in ganz Dominica frei zu bewegen, das Recht, sich in jedem Teil Dominicas aufzuhalten, das Recht, nach Dominica einzureisen, das Recht, Dominica zu verlassen und die Immunität gegen Ausweisung aus Dominica (The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica, 1978, Änderungen bis 1984, Artikel 12, Abschnitt 1). Artikel 12 der Verfassung enthält zudem weitere Bestimmungen zum Schutz des Rechts auf Bewegungsfreiheit (siehe The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica, 1978, Änderungen bis 1984, Artikel 12).

Das US-Außenministerium (US Department of State, USDOS) schreibt in seinem Jahresbericht zur Menschenrechtslage vom April 2024 (Berichtszeitraum 2023), dass gesetzlich Bewegungsfreiheit innerhalb des Landes, Reisen ins Ausland, Auswanderung und Repatriierung vorgesehen seien, und die Regierung diese Rechte im Allgemeinen respektiere. Personen, die außerhalb der Kalinago[1]-Gemeinschaft leben würden, müssten beim Kalinago-Rat eine Sondergenehmigung beantragen, wenn sie im Kalinago-Territorium leben wollten (USDOS, 23. April 2024, Section 2d). Ähnlich erwähnt Freedom House in seinem Jahresbericht zu politischen Rechten und bürgerlichen Freiheiten im Jahr 2023, dass die Bewohner·innen Dominicas im Allgemeinen Bewegungsfreiheit genießen würden, obwohl diejenigen, die außerhalb der etablierten Carib-Kalinago-Gemeinschaft leben würden, einen besonderen Zugang zum Carib-Reservat beantragen müssten, der vom Carib Council gewährt werde (Freedom House, 2024, Section G1).

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Quellen: (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 26. September 2024)

·      Freedom House: Freedom in the World 2024 – Dominica, 2024
https://freedomhouse.org/country/dominica/freedom-world/2024

·      The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica; Enacted as Schedule I to the Commonwealth of Dominica Constitution Order 1978 (S.I. 1978 No. 1027 (U.K.)); Amended by S.I. 1978 No. 1521 (U.K.) 9 of 1983, 21 of 1984, 22 of 1984 (veröffentlicht auf Georgetown University), 1978, Änderungen bis 1984
https://dominica.gov.dm/laws/chapters/chap1-01-sch1.pdf

·      USDOS - US Department of State: 2023 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Dominica, 23. April 2024
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/dominica/

Anhang: Quellenbeschreibungen und Informationen aus ausgewählten Quellen

Freedom House ist eine in den USA ansässige Nichtregierungsorganisation, die sich mit Recherchen und Advocacy-Arbeit zu Demokratie, politischen Freiheiten und Menschenrechten befasst.

·      Freedom House: Freedom in the World 2024 – Dominica, 2024
https://freedomhouse.org/country/dominica/freedom-world/2024

„Individuals in Dominica generally enjoy freedom of movement, though those outside the established Carib-Kalinago community must apply for special access to the Carib Reserve area, which is granted by the Carib Council. There are no restrictions on people’s ability to change their place of employment or education.” (Freedom House, 2024, Section G1)

Die 2014 abgeänderte[2] Verfassung von Dominica mit Änderungen bis 1984. Die Änderungen von 2014 betreffen nicht Artikel 12.

·      The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica; Enacted as Schedule I to the Commonwealth of Dominica Constitution Order 1978 (S.I. 1978 No. 1027 (U.K.)); Amended by S.I. 1978 No. 1521 (U.K.) 9 of 1983, 21 of 1984, 22 of 1984 (veröffentlicht auf Website von Georgetown University), 1978, Änderungen bis 1984
https://dominica.gov.dm/laws/chapters/chap1-01-sch1.pdf

„12. Protection of freedom of movement

1. A person shall not be deprived of his freedom of movement that is to say, the right to move freely throughout Dominica, the right to reside in any part of Dominica, the right to enter Dominica, the right to leave Dominica and immunity from expulsion from Dominica.

2. Any restriction on a person’s freedom of movement that is involved in his lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section.

3. Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision—

a. for the imposition of restrictions on the movement or residence within Dominica of any person or on any person’s right to leave Dominica that are reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety or public order;

b. for the imposition of restrictions on the movement or residence within Dominica or on the right to leave Dominica of persons generally or any class of persons in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health or, in respect of the right to leave Dominica, of securing compliance with any international obligation of the Government particulars of which have been laid before the House and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society;

c. for the imposition of restrictions, by order of a court, on the movement or residence within Dominica of any person or on any person’s right to leave Dominica either in consequence of his having been found guilty of a criminal offence under the law of Dominica or for the purpose of ensuring that he appears before a court at a later date for trial of such a criminal offence or for proceedings preliminary to trial or for proceedings relating to his extradition or lawful removal from Dominica;

d. for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of movement of any person who is not a citizen of Dominica;

e. for the imposition of restrictions on the acquisition or use by any person of land or other property in Dominica;

f. for the imposition of restrictions upon the movement or residence within Dominica or on the right to leave Dominica of any public officer that are reasonably required for the proper performance of his functions;

g. for the removal of a person from Dominica to be tried or punished in some other country for a criminal offence under the law of that other country or to undergo imprisonment in some other country in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence under the law of Dominica of which he has been convicted; or

h. for the imposition of restrictions on the right of any person to leave Dominica that are reasonably required in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligations imposed on that person by law and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.

4. If any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted by virtue of such a provision as is referred to in subsection (3)(a) of this section so requests at any time during the period of that restriction not earlier than twenty-one days after the order was made or three months after he last made such a request, as the case may be, his case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal presided over by a person appointed by the Chief Justice from among persons who are legal practitioners.

5. On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of subsection (4) of this section of the case of any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted, the tribunal may make recommendations concerning the necessity or expediency of the continuation of that restriction to the authority by whom it was ordered and, unless it is otherwise provided by law, that authority shall be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations.“ (The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica, 1978, Änderungen bis 1984, Artikel 12)

Das US Department of State (USDOS) ist das US-Bundesministerium, das für die auswärtigen Angelegenheiten der Vereinigten Staaten zuständig ist.

·      USDOS - US Department of State: 2023 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Dominica, 23. April 2024
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/dominica/

„d. Freedom of Movement and the Right to Leave the Country

The law provided for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, and the government generally respected these rights. Individuals residing outside the Kalinago community were required to apply to the Kalinago Council for special access if they wished to live in the Kalinago Territory.“ (USDOS, 23. April 2024, Section 2d)