Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

1. Overview of Summons and Subpoenas

According to a 2019 Ministry of Public Security (MPS) [translation] "Updated Comprehensive Collection of Legal Document Templates for Public Security Administration," which provides "[i]nstructions for the [c]reation and [u]se" of the document templates included, a summons notice (chuanhuan zheng 传唤证) [also translated as summons; written summons; summons document; criminal summons] is to be "used by a public security authority when serving a summons on a suspected offender" (China [2019]a, 1, 3). According to the instructions accompanying a court-issued subpoena (chuanpiao 传票) [also translated as summons] template available on the website of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China, the document is used [translation] "for the people's court to summon the party involved to court or to the designated location during the course of the trial or execution of the case" (China n.d.).

In a telephone interview with the Research Directorate, a visiting professor at the University of Chicago, whose research focuses on criminal justice and human rights in China, stated that summons can be used in criminal and administrative cases (Visiting Professor 2021-08-06). Sources reported that summons can be issued orally (koutou chuanhuan 口头传唤), but are "usually" (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19) or "normally" (Visiting Professor 2021-08-06) written (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19; Visiting Professor 2021-08-06).

Sources reported that summons notices are issued by the Public Security Bureau (PSB) (Visiting Professor 2021-08-06; Senior Lecturer 2021-08-16). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a senior research fellow at the Paul Tsai China Center of Yale University Law School reported that Chinese police "have authority" to issue summons to "criminal suspects" for a variety of "different functions" including "violating public security administration, … border control violations, fire safety violations, and administrative law enforcement cases" (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19).

Sources report that in addition to summons notices there are specific types of summons, including custodial summons (juchuan 拘传) [also translated as coercive summons; compelled appearance summons], coercive summons (qiangzhi chuanhuan 强制传唤) [also translated as compulsory summons; forced appearance; involuntary summons], and administrative summons (zhi'an chuanhuan 治安传唤) [also translated as public security summons] (Visiting Professor 2021-08-06; Senior Lecturer 2021-08-16; Professor of Law 2021-08-19).

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a senior lecturer at the University of London reported that a custodial summons is a "compulsory measure" that "forces a suspect for whom an arrest or detention is not necessary" to report to a "designated criminal justice institution (a police station in particular)" for interrogation (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-16). The Visiting Professor stated that issuing authorities use a custodial summons to "force someone" to "answer questions"; such summonses are used when summons notices "[do] not work" because "suspects refuse to go to the PSB in time" (2021-08-06). Sources describe custodial summons as a "compel[led]" appearance (Professor of Law 2021-08-19; Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19). The Senior Research Fellow stated that they are used "[a]s needed, or after a suspect has not appeared for a normal summons," and added that they allow police to "[use] restraints" (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19).

Sources reported that coercive summonses are similar to custodial summonses (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-16; Visiting Professor 2021-08-06), and the Senior Lecturer added that they come with a "greater level of coercion" to stipulate a "forced appearance" from the recipient (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-16). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a professor of law at Seton Hall University in New Jersey reported that a coercive summons is a "compulsory (or 'involuntary') summons" (Professor of Law 2021-08-19).

Sources report that administrative summonses are applied to cases of violations of administrative law and request that the recipient report to a designated police station (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-16; Visiting Professor 2021-08-06). The Professor of Law stated that this type of summons can also be called a "public security summons" (Professor of Law 2021-08-19).

2. Regulations and Issuance of Summons and Subpoenas
2.1 Legislation

The Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, adopted in 1979 and amended in 2018, provides the following:

[translation]

Article 66. In accordance with the circumstances of a case, criminal suspects and defendants may be summoned for detention, be released from custody with the provision of a surety or be monitored at their place of residence by the People's Court, People's Procuratorate and public security agencies.

…

Article 107. Subpoenas, notices and other litigation documents shall be delivered to the intended recipient. If the recipient is not present [at the time of delivery], the documents may be accepted on behalf of the recipient by an adult family member or a manager at the workplace of the recipient.

If the intended recipient, or the person accepting the documents on behalf of the recipient, refuses to accept the documents, or refuses to provide a signature or affix one's seal, the server may request the presence of a neighbour of the recipient or another witness, explain the situation [to this person], and leave the documents at the residence of the recipient. The documents shall be considered serviced after the server clearly indicates the causes for the refusal and date of service on the proof of service and signs this document.

…

Article 119. Criminal suspects who do not need to be arrested or detained may be summoned to a designated location in the city or county where they are located or to their place of residence to undergo interrogation; however, supporting documentation from the People's Procuratorate or public security agency is to be presented. Criminal suspects found at the scene [of the crime] may be issued an oral summons after [the persons issuing the summons] present their work credentials; however, this is to be indicated on the interrogation transcript.

The duration of the interrogation or detention initiated by the summons must not exceed twelve hours. For cases that are particularly significant and complex and that require suspects to be detained or arrested, the duration of the interrogation or detention initiated by the summons must not exceed twenty-four hours.

It is not acceptable to issue successive summons for an interrogation or detention as a means to keep a criminal suspect detained.

…

Article 187.

…

After the People's Court has finalized a court date, it shall inform the People's Procuratorate of the date and time, issue subpoenas to the persons involved, and notify the defending counsel, legal representatives, witnesses, expert witnesses and interpreters. The subpoenas and notices are to be served at least three days prior to the court date. (China 1979)

China's Procedural Provisions of Public Security Agencies for Handling Criminal Cases, released in 2012 and amended in 2020 to take effect on 1 September 2020, provides the following:

[translation]

Article 78. In accordance with the circumstances of a case, a criminal suspect who is required to receive a summons for detention, or does not answer to the summons and does not have a legitimate reason for doing so, may be issued a summons by a public security agency for detainment at a site for law enforcement and handling cases, belonging to a public security agency, in the city or county where the criminal suspect is located and be interrogated at this site.

If a summons for detention is required, [the investigators] shall prepare a written report to request a summons for detention, include any relevant materials, and submit the report to a supervisor of a county-level or above public security agency for approval.

Article 79. When [the investigators from] a public security agency issue a summons for detention to a criminal suspect, they shall present the warrant for detention, order the criminal suspect to sign the warrant for detention, and record fingerprints of this person on the document.

After the criminal suspect answers to the summons, this person shall be ordered to record the start time of the detention on the warrant for detention; at the end of the detention, the criminal suspect shall record the end time of the detention on the warrant for detention. The investigators shall make a note on the warrant for detention if the criminal suspect refuses to record [the requested information].

Article 80. The duration of the detention initiated by the summons must not exceed twelve hours. Cases that are particularly significant and complex and that require suspects to be detained or arrested must be approved by a supervisor of a county-level or above public security agency, and the duration of the detention initiated by the summons must not exceed twenty-four hours. It is not acceptable to issue successive summons for detention as a means to keep a criminal suspect detained.

If no decision has been made for adopting additional mandatory measures upon the expiration of the time limit for the detention initiated by the summons, the detention shall end immediately.

…

Article 198. Interrogation of a criminal suspect shall take place in an interrogation room at a site for law enforcement and handling cases, belonging to a public security agency, except in the following circumstances:

…

Upon receiving approval from a supervisor of the department responsible for handling the case, a criminal suspect who is not required to be arrested or detained may be summoned to a site for law enforcement and handling cases, belonging to a public security agency, in the city or county where the criminal suspect is located or to this person's place of residence to undergo interrogation.

Article 199. When issuing a summons to a criminal suspect, the investigators shall present the summons and their police badges, order the criminal suspect to sign the summons, and record the fingerprints of this person on the document.

After the criminal suspect is issued a summons, this person shall record the time of arrival [for the interrogation] on the summons; at the end of the interrogation initiated by the summons, the criminal suspect shall record the end time of the interrogation on the summons. The investigators shall make a note on the summons if the criminal suspect refuses to record [the requested information].

A criminal suspect found at the scene [of the crime] may be issued an oral summons after the investigators present their police badges; the investigators will inform the person being issued the summons of the reasons and the basis for issuing the summons. The interrogation transcript shall note how the criminal suspect was issued the summons, and the criminal suspect shall indicate the start and end times of the interrogation initiated by the summons.

Criminal suspects who turn themselves in, or have been seized and turned over to the authorities by the public, may be issued a summons in accordance with the law.

Article 200. The duration of the interrogation initiated by the summons must not exceed twelve hours. Cases that are particularly significant and complex and that require suspects to be detained or arrested must be approved by a supervisor of the department responsible for handling the case, and the duration of the interrogation initiated by the summons must not exceed twenty-four hours. It is not acceptable to issue successive summons as a means to keep a criminal suspect detained.

If no decision has been made for adopting additional mandatory measures upon the expiration of the time limit for the interrogation initiated by the summons, the interrogation shall end immediately. (China 2012a)

China's Procedural Provisions Concerning the Handling of Administrative Cases by Public Security Authorities, released in 2012 and amended in August 2020, provides the following:

[translation]

Article 55. The following provisions shall be observed when implementing mandatory measures:

(1) It is required, in accordance with the law, to report to a supervisor of a public security authority and receive approval prior to implementation;

…

(5) When implementing mandatory administrative measures that limit the personal freedoms of citizens, the family members of the persons involved who are at the scene shall be informed of which public security authority is responsible for implementing the mandatory measures, and the reasons, location and time limits [pertaining to these measures]. If there is no one present at the scene to notify, notification shall be provided by telephone, text or fax immediately after the mandatory measures are implemented. Notification may not be provided if the persons cannot be identified or the persons refuse to provide family contact information, or if there is an instance of a natural disaster or other act of God, therefore resulting in the inability to provide notification. The circumstances concerning contacting and notifying family members or the reasons for the inability to notify family members shall be indicated on the interview transcript.

…

Article 66. A suspected offender may be interviewed at this person's place of residence or organization. A summons may be served on a suspected offender to appear [for an interview] at a designated location in the city or county in which this person is located.

Article 67. If it is necessary to serve a summons on a suspected offender to participate in an investigation, a summons may be issued upon receiving approval from a supervisor of the case management department at a police substation or public security authority at the county level or higher or from a supervisor of an immigration inspection authority. When a suspected offender is discovered at the scene [of the crime], police officers may issue an oral summons upon presenting their police badges. Police officers are to indicate on the interview transcript the process by which the suspected offender was brought in for an interview, the time of arrival and the time of departure.

When an organization is in violation of the provisions of public security administration, and it is necessary to serve summonses on the executives and other staff members of the organization who are directly responsible, the provisions of the previous Paragraph shall apply.

Suspects who are in violation of the administrations of public security or immigration and who refuse or evade a summons for no legitimate reason, and other suspected offenders who may be subject to a mandatory summons as per legal provisions, may be served a mandatory summons upon receiving approval from a supervisor of the case management department at a police substation or public security authority at the county level or higher or from a supervisor of an immigration inspection authority. At the time of serving the mandatory summons, restraining instruments for police use, such as handcuffs and police rope, may be used in accordance with the law.

The public security authority shall inform the person who is subject to the summons of the reasons and basis for serving the summons and notify the family members of this person. The provisions of Item 5 of Paragraph 1 of Article 55 of these Provisions apply when the public security authority notifies the family members of the person who is subject to the summons.

Article 68. In cases where a summons is used, the suspected offender shall write the time of arrival and departure on the summons and sign the document upon the arrival at the place where this person's appearance is required and upon the completion of the interview and verification of evidence. The police officers handling the case shall indicate on the summons if the suspected offender refuses to write [the requested information] or sign the summons.

Article 69. A suspected offender who is subject to a summons shall be interviewed and asked to verify evidence in a timely manner, and the duration of the interview and verification of evidence must not exceed eight hours. If a case is complex or the punishment of administrative detention could apply to the illegal activities [of the suspect] in accordance with the law, the duration of the interview and verification of evidence must not exceed twenty-four hours.

Serving a succession of summonses must not be used as a disguised means of detaining the suspected offender. (China 2012b)

2.2 Regulations and Issuance of Summons and Subpoenas in Practice

Sources reported that summons or subpoenas are not always used in accordance with the prescribed regulations (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-11; Visiting Professor 2021-08-12). According to the Visiting Professor, the Chinese legal system does not "recognize political cases," and as a result, criminal procedure is "not followed" in certain "politically sensitive cases" (Visiting Professor 2021-08-12). The source further explained that in such cases, the "secret police," the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and the CCP's Political Legal Committee "have the arbitrary power to bend the rules," and "they do not issue summons [or] give any documents" (2021-08-12). The Senior Research Fellow reported that the "standard for when a person is a 'suspect' and able to be summoned is unclear, but often described as something akin to 'reasonable suspicion'" (2021-08-19).

3. Summons Notices (chuanhuan zheng 传唤证)
3.1 Features and Appearance of Summons Notices

The 2019 MPS collection lists instructions for filling in the summons notice template, and provides the following information:

[translation]

The name of the person subject to the summons shall be written on the blank line at the top of the document, and the reason for serving the summons and the designated time and location shall be written in the appropriate sections that follow. The police officer who is handling the case shall select the legal basis by checking the appropriate box (□). The Summons Notice that is kept on record shall by signed by the person subject to the summons in the appropriate sections to confirm the date and time of his or her arrival and departure. (China [2019]b)

The Senior Research Fellow reported that summons notices are "standardized" and include a portion for the authorities and one for the person being summoned (2021-08-19).

Sources report that a summons notice issued by the police includes the following information:

• the name of the issuing body (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19) or PSB (Visiting Professor 2021-08-06; Senior Lecturer 2021-08-11)
• a reference to the legal basis for summoning (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-11; Visiting Professor 2021-08-06; Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19)
• the time that the person is to report to the PSB for interrogation (Visiting Professor 2021-08-06) or the time the person has been taken to the police station (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19)
• the reference number station (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19) or case number (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-11; Visiting Professor 2021-08-06)
• the suspect's name (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19; Senior Lecturer 2021-08-11; Visiting Professor 2021-08-06).

The Senior Lecturer stated that summon notices used by the police also include the following information:

• the name of the police officer
• the suspect's gender, age, and address
• the official stamp from the issuing authority
• the date of issuance of the summons
• the date and time when the summons is delivered
• the time and date when the interrogation has been completed (Senior Lecturer 2021-08-11).

The Senior Research Fellow stated that summons notices include "a reference number of the document" and a "warning of the consequence for failure to appear," as well as "an area … indicated for the suspect to write the time of arrival and completion" (2021-08-19).

The Visiting Professor reported that the case number listed on a summons notice is preceded by an abbreviation unique to the specific PSB office in question and the year of the summons (2021-08-06). According to instructions accompanying the 2019 MPS template collection, the part of the document that reads [translation] "'X-Gong-( )-Zi [ ] No.', shall be written according to the following requirements":

The 'X': is to be replaced with the abbreviated name of the public security authority that is producing the legal document. The '( )' is to contain the abbreviation of the name of the unit of the public security authority that is responsible for handling the case; the operational departments including public security administration, border defence, immigration administration, traffic administration, and online security and protection may be abbreviated to Zhi, Bian, Jing, Jiao and Wang respectively; the abbreviated name of the police substation may be used in this section. The '[ ]' is to contain the year. The 'No.' is to contain the running serial number. (China [2019]a, 6)

Sources reported that as a security feature, summons notices include the stamp of the issuing PSB (Visiting Professor 2021-08-06; Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19), and the Senior Research Fellow added that all summons and subpoenas must also bear a "red" stamp (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19).

The Visiting Professor stated that written summons notices are delivered in person to the suspect, and oral summons notices are delivered when the police happen upon a violation being committed and do not have a written summons notice prepared to deliver at that moment (2021-08-06). The Senior Research Fellow reported that when a summons is issued orally, the suspect "must be notified of the reasons and basis for the summons," and the "interrogation record should note that the summons was oral as well as the times that the interrogation began and concluded" (2021-08-19).

The Senior Research Fellow stated that a summons notice "may require" the suspect to report to a local police station "or to be present" at their home residence (2021-08-19).

The Senior Lecturer indicated that summons notices have a uniform appearance (2021-08-11). The Visiting Professor stated that while they are "mostly uniform," there are "small differences from place to place" in which "minor changes" can be made by "local organs" while leaving the "major information" of the template unchanged (2021-08-12). The Senior Research Fellow indicated that they "have never seen an actual legal requirement that a standardized form be used," but that a standard template exists which "may change from year to year" (2021-08-19). The Visiting Professor stated that "sometimes the summons notice will not include any options for laws being violated and the legal article will be written into the form," while "[o]ther times" there will be "options for different laws being violated with check boxes to fill in" and "in some forms" there "is an option to write in a specific legal article not listed that [is allegedly] being violated" (2021-08-30).

According to the Visiting Professor, the fingerprints of the suspect are not required on the summons notice despite some police "in different cities or provinces" instituting this measure (2021-08-12). The Senior Research Fellow reported that when a summons notice is presented, the suspect must sign it "and/or leave a fingerprint" (2021-08-19). The same source stated that once the summons period has started, the suspect must write the time of their arrival [at the place of interrogation] and the time the summons concluded on the summons notice itself, signing the notice (with the police noting if the suspect refuses to sign) (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19). According to the Senior Research Fellow, "there have been some complaints that suspects are not asked to record the time of interrogation on the forms" (2021-08-19).

The Visiting Professor stated that barcodes are not legally required on summons notices but could be instituted by "different level[s] of management in different areas" (2021-08-12). The Senior Research Fellow reported that "some" summons and subpoenas include a QR code "linking to an official source and/or a barcode," but that the use of barcodes or QR codes is a matter of "regional variation" and "may be absent entirely" (2021-08-19).

The Visiting Professor reported that "sometimes handwritten notes are possible on summons notices, but they are not required" (2021-08-30). The same source stated that handwritten notes "can be long" and can include information such as the time of arrest, a summary of important points covered in the interrogation, a list of the participants involved in the interrogation, and the names, titles, and rank of the [officers] conducting the interrogation (Visiting Professor 2021-08-30).

3.2 Summons Notice Samples

A sample of a summons notice (produced by China's MPS) for an alleged administrative violation is available on the website of the Beijing PSB and is attached to this Response (Attachment 1). Another sample of a summons notice (produced by the PSB) for an alleged administrative violation is available on the official website of the People's Government of Qian'an city in Hebei province and is attached to this Response (Attachment 2). Another sample of a summons notice for an alleged administrative violation is available on the official website of the People's Government of Nanpi county in Hebei province and is attached to this Response (Attachment 3).

A sample of a summons notice for an alleged criminal violation is available in an article by Radio Free Asia (RFA), a non-profit broadcasting corporation funded by the US Congress (RFA n.d.), and is attached to this Response (Attachment 4).

According to the Visiting Professor, a summons for interrogation (chuanxun tongzhishu 传讯通知书) is another document used to summon a person for interrogation, which can be used "interchangeably" with a summons notice (Visiting Professor 2021-08-30). A sample of a notice of summons for interrogation for an alleged criminal violation is available in an article by Civil Rights and Livelihood Watch – a Chinese human rights news website (HRW 2019-01-29; AFP 2019-01-29; RSF 2020-03-12) – and is attached to this Response (Attachment 5).

4. Custodial Summons Notice (juchuan zheng 拘传证)

The Senior Research Fellow reported that custodial summons notices are to be presented to the suspect, who should then "sign it and/or leave a fingerprint" (2021-08-19). The same source noted that the suspect must record the time the summons begins and ends on the notice, with the police indicating on the document if the suspect refuses to do so (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19). Corroborating information on the delivery and completion of custodial summons notices could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

The Senior Research Fellow stated that like the summons notice, custodial summons include the following information:

• a reference number of the document
• the name of the suspect
• the legal basis for summons
• the time and location of appearance
• a warning of the consequence for failure to appear
• an area … for the suspect to write the time of arrival and completion. (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19)

A template for a court-issued custodial summons (juchuan piao 拘传票) is available on the website of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China and is attached to this Response (Attachment 6).

5. Administrative Summons (Public Security Summons) (zhi'an chuanhuan 治安传唤)

According to the Senior Research Fellow, suspects of public security administration violations are "required" to indicate the time their interrogation began and ended on the notice form (2021-08-19). The same source stated that "'compulsory summons'," which "[allow] the use of restraints," can be used in public security administration cases for suspects "who do not appear or flee" (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19). Corroborating information on administrative or public security summons could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

6. Court-Issued Subpoena (chuanpiao 传票)

The Senior Research Fellow reported that subpoenas are to be delivered to recipients "in person," but can be presented to "adult family members or the responsible party" at their workplace "if the person is not present" (2021-08-19). The same source added that "if the recipient … refuses to sign his name or affix a seal, the person giving service may request that neighbors or other witnesses act as authenticating witnesses and leave the documents at the residence" (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19). Corroborating information on the delivery of court-issued subpoenas could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

According to the Senior Research Fellow, court-issued subpoenas are "standardized" and include the following information:

• the name of the court
• the case number
• the charge
• the name of the person summoned
• the address for service
• the reason for the summons ("usually proceedings beginning")
• the time and place for the appearance
• an area for the presiding or chief judge and court clerk to sign, as well as an indication of the date
• an area for specific notes
• "usually" the consequences of non-appearance and reminders to bring originals of evidence (Senior Research Fellow 2021-08-19).

A template for a court-issued subpoena is available on the website of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China and is attached to this Response (Attachment 7).

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

References

Agence France-Presse (AFP). 2019-01-29. "Chinese Activist Liu Feiyue Given Five Years' Jail for 'Inciting Subversion'." [Accessed 2023-09-27]

China. [2019]a. Ministry of Public Security (MPS). "The 2019 Updated Comprehensive Collection of Legal Document Templates for Public Security Administration (I)." Excerpt translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-27]

China. [2019]b. Ministry of Public Security (MPS). Sample of a Summons Notice. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-27]

China. 2012a (amended 2020). Ministry of Public Security (MPS). Gong'an juguan banli xingshi anjian chengxu guiding 公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定 (Procedural Provisions of Public Security Agencies for Handling Criminal Cases). Excerpt translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-16]

China. 2012b (amended 2020). Ministry of Public Security (MPS). Gong'an juguan banli xingzheng anjian chengxu guiding 公安机关办理行政案件程序规定 (Procedural Provisions Concerning the Handling of Administrative Cases by Public Security Authorities). Excerpt translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-12]

China. 1979 (amended 2018). Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xingshi xusongfa 中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法 (Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China). Excerpt translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-13]

China. N.d. The Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China. Sample of a Subpoena. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2023-08-23]

Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2019-01-29. "China: Rights Website Founder Sentenced to 5 Years." [Accessed 2023-09-27]

Professor of Law, Seton Hall University. 2021-08-19. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.

Radio Free Asia (RFA). N.d. "Mission." [Accessed 2023-09-27]

Reporters sans frontières (RSF). 2020-03-12. "Civil Rights and Livelihood Watch." [Accessed 2023-09-27]

Senior Lecturer, University of London. 2021-08-16. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.

Senior Lecturer, University of London. 2021-08-11. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.

Senior Research Fellow, Yale University Law School Paul Tsai China Center. 2021-08-19. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.

Visiting Professor, University of Chicago. 2021-08-30. Telephone interview with the Research Directorate.

Visiting Professor, University of Chicago. 2021-08-12. Telephone interview with the Research Directorate.

Visiting Professor, University of Chicago. 2021-08-06. Telephone interview with the Research Directorate.

Additional Sources Consulted

Oral sources: China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group; Chinese criminal law specialist at a university in Italy; Chinese human rights monitoring website (2); Chinese law firm (12); Chinese law specialist at a university in Canada (3); Chinese law specialist at a university in North Carolina; Chinese law specialist at a university in Washington, DC; Chinese legal specialist at a university in New York (4); Chinese legal specialist at an Australian university (3); Laogai Research Foundation; law professor at a university in Hong Kong; Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada; professor at a Chinese law school (3).

Internet sites, including: Austrian Red Cross – ecoi.net; ChinaAid; Columbia University – Columbia Law School, Hong Yen Chang Center for Chinese Legal Studies; Factiva; Ford Foundation; Harvard University – Harvard Law School Library; hualv.com; Human Rights in China; Laogai Research Foundation; New York University – US-Asia Law Institute; US – Congressional-Executive Commission on China.

Attachments

1. China. [2019]. Ministry of Public Security (MPS). Sample of a Summons Notice. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-27]
2. China. N.d. Public Security Bureau (PSB). Sample of a Summons Notice. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-31]
3. China. N.d. Sample of a Summons Notice. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-31]
4. China. 2020. Ministry of Public Security (MPS). Sample of a Summons Notice. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2023-09-14]
5. China. 2022. Ministry of Public Security (MPS). Sample of a Notice of Summons for Interrogation. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2023-09-14]
6. China. N.d. The Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China. Sample of a Custodial Summons. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-23]
7. hina. N.d. The Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China. Sample of a Subpoena. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-08-23]