This Response replaces the following Responses to Information Requests: ZZZ200336 of August 2020, ZZZ200574 of June 2022, BRA201122 of July 2022, ZZZ201123 of July 2022, and ZZZ201124 of July 2022.

1. Permanent Residence [Indefinite Residence Permit] and Citizenship

According to sources, Law No. 13,445 of 24 May 2017 (Lei nº 13.445, de 24 maio de 2017), Brazil's immigration legislation, came into force on 21 November 2017 (US 2017-06-08; Soter & Lessa 2021-06-07). Sources indicate that Decree No. 9,199 of 20 November 2017 (Decreto no 9.199, de 20 de novembro de 2017) regulates the implementation of Law No. 13,445 (Brazil 2022-01-26; Soter & Lessa 2021-06-07).

Sources report that the concept of a "permanent visa" was abolished under Law No. 13,445 (Brazil 2020-02-26, 1; Soter & Lessa 2021-06-07) and replaced by that of a residence permit "for either a definite or indefinite term, depending on the basis on which it is granted," or a temporary visa (Soter & Lessa 2021-06-07). Similarly, Koetz Advocacia, an international law firm based in Brazil that provides professional services including immigration (Koetz Advocacia 2017-05-08), indicates that the term "'permanent'" is no longer used in the language of Brazilian legislation, and "'indeterminate' [or 'indefinite'] is the correct term to refer to a permanent residency in Brazil" (2022-09-02). In correspondence with the Research Directorate on 9 December 2020, the Deputy Consul General of the Consulate General in Toronto explained that the family reunification "visa in itself is temporary, even though its holder might live indefinitely in Brazil as long as they follow some procedures when they arrive in Brazil in order to [be] granted permanent resident status" (Brazil 2020-12-09). According to the same source, visas are temporary because they have an expiry date, but they provide the opportunity to apply for permanent residence in Brazil (Brazil 2020-12-09).

Gibson & Associates, a law firm based in Ireland that provides immigration services as well as other professional services (Gibson & Associates n.d.), states that indefinite residence permits may be granted to those who are married to a Brazilian citizen or permanent resident, have a financially dependent child under their care who is a Brazilian citizen, or are reuniting with an "immediate family member" who is a Brazilian citizen or permanent resident, among other categories (2021-09-02). Koetz Advocacia specifies that individuals married to a Brazilian permanent resident who have obtained a family reunification visa to join them in Brazil will also be granted a residence permit for the same indefinite term as their spouse's residence permit, "as long as the relationship continues" (2022-09-02). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a lawyer and partner at a US law firm with an office in Brazil that provides immigration services indicated that a Brazilian temporary visa granted on the basis of family reunification qualifies its holder to apply for an indefinite residence permit upon arrival in Brazil, including for Haitian nationals with a dependent child that has Brazilian citizenship (Partner 2023-06-22). For further information on the requirements and procedures to obtain a Brazilian family reunification visa, see Response to Information Request ZZZ201543 of July 2023.

Koetz Advocacia adds that while individuals can apply for Brazilian citizenship after residing in Brazil for four years under a "residence authorization for an indefinite term (permanent residency)," for those who are "married to a Brazilian citizen or have Brazilian offspring," the four-year qualifying period is replaced by one year with an indefinite residence permit (2022-09-02).

Articles 65 and 66 of Law No. 13,445 of 2017 provide the following:

[translation]

Article 65. Ordinary naturalization shall be granted under the following conditions:

1. having civil capacity, in accordance with Brazilian law;
2. having resided in the national territory for at least four (4) years;
3. being able to communicate in Portuguese, the conditions for acquiring naturalization having been taken into account;
4. having not been convicted of a criminal offence or received a pardon, as per the provisions of the law.

Article 66. The period of residence established in paragraph II of Article 65 shall be reduced to a minimum of one (1) year when the applicant for naturalization meets one of the following conditions:

1. (REPEALED);
2. The applicant has a Brazilian child;
3. The applicant has a Brazilian spouse or partner and is not legally or de facto separated when naturalization is granted;
4. (REPEALED);
5. The applicant provides or is able to provide valuable service to Brazil;
6. The applicant has been recommended for their professional, scientific or artistic skills.

Sole paragraph. Compliance with the conditions set out in paragraphs V and VI of the chapter shall be assessed in accordance with the regulations. (Brazil 2017a, emphasis in original)

The Partner indicated that the holder of an indefinite residence permit in Brazil has access to the same rights and services as a Brazilian citizen, including health care, housing, employment, education, and other social assistance programs (2023-06-22).

2. Loss of Indefinite Residence Permit

In answer to the question of whether the loss of a residence permit results from an immigrant having [translation] "stayed more than two (2) continuous years outside of the country," for "reasons beyond [their] control," Brazil's Federal Police (Polícia Federal) FAQ webpage states that the "immigrant who stays outside of the country for more than two years may lose their residence permit if they are absent from the country for more than two years without justification" (Brazil 2022-09-19). Article 135 of Decree No. 9,199 provides the following:

[translation]

Art. 135. A residence permit will be revoked in the following circumstances:

1. The original basis for the residence permit ceases to exist;
2. A residence permit has been obtained on different grounds; and
3. Absence from the country for a period of more than two years without presentation of a justification.

Paragraph 1 - The immigrant must notify the Federal Police whenever he or she ceases to meet the conditions of their residence permit during its validity period.

Paragraph 2 – The provision in item I of the introduction does not prevent the immigrant from applying for a residence permit on other grounds. (Brazil 2017b)

Brazil adopted Interministerial Ordinance [Order] No. 27 of the Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública, MJSP) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministério das Relações Exteriores, MRE) (Portaria interministerial do MJSP e o MRE nº 27, de 30 de dezembro de 2021) on 30 December 2021 on the [translation] "[g]ranting of temporary visas and authorization of residency for humanitarian reasons to nationals of Haiti and stateless persons affected by major calamities or environmental disasters in the Republic of Haiti" (Brazil 2021a). Effective on the day of its publication, the Ordinance provides the following:

[translation]

Art. 12. The basis for the humanitarian admission established by this Ordinance is considered null and void in cases when the immigrant leaves Brazil with the intent of doing so permanently or does so without migratory control if it gets proven, by means of information, that he or she has made an attempt to reside in another country. (Brazil 2021a, bold in original)

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a representative of the Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa stated based on item I of article 135 of Decree 9,199, and article 12 of Interministerial Ordinance MJSP/MRE No. 27, that a Haitian national who had Brazilian residency on the basis of humanitarian asylum and has moved abroad with "definitive will," shall not be returned to Brazil and must instead submit an application for a new visa (Brazil 2022-01-26). According to a chapter on corporate immigration to Brazil authored by Maria Luisa Soter and Gabriela Lessa of Veirano Advogados, a Brazilian business law firm that advises multinational companies on operating in the Brazilian economy (The Law Reviews n.d.), the residence permit "ceases once the establishing conditions" (which depend on the grounds upon which it was granted) "no longer exist" (Soter & Lessa 2021-06-07). Similarly, Gibson & Associates state that permanent residence status "will expire if the holder leaves Brazil for a period of more than two years in a row" or "if residency was based on eligibility criteria," which "the holder no longer meets," such as "an investor [who] withdraws their investment" (2021-09-02).

2.1 Recourse to Appeal Loss of Residence Permit

In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a lawyer in Rio de Janeiro practising in immigration law, among other fields, stated that an individual who has lost permanent resident status has 10 days to appeal the decision and present their defence at the administrative proceeding (Lawyer in Rio de Janeiro 2018-01-30). According to the embassy representative, the loss of a residence permit following an absence of over two years from Brazil "is not automatic"; rather, the permit holder, "upon re-entering Brazil, will be notified by the Federal Police and allowed to present justification" to keep their permit (Brazil 2022-01-26). The FAQ webpage of Brazil's Federal Police states that [translation] "immigrants" who remain outside of the country "without justification" for more than two years "may lose their residency permit," following which they "will be notified to present justification, and, should it be rejected, a proceeding relating to the loss of residency authorization will be initiated per Art. 135, item III, of Decree No. 9.199/2017, subject to the [rights of] defence and adversarial [nature of proceedings]" (Brazil 2022-09-19).

Chapter VIII, Subsection II of Decree No. 9,199 on the "[n]egative concession, denial, loss, and cancellation of the residence permit" provides the following:

[translation]

Art. 134. An immigrant may appeal a decision refusing permanent residence within 10 days following the date on which the immigrant is informed of the decision, ensuring the observance of the rights of the defence and of the adversarial nature of proceedings, and alternatively [application of] the provisions of Law No. 9,784 of 29 January 1999 [1].

…

Art. 137. The decree of loss and the cancellation of the residence permit shall be preceded by an administrative procedure in which the adversarial procedure and full defense shall be observed.

Art. 138. The procedures for decreeing the loss and cancellation of the residence permit shall be instituted by an act of the Minister of State for Justice and Public Security or Labor, as the case may be, and instructed, immediately, with the term of notification of the immigrant.

Paragraph 1. The act referred to in the head provision shall contain a report of the reason for the decree of the loss or cancellation of the residence permit and its legal basis and shall determine that the immigrant is notified immediately, preferably, by electronic means.

Paragraph 2. In the event of loss or cancellation of the residence permit for work purposes, the employer may be notified, subject to the provisions of Paragraph 1.

Paragraph 3. If the immigrant is not found, the Federal Government shall advertise the establishment of the administrative procedure for decreeing the loss or cancellation of the residence permit on an electronic website, and such publication shall be considered as notification for all acts of the referred procedure.

Paragraph 4. The immigrant shall have ten days to present a defense in the administrative procedure.

Paragraph 5. An immigrant who, regularly notified, does not present a defense within the period referred to in Paragraph 4 shall be considered default.

Paragraph 6. By their own means or by legal representation, the immigrant may present defense within the period established in Paragraph 4 and make use of the means and resources admitted by law, including translator or interpreter.

Art. 139. The decision regarding the decree of the loss or cancellation of the residence permit shall be the responsibility of the agency that granted it.

Paragraph 1. The immigrant shall have ten days to appeal against the decision referred to in the head provision.

Paragraph 2. After the administrative procedure is closed and the loss or permanent cancellation of the residence permit is decreed, the immigrant shall be notified under the terms established in art. 176.

Art. 140. The documents and evidence used in procedures for decreeing the loss or cancellation of the residence permit may be used in the administrative procedure referred to in art. 177.

Art. 141. A joint act of the Ministers of State for Justice and Public Security and Labor shall provide for administrative procedures regarding the cancellation and loss of a residence permit and the appeal against the negative concession of a residence permit. (Brazil 2017b)

In Chapter X of the same Decree, titled the "[r]egularization of the migratory situation," articles 176 and 177 provide the following:

[translation]

176. The immigrant who is in an irregular migratory situation shall be personally notified so that, within sixty days counted from the notification date, he/she can regularize their migratory situation or leave the country voluntarily.

Paragraph 1. The migratory irregularity may occur due to:

1. irregular entry;
2. irregular stay; or
3. the cancellation of the residence permit.

Paragraph 2. An act of the Federal Police's top officer shall provide for the personal notification by electronic means, publication by notice on its website, and the other procedures regarded in this Chapter.

Paragraph 3. The irregularities verified in the migratory situation shall expressly appear in the notification referred to in the head provision.

Paragraph 4. The term established in the head provision shall be extendable for up to sixty days, provided the notified immigrant appears at the Federal Police unit to justify the need for the extension and sign a term of commitment to maintain their personal information and address updated.

Paragraph 5. The notification referred to in the head provision shall not prevent the free movement within the national territory, in which case the immigrant must inform the Federal Police of their place of residence and the activities he/she performs in the country and abroad.

Paragraph 6. If the immigrant notified under the terms established in this article does not regularize their migratory situation and appear at the inspection point to leave the country after the term established in the head provision has ended, the term shall be drawn up, and the exit from national territory shall be registered as deportation.

Paragraph 7. The notification shall be waived when the irregularity is found when the immigrant leaves the national territory, and the term shall be drawn up, and the exit from the national territory shall be registered as deportation, without prejudice to the application of a fine, under the terms established in item II of the head provision of art. 307.

Paragraph 8. The period for migratory regularization referred to in the head provision shall be deducted from the stay period of the visit visa established in art. 20.

Art. 177. The administrative procedure for regularizing the migratory situation shall be instructed with:

1. proof of notification of the immigrant to regularize their migratory condition or leave the country voluntarily; and
2. the manifestation of the interested party, when presented. (Brazil 2017b)

2.2 Justifications to Appeal Loss of Residence Permit

According to the Partner, for individuals whose absence from the country exceeds the allowable period and who nevertheless wish to maintain the validity of their residence permit, "a justification must be presented, which will be subject to analysis by the authorities" (2023-06-22). However, the same source stated that Brazil's immigration legislation "does not list the reasons that will be considered plausible to justify an absence of more than two years" from the country, in order to prevent the loss of a residence permit (Partner 2023-06-22). In correspondence with the Research Directorate on 27 January 2022, a lawyer and partner at a law firm in São Paulo, whose practice areas include immigration law, stated that per item III of article 135 of Decree 9,199, it is [translation] "possible" for a holder of a residence permit to justify their absence of over 2 years from Brazil to prevent the loss of their status (Lawyer in São Paulo 2022-01-27). The same source stated that justification for absence from the country for over two years can include border closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic (Lawyer in São Paulo 2022-01-27). The same source provided an example of a client who studied abroad for over two years and was able to renew their visa and maintain their status after explaining to the authorities that they did not [translation] "intend to leave Brazil permanently" (Lawyer in São Paulo 2022-01-27).

In response to a query from a Brazilian resident visa holder on whether COVID-19 travel restrictions changed the requirement to re-enter Brazil within two years, M.W. Consultoria para Migrações (MW), the business arm of Mawon [2] (Mawon n.d.), indicates that [translation] "to maintain residency, travel to Brazil is required every two years; however, the period from March to November 2020 is not being considered for the purposes of loss of residency" (Mawon [2020]). According to the FAQ webpage of the Federal Police, the deadline for immigrants to regularize their immigration status in the country has been extended to 15 March 2022 (Brazil 2021-03-15). Brazil adopted Ordinance No. 25/2021 of 17 August 2021 (Portaria nº 25/2021-DIREX/PF, de 17 de agosto de 2021), regarding [translation] "the extension of the deadline to regularize immigration status with the Federal Police," which provides the following:

[translation]

Art. 1. The deadline for foreigners whose immigration documents are expired as of 16 March 2020 and who need to obtain or register authorizations of residency and obtain temporary visas is extended to 15 March 2022.

§ 1. An immigrant who regularizes their immigration status within the established timeframe will not be penalized for delays in registration or overstay within this period.

…

§ 3. This article is applicable to immigrants and visitors who are holders of applications for residency authorization and necessary documents, but who have failed to obtain an appointment due to local restrictions at service offices.

Art. 2. Service protocols referring to immigration regularization and applications for recognition of refugee status, National Immigration Registry Cards (Carteira de Registro Nacional Migratório, CRNM) [3] and provisional national immigration registration (documentos provisórios de registro nacional migratório, DPRNM) documents that are expired as of 16 March 2020 shall be deemed extended and valid, and must be accepted for all purposes until 15 March 2022, including for admission, registration, renewal or changes to timelines.

Art. 3. For the purposes of the immigration regularization process, passports, identification documents and criminal record certificates issued abroad and expired as of 16 March 2020 will be accepted until 15 March 2022 if the immigrant has maintained residency in the national territory and seeks to regularize their status.

Sole Paragraph. The terms of this article will not apply in the case of foreign travel for periods in excess of thirty days.

Art. 4. This ordinance will come into effect on 15 September 2021. (Brazil 2021b)

2.3 Requirements and Procedures to Reacquire a Residence Permit

Information on the existence of an expedited procedure for reacquiring an indefinite residence permit after it has been revoked due to the holder's absence from the country for a period exceeding two years could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

According to the chapter authored by Soter and Lessa of Veirano Advogados, individuals who have lost their permanent residence status after two years' absence from Brazil may apply for "a different type" of residence permit (Soter & Lessa 2021-06-07). When asked by the Research Directorate whether Haitians who lost their permanent residence status due to an absence of over two years are able to recover that status through an expedited or automatic process, the lawyer in São Paulo responded in correspondence that they [translation] "must submit an application for a new visa" in order to return (2022-01-27). Similarly, the Partner stated that a Haitian national with an indefinite residence permit in Brazil who has lost their status after leaving the country for more than two consecutive years without "acceptable justification," can reapply and reobtain a new indefinite residence permit in Brazil (2023-06-22). The same source specified that the foreign parents of a dependent child with Brazilian citizenship who have lost their residence permit may reapply and reobtain an indefinite residence permit based on family reunification (Partner 2023-06-22).

According to the embassy representative, Haitian nationals whose residence permit was granted on humanitarian asylum grounds and who have had their permit revoked due to evidence that they have moved to another country, an application for a new visa to re-enter Brazil is required (Brazil 2022-01-26). The same source added that if a residence permit granted on grounds other than humanitarian asylum is lost due to extended absence, the Haitian permit holder may apply for a visitor visa in order to return to Brazil and regularize their immigration status (Brazil 2022-01-26). The embassy representative noted that this process requires "consult[ing]" the Federal Police before the visa can be granted (Brazil 2022-01-26).

2.4 Instances of Successful Reacquisition of a Residence Permit

When asked whether they were aware of instances of Haitians, including those for whom permanent residence was granted on humanitarian grounds, successfully recovering their permanent resident status after losing it due to an absence of over two years, the lawyer in São Paulo responded that they were not [translation] "familiar" with any such cases (2022-01-27). Additional information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

3. Loss of Citizenship

According to the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988), amended in 2021, the exceptions to the loss of nationality for Brazilians are as follows:

§ 4o. Loss of nationality shall be declared for a Brazilian:

1. whose naturalization has been cancelled by judicial decision because of activity harmful to the national interest;
2. who acquires another nationality, except in the cases:
   
   1. of recognition of original nationality by foreign law;
   2. of a foreign law's imposition of naturalization upon a Brazilian residing in a foreign country as a condition for remaining in its territory or for exercise of civil rights. (Brazil 1988, Art. 12, footnote omitted)

3.1 Recourse Available to Appeal Loss of Citizenship

The Ministerial Ordinance No. 623 of 13 November 2020 (Portaria nº 623, de 13 de novembro de 2020), administering the [translation] "procedures for naturalization, equal rights, loss of nationality, reacquisition of nationality, and the revocation of decision pertaining to the loss of Brazilian nationality," provides the following:

[translation]

Revocation of a decision of loss of Brazilian nationality

Art. 42. Revocation of a decision regarding loss of Brazilian nationality may be initiated at the request of the person concerned or ex officio, with adversarial procedure and ample defence assured.

Art. 43. The act that declared the loss of nationality may be revoked if one of the exceptions provided for in subparagraphs "a" and "b" of paragraph II of § 4 of Art. 12 of the Constitution is identified.

Art. 44. It is within the authority of the Coordinator of Immigration Processes to revoke the act that declared the loss of nationality.

Art. 45. The documents that are required for the administrative proceedings for revocation of a decision on loss of Brazilian nationality at the request of the person concerned are found in Appendix X to this Ordinance.

Sole paragraph. Where deemed necessary, the Immigration Department (Departamento de Migrações) may request that the applicant provide information in addition to the documentation provided within thirty days; this period may be extended with justification.

Art. 46. Once the process to revoke the decision of loss of Brazilian nationality is triggered, the Immigration Department will forward the request to the Coordinator of Immigration Processes for a decision, along with a justified opinion on the request.

Art. 47. The decision shall be published in the Official Gazette of the Union (Diário Oficial da União).

Art. 48. A decision rejecting the application for reacquisition of Brazilian nationality may be appealed to the General Coordinator of Immigration Policy within 10 days counted from the date on which it is published.

Art. 49. The effects resulting from the loss of nationality will be included in the revocation decision. (Brazil 2020, bold in original)

Appendix X of the same Ordinance provides the following:

[translation]

Procedure for Revocation of the Loss of Brazilian Nationality

Applications for revocation of loss of Brazilian nationality must be accompanied by the following documents:

1. Application form duly completed and signed by the applicant addressed to the National Justice Secretariat (Secretaria Nacional de Justiça), Immigration Department, Office of the General Coordinator of Immigration Policy (Coordenação-Geral de Política Migratória), Office of the Coordinator of Immigration Processes (Coordenação de Processos Migratórios);
2. Up-to-date birth certificate or marriage certificate;
3. Proof of naturalization provided by a foreign State or proof of original foreign nationality; and
4. E-mail address of the applicant. (Brazil 2020, bold in original)

3.2 Requirements and Procedures to Reacquire Citizenship

Section I of Chapter V of Ministerial Ordinance No. 623 of 13 November 2020 provides the following:

[translation]

Reacquisition of Brazilian Nationality

Art. 35. Applications to reacquire Brazilian nationality, as provided for in Art. 1, subsection VII, shall be sent to the Ministry of Justice and Public Safety and may be submitted:

1. Physically or electronically, directly to the Ministry of Justice and Public Safety; or
2. At Brazilian consular offices abroad.

Art. 36. The documents that are required for the administrative proceedings for reacquiring Brazilian nationality are found in Appendix IX to this Ordinance.

Art. 37. Where deemed necessary, the Immigration Department may request that the applicant provide information in addition to the documentation provided within thirty days; this period may be extended if valid reasons are provided.

Art. 38. Once the process of reacquisition of Brazilian nationality is triggered, the Immigration Department will forward the request to the Immigration Proceedings Coordinator for a decision, along with a justified opinion on the request.

Art. 39. To avoid statelessness, the application will be granted on a temporary basis, and the applicant will have 18 months to prove the loss of derived nationality in accordance with Art. 254 §, No. 3, of Decree No. 9,199 of 2017.

Sole paragraph. Where the period provided for in Art. 39 elapses without proof having been provided of the loss of derived nationality, the decision granting the reacquisition of nationality shall cease to have effect.

Art. 40. The decision will be published in the Official Gazette of the Union.

Art. 41. The decision to reject an application for reacquisition of Brazilian nationality may be appealed to the General Coordinator of Immigration Policy within 10 days counted from the date of publication. (Brazil 2020, bold in original)

Appendix IX of the same Ordinance provides the following:

[translation]

Procedure for Reacquisition of Brazilian Nationality

Applications to reacquire Brazilian nationality must be accompanied by the following documents:

1. Application form duly completed and signed by the applicant addressed to the National Justice Secretariat, Immigration Department, Office of the General Coordinator of Immigration Policy, Office of the Coordinator of Immigration Processes;
2. Up-to-date birth certificate or marriage certificate;
3. Proof that the cause of the loss of Brazilian nationality has ceased to exist, by means of a notary-certified application for renunciation of the foreign nationality;
4. Proof of loss of derived nationality within eighteen months after the date of publication of the Ordinance that granted it; and
5. E-mail address of the applicant. (Brazil 2020, bold in original)

3.3 Instances of Successful Reacquisition of Citizenship

Information on instances of successful reacquisition of lost Brazilian citizenship could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Notes

[1] Law No. 9,784 of 29 January 1999 (Lei nº 9.784, de 29 de janeiro de 1999) pertains to the administrative processes in place in the federal public service and, more specifically, the protection of users' rights (Brazil 1999).

[2] Mawon is a "social business" in Brazil providing "migration related documentation services" that also has an NGO branch supporting migrants in "vulnerable" situations (Mawon 2018-11-21).

[3] For information on the National Immigration Registry Card (Carteira de Registro Nacional Migratório, CRNM), see Response to Information Request ZZZ201543 of July 2023.

References

Brazil. 2022-09-19. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP), Polícia Federal (PF). "FAQ (Perguntas Frequentes)." [Accessed 2023-05-24]

Brazil. 2022-01-26. Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa. Correspondence with a representative.

Brazil. 2021a. Portaria interministerial MJSP/MRE nº 27, de 30 de dezembro de 2021. Excerpts translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2022-01-10]

Brazil. 2021b. Portaria nº 25/2021-DIREX/PF, de 17 de agosto de 2021. Excerpts translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2022-01-19]

Brazil. 2021-03-15. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP), Polícia Federal (PF). "FAQ (Perguntas Frequentes)." Excerpts translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-11-30]

Brazil. 2020-12-09. Consulate General of Brazil in Toronto. Correspondence from the Deputy Consul General to the Research Directorate.

Brazil. 2020. Portaria nº 623, de 13 de novembro de 2020. Excerpts translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2022-01-11]

Brazil. 2020-02-26. Embassy of Brazil in Oslo. "Visa Categories Overview." [Accessed 2022-02-21]

Brazil. 2017a. Lei No 13.445, de 24 de maio de 2017. Excerpt translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2018-06-05]

Brazil. 2017b. Decreto nº 9.199, de 20 de novembro de 2017. Excerpts translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2021-11-25]

Brazil. 1999. Lei no 9.784, de 29 de janeiro de 1999. [Accessed 2022-02-09]

Brazil. 1988 (amended 2021). Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988, as Amended to September 2021. Translated and annotated by Keith S. Rosenn. In World Constitution Illustrated. 2021. Edited by Jefri Jay Ruchti & Anna DeRosa. Getzville, NY: William S. Hein & Co., Inc. [Accessed 2022-02-10]

Gibson & Associates. 2021-09-02. "Brazil: How Can I Get Permanent Residency in Brazil." Mondaq. [Accessed 2023-06-08]

Gibson & Associates. N.d. "About Us." [Accessed 2023-06-08]

Koetz Advocacia. 2022-09-02. Gilberto Leonello. "Permanent Residence Visa for Foreigners in Brazil." [Accessed 2023-06-19]

Koetz Advocacia. 2017-05-08. "Atendimento." [Accessed 2023-06-19]

The Law Reviews. N.d. "Veirano Advogados." [Accessed 2022-01-20]

Lawyer, São Paulo. 2022-01-27. Correspondence with the Research Directorate. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada.

Lawyer, Rio de Janeiro. 2018-01-30. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.

Mawon. [2020]. M.W. Consultoria para migrações (MW). "Visto e autorização de residencia, qual é a diferença?" Excerpt translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 2022-01-17]

Mawon. 2018-11-21. "About Mawon." Medium. [Accessed 2022-02-09]

Mawon. N.d. M.W. Consultoria para migrações (MW). Homepage. [Accessed 2022-02-09]

Partner, US law firm with an office in Brazil. 2023-06-22. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.

Soter, Maria Luisa & Gabriela Lessa. 2021-06-07. "Brazil." The Law Review: The Corporate Immigration Review. 11th ed. Edited by Chris Magrath. [Accessed 2022-01-11]

United States (US). 2017-06-08. Library of Congress. "Brazil: New Immigration Law Enacted." [Accessed 2022-02-16]

Additional Sources Consulted

Oral sources: Brazil – consulates in Miami, New York City, Vancouver, and Washington, DC, Defensoria Pública da União, embassies in Ottawa, Paris, and Port-au-Prince, Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Polícia Federal; Cáritas Brasileira; Centro de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania do Imigrante; Connectas; Fundação Getulio Vargas – Department of Public Policy Analysis; Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role; immigration law firms in Brazil (8); (In)movilidad en las Américas; Instituto Educacional Missão Paz; The Lambi Fund of Haiti; Migration Policy Institute; Pacto pelo Direito de Migrar; Rede Sem Fronteiras; The Refugee and Immigration Center for Education and Legal Services; Serviço Jesuíta a Migrantes e Refugiados; UN – International Organization for Migration, Brazil Visa Application Centre; Visto Brasil.

Internet sites, including: Agência Brasil; Al Jazeera; Alves Jacob Law Firm; Amnesty International; Associated Press; Asylum Research Centre; Austrian Red Cross – ecoi.net; BBC; Brazil – Consulate General in Toronto, Consulate General in Washington, DC, Embassy in Ottawa, Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública, Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Portal Consular; Campos e Oliveira Advogados; Cáritas Brasileira; CNN; Establish Brazil; EU – EU Agency for Asylum; Factiva; Feldmann Advocacia; Folha; Human Rights Watch; Infobae; International Centre for Migration Policy Development; J&D Immigration Advisers; The LA Times; Migration Policy Institute; Newland Chase; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organization of American States – Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; Reuters; The Rio Times; UK – Home Office; UN – International Organization for Migration, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Refworld, UNHCR; UOL; US – Department of State; Visto Brasil; Washington Office for Latin America; The Washington Post.