5. Mai 2023

Kurzbeschreibungen zu den in dieser Anfragebeantwortung verwendeten Quellen sowie Ausschnitte mit Informationen aus diesen Quellen finden Sie im Anhang.

 

Artikeln 282 bis 284 des jordanischen Strafgesetzbuches behandeln außerehelichen Geschlechtsverkehr (زنا, zina)[1]. Laut Artikel 282 werden Personen (Männer wie auch Frauen), die vorsätzlich außerehelichen Geschlechtsverkehr haben mit einer Freiheitsstrafe von einem bis zu drei Jahren bestraft. Die Strafe darf nicht weniger als zwei Jahre betragen, wenn die Person verheiratet ist. Erfolgt der Geschlechtsverkehr in der ehelichen Wohnung, werden beide Personen mit einer Freiheitsstrafe von drei Jahren bestraft (Penal Code No. 16 of 1960, Artikel 282). Akzeptierte Beweise inkludieren den Mann und die Frau in flagranti zu erwischen, ein gerichtliches Geständnis oder das Vorhandensein umfassender Dokumente[2], die belegen, dass das Verbrechen begangen wurde (Penal Code No. 16 of 1960, Artikel 283). Die Verfolgung der Personen kann nur auf Anzeige der Ehefrau / des Ehemannes (bei bestehender Ehe), sowie auf Anzeige des Vormunds der Frau erfolgen. Wenn Anzeige erstattet wird (gegen einen oder beide Beteiligte), werden beide Personen, wie auch Gehilfen und Anstifter des außerehelichen Geschlechtsverkehrs, strafrechtlich verfolgt. Eine Anzeige wird nur innerhalb der ersten drei Monate ab dem Tag, an dem der/die Beschwerdeführer·in von der Straftat Kenntnis erlangt hat, zugelassen, und auf keinen Fall nach Ablauf eines Jahres ab dem Tag der Begehung der Straftat (Penal Code No. 16 of 1960, Artikel 282-284).

Den arabischen Originaltext des gültigen Personenstandsgesetzes Nr. 15 von 2019 finden Sie unter folgendem Link:

·      Strafgesetzbuch 1960 [Arabisch], mit Novellierungen bis 2021, verfügbar auf Rights Protectors Law Firm
https://jordan-lawyer.com/wp-, content/uploads/2017/04/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9-PDF.pdf

Der Generalstaatsanwalt des High Criminal Court erklärt in einem Interview mit Amnesty International (AI) vom Februar 2019, dass زنا (zina) Geschlechtsverkehr außerhalb der Ehe von Personen ab 18 Jahren bedeute. Dies umfasse außerehelichen, vorehelichen und, laut dem jordanischen Kassationsgerichtshof, im Falle einer Scheidung, nachehelichen Geschlechtsverkehr (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 18).

AI veröffentlicht im Oktober 2019 einen Bericht über Überwachung von Sex, Ehe und Schwangerschaft in Jordanien. Für die Recherche besuchte AI im Februar 2019 das Juweideh Gefängnis und traf zehn Frauen, die im Zusammenhang mit Vorwürfen des außerehelichen Geschlechtsverkehrs festgenommen und in Verwaltungshaft („administrative detention“) genommen worden seien. Das Büro des Premierministers habe AI in einem Schreiben vom 14. Oktober 2019 mitgeteilt, dass im Laufe des Jahres [Jänner bis Oktober 2019] 85 Frauen (und eine ähnliche Anzahl an Männern) wegen außerehelichem Geschlechtsverkehrs in Verwaltungshaft genommen worden seien (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 8).

Mehrere der zehn von AI interviewten Frauen seien festgenommen worden, nachdem sie von Krankenhauspersonal als außerehelich schwanger gemeldet worden seien. Die meisten hätten ausgesagt, dass der mitangeklagte Mann ebenfalls festgenommen worden sei. In einigen Fällen sei er festgenommen und wieder freigelassen worden (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 8). Drei Expert·innen hätten AI erklärt, dass Frauen, die außerhalb der Ehe schwanger seien, Gefahr laufen würden inhaftiert zu werden. Selbst wenn sie die volle Unterstützung ihrer Familie hätten, würden die Frauen riskieren, dass das Krankenhaus sie melde. Ärzt·innen könnten nach dem Ehemann fragen und sogar um einen Ehevertrag bitten (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 28). Zwei Frauenrechtsexpert·innen hätten gegenüber AI von Fällen berichtet, in denen Gouverneure unverheiratete Frauen für die Dauer ihrer Schwangerschaft inhaftiert hätten, um ihnen den Zugang zu einer Abtreibung zu verwehren oder weil es als kulturell inakzeptabel angesehen werde, dass eine unverheiratete Frau schwanger sei. Schwangere Frauen könnten auch bis zur Geburt ihres Kindes festgehalten werden, um den Behörden das Sammeln von DNA zur Klärung der Vaterschaft zu ermöglichen. AI habe mit zwei Frauen gesprochen, bei denen der letztere Fall der Grund für ihre Inhaftierung gewesen sei (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 10).

Einige der Frauen, die AI getroffen habe, seien administrativ inhaftiert gewesen, während ihr männlicher Vormund entschieden habe, ob er die für die Strafverfolgung erforderliche Beschwerde einreichen wolle. Eine der interviewten Inhaftierten sei eine geschiedene Frau mit Kindern gewesen. Ihr Vater sei dagegen gewesen, dass sie allein lebe und habe sie bei der Polizei dafür angezeigt, dass sie eine Beziehung mit dem Sohn ihrer Vermieterin gehabt habe. Sowohl sie wie auch ihr Freund seien in Haft. Sie wollten heiraten, jedoch würde der Vater der Heirat nicht zustimmen, und es sei möglich, dass er den Fall vor Gericht bringen könnte (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 26-27).

Die meisten der Frauen, mit denen AI gesprochen habe, hätten berichtet, dass sie laut dem Gouverneur nur freigelassen würden, wenn sie zustimmen würden nach Hause zurückzukehren und ein männliches Familienmitglied sie durch eine Bürgschaft („bail“) heraushole. Laut AI heiße das, dass das männliche Familienmitglied die Verantwortung für seine weibliche Angehörige übernehmen und/oder versprechen müsse, dass ihr kein Schaden zugefügt werde. In der Praxis bedeute dies, dass Frauen kaum eine Chance hätten, aus der Haft entlassen zu werden, solange ihre männlichen Familienmitglieder nicht zustimmen und die Frau wieder unter die Autorität männlicher Familienmitglieder gestellt würde (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 8).

AI habe mit fünf Frauen gesprochen, die wegen außerehelichem Geschlechtsverkehrs angeklagt oder verurteilt worden seien, aber auf Anordnung des Gouverneurs in Verwaltungshaft genommen worden seien, nachdem sie vom Strafgericht gegen Kaution freigelassen worden seien oder sie eine staatliche Amnestie erhalten hätten (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 8). Obwohl die Frauen von der Amnestie profitiert hätten, sei es ihnen nicht gestattet worden zu gehen. Sie hätten in Verwaltungshaft bleiben müssen, bis ein Familienmitglied eine Bürgschaft für sie geleistet hätte. Keine der Frauen habe einen Anwalt gehabt (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 25).

AI berichtet vom Fall einer jungen Frau, „Rana“, deren Eltern einer Ehe mit ihrem Freund nicht zugestimmt hätten. Das Paar sei daraufhin gemeinsam weggelaufen, habe jedoch ohne die Erlaubnis ihres Vaters nicht heiraten können. Bei einer Ausweiskontrolle habe die Polizei herausgefunden, dass ein zina-Haftbefehl gegen sie ausgestellt war. Das Paar sei daraufhin verhaftet und verurteilt worden. „Rana“ sei schwanger gewesen und habe das Kind zur Welt gebracht. „Rana“ wie auch ihr Freund hätten von der staatlichen Amnestie profitiert. Er sei freigelassen worden. Sie sei jedoch in Verwaltungshaft überstellt worden, weil ihr Vater nicht bereit gewesen sei, eine Kaution für ihre Freilassung zu zahlen. Laut „Rana“ seien ihre Mutter und ihre Tante bereit die Bürgschaft zu übernehmen. Dies werde jedoch vom Gouverneur nicht akzeptiert (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 25-26).

In einem weiteren Fall sei eine Frau mit dem Pseudonym „Lina“ über ein Jahr lang administrativ inhaftiert gewesen, nachdem medizinisches Personal festgestellt habe, dass sie schwanger gewesen sei. Die Schwangerschaft sei das Resultat einer Vergewaltigung durch ihren Onkel gewesen, der, während ihr Vater im Gefängnis gewesen sei und sie bei ihrer Großmutter gelebt habe, ihr Vormund gewesen sei. Ihr sei vom Gouverneur mitgeteilt worden, dass sie das Gefängnis verlassen könne, wenn jemand die Bürgschaft für sie übernehme. Der Gouverneur habe sich jedoch geweigert eine Bürgschaft durch die Großmutter zu akzeptieren. Ein Anwalt, der sich mit „Lina“ getroffen habe, habe hinzugefügt, dass „Lina“ zwei weitere Onkel habe, die eine Bürgschaft übernehmen könnten. Diese würden sich jedoch weigern dies zu tun (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 27).

Eine weitere junge Frau, „Ola“, sei festgenommen worden, nachdem sie als unverheiratete Frau im Krankenhaus ihr Kind zur Welt gebracht habe. Sie habe den Vater des Kindes heiraten wollen. Die Ehe sei jedoch nicht genehmigt worden, weil sie keinen männlichen Vormund habe. Ihre Eltern seien tot und sie habe keine Brüder. Laut einem Anwalt, der einige Wochen nach dem Interview mit AI im Juweideh Gefängnis war, habe der Gouverneur zugestimmt, dass „Ola“ den Vater ihres Kindes heiraten und aus diesem Grund das Gefängnis verlassen könne. Es sei unklar, was mit dem Kind passiert sei, das ihr nach der Geburt weggenommen worden sei (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 27-28).

AI berichtet in seinem Jahresbericht 2020, dass Provinzgouverneure das Verbrechensverhütungsgesetz („Crime Prevention Law“) weiterhin benutzen würden, um Frauen oft monatelang und aus diskriminierenden Gründen, wie zum Beispiel außerehelichem Geschlechtsverkehr, in Verwaltungshaft zu nehmen (AI, 7. April 2021).

Das US-Außenministerium schreibt in seinem Länderbericht 2022, dass laut lokalen und internationalen NGOs, jordanische Behörden Frauen routinemäßig, unter anderem wegen außerehelichem Geschlechtsverkehrs, in unfreiwillige „Schutzhaft“ (eine Art informelle Inhaftierung ohne Gerichtsverfahren) nehmen würden (USDOS, 20. März 2023, Section 1d).

Es konnten keine weiteren Quellen gefunden werden, die das Thema behandeln.

Es wurden mehrere Expert·innen kontaktiert, um weitere Beispiele aus der aktuell gängigen Praxis zu erhalten. Sollten wir eine Antwort erhalten, werden wir diese unverzüglich an Sie weiterleiten.

 

 

Quellen: (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am [Veröffentlichungsdatum])

·      AI – Amnesty International: Imprisoned women, stolen children: Policing sex, marriage and pregnancy in Jordan [MDE 16/0831/2019], Oktober 2019
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2018929/MDE1608312019ENGLISH.PDF

·      AI – Amnesty International: Amnesty International Report 2020/21 - The State of the World's Human Rights - Jordan 2020, 7. April 2021
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2048702.html

·      Almaany: Übersetzung und Bedeutung زنا im Alles Deutsch Arabisch Fachwörterbuch, ohne Datum
https://www.almaany.com/de/dict/ar-de/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7/

·      Penal Code No. 16 of 1960 (as amended up to Law No. 8 of 2011), verfügbar auf World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/515535

·      Strafgesetzbuch 1960 [Arabisch], mit Novellierungen bis 2021, verfügbar auf Rights Protectors Law Firm
https://jordan-lawyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9-PDF.pdf

·      USDOS – US Department of State: 2022 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Jordan, 20. März 2023
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2089239.html

 

Anhang: Quellenbeschreibungen und Informationen aus ausgewählten Quellen

Amnesty International (AI) ist eine internationale regierungsunabhängige Menschenrechtsorganisation mit Hauptsitz in London.

·      AI – Amnesty International: Imprisoned women, stolen children: Policing sex, marriage and pregnancy in Jordan [MDE 16/0831/2019], Oktober 2019
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2018929/MDE1608312019ENGLISH.PDF

„Sex outside of marriage (zina) is also a criminal offence under Jordanian law, which can be prosecuted if a spouse or male guardian makes a complaint to the police. This provides additional opportunities for male family members to coerce and control their female dependents.

IMPRISONMENT TO PUNISH WOMEN FOR ELOPING OR SEX OUTSIDE MARRIAGE

When Amnesty International researchers visited Juweideh prison in February 2019, researchers met with 22 women who said that they were administratively detained because their male guardian complained that they had sought to move out of/had left the family home without permission (often referred to as ‘absence’) or connected to accusations of sex outside marriage (zina). More than half of these women said they had been imprisoned for over three months, many for over a year. […]

Ten other women described being arrested in relation to accusations of zina. All of these women were administratively detained when researchers met them. Five had previously been charged or convicted in connection with the crime of zina under the penal code but had been transferred to administrative detention on the orders of the governor after they had been granted bail by the criminal court or benefitted from a public amnesty. Several of the ten women had been detained after being reported to the police as being pregnant outside marriage by hospitals. Most said the man co-accused had also been detained, though in some cases he had since been released.

The majority of women researchers met in detention insisted that they were not at risk of being killed by family members, and all wanted to leave. Most told researchers that the governor said he would not release them unless they agreed to go home, and male family members ‘bailed’ them out. This appears to involve a male family member taking responsibility for their female dependent and/or pledging no harm will come to her. It means, in practice, that women have little chance of release from detention until their male family members agree, and they are forced back under the male family members’ authority.

In the letter to Amnesty International on 14 October 2019, the Prime Minister’s office said there were 149 women currently in administrative detention, and that 85 women had been administratively detained so far over the year for zina (along with a similar number of men).“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 8)

„Two women’s rights experts told Amnesty International researchers of cases where governors had detained unmarried women for the duration of their pregnancy in order to stop them from being able to access an abortion. […]

The second women’s rights expert also said that unmarried pregnant women may be detained or remain for the duration of their pregnancy as it is not culturally acceptable for women to be pregnant and unmarried. She also told researchers that in some cases, where there are questions about paternity in rape or zina cases, pregnant women are detained until they give birth, so the authorities can collect DNA.

Two women detained in relation to accusations of zina told Amnesty International that governors insisted they would be detained until they delivered their baby and it could be DNA tested. This was because they were arrested alongside men who denied their involvement in zina and who wanted to prove their innocence.“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 10)

„The Penal Code criminalizes zina as a misdemeanour relating to ‘offences against the family’. It states:

1. The man or woman who commits zina consensually shall be punished by a prison term of one to three years.

2. The sentence will not decrease to below a prison term of two years for the married man or woman who commits zina.

3. The penalty for the man or woman who commits zina shall be a prison sentence of three years if zina was committed in the marital home of either of them.

Zina is sex outside of marriage by individuals age 18 or over. It includes extra-marital, pre-marital and, in the case of divorce, post-marital sex. […]

The crime of zina cannot be pursued independently by the state, but only according to a complaint made by specific relatives:

The man or woman who commits zina may only be prosecuted following a complaint by the husband or wife as long as there is still a marital relation between them, as well as a complaint by the guardian of the woman who commits zina (emphasis added).

The evidence requires catching the man or woman while committing the act, a confession or the existence of conclusive documents. The law also recognises forensic medical evidence as admissible as a form of documentation.“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 17-18)

„According to the Public Security Directorate, there were seven women in detention in October 2018 in connection to the ‘crime’ of zina under the Penal Code. Four were pre-trial detainees, and three had been convicted of zina. In February 2019, women detained for the crime of zina were among thousands of Jordanians who benefitted from a public amnesty.

Amnesty International met five women in Juweideh prison who said they had been imprisoned for the crime of zina under the Penal Code. While they had all benefitted from the public amnesty, the governors had determined that these women were not allowed to leave and would remain in administrative detention until a family member provided a guarantee for them. None of these women had ever had a lawyer, although in one case a social worker had been trying to support the woman by engaging with her husband to encourage him to drop the case.

‘Rana’, aged in her twenties, had been in detention for six months when Amnesty delegates met with her. She was arrested while pregnant and had given birth a few days earlier. Her case illustrates how the crime of zina under the Penal Code allows guardians to control their female dependents’ decisions about who they want to marry and punish those who try to elope with men without their family’s agreement.

‘I was in a relationship… [name withheld] asked for my hand in marriage more than once and I wanted to marry him. However, my parents didn’t approve of the marriage, so I ran off with him last January. We couldn’t get a marriage license without my father’s permission and the police caught us. We were walking together, and they stopped us for an ID check. The police asked for ID and then they found a zina warrant for us both. I was arrested last September. We were taken to the police, then to the DA [prosecutor], then to court, and then detained in Juweideh. My father refused to give up the case against us.’

While ‘Rana’ and ‘Said’ both benefitted from the public amnesty, instead of being released like ‘Said’, ‘Rana’ was transferred into administrative detention because her father was not willing to pay a guarantee for her release. ‘Rana’ said her mother and aunt are willing to provide a guarantee for her but the governor would not accept it.“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 25-26)

„In addition to the women who had previously been held in pre-trial detention or convicted of the crime of zina, researchers met five other women in administrative detention in Juweideh prison who said they were detained in relation to alleged sex or pregnancy outside of marriage.

In some cases, women appeared to be administratively detained while their male guardian decided if they wanted to submit the complaint required for the authorities to pursue a criminal prosecution. Like women administratively detained in relation to ‘absence’, in other cases women appeared to simply by waiting for a male family member to accept to ‘bail them out’.

‘Mona’, recently divorced and aged in her mid-twenties, told researchers she was arrested on a ‘zina’ warrant. She was in administrative detention, hoping to gain permission to marry the man she was accused with and to be released, but also very afraid. As she explained:

‘My father put out a zina warrant for my arrest. He was impossible – he didn’t like me living alone. He would call me up and order me home, but I wouldn’t listen to him as I was successfully providing for myself and my children.

My father told the police that I was in a relationship with the son of my landlady, Said [name changed]. The police came to the house, knocked at the door and took me. Said is also in prison now – like me he is in administrative detention. He wants to marry me, but my father is not agreeing at the moment.

I also want to marry Said… But I am worried as I have been told that my father won’t agree to the marriage, and that he might bring a case against me in the courts.’“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 26-27)

„Three women that researchers met in Juweideh (and one who researchers met after she had been released) told Amnesty International that they were detained after they went to hospital, and medical or administrative staff identified that they were pregnant outside of marriage and alerted the police. Three of these women were administratively detained, while one was prosecuted for the crime of zina.

‘Lina’, aged in her late teens, told Amnesty International she had been administratively detained for over a year after medical staff discovered she was pregnant. The pregnancy was a result of rape by her uncle, who had become her guardian while her father was in prison and she lived with her grandmother.

‘I have no-one to bail me out. The governor asked me if I was at risk or if there was any threat to my life if I returned home to my grandmother. I said there wasn’t – the man who was hurting me is now in prison. But he still told me that I was being sent to Juweideh.’

‘Lina’ told researchers that the governor had returned to meet her again, a year after she had first been imprisoned. According to ‘Lina’s’ account, he said he was ready to release her as long as there was someone to bail her. He refused, however, to accept a bail from her grandmother, who she said she wanted to return to.

A lawyer who had met with ‘Lina’ in detention added that ‘Lina’ did in fact have two other uncles who could provide a guarantee for her, but that these uncles had refused to do so unless she dropped her personal rights against the uncle imprisoned for raping her (which would reduce his sentence for the crime).“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 27)

„When Amnesty International met ‘Ola’, aged in her twenties, in Juweideh, she had given birth nine days earlier, and had then been taken from the hospital to her local governor who had sent her into administrative detention. She told researchers:

’I got pregnant and tried to marry the man. But the marriage wasn’t approved because I have no male guardian. My parents are dead, and I just have younger sisters, no brothers… I went to hospital and gave birth. The hospital asked if I was married and I said no, so then they called the police. That’s how I ended up here. I don’t know how long I will be here for. I also don’t know what’s happened to my child, they took [my child] away from me.’

According to a lawyer who went to Juweideh prison several weeks later, the governor agreed ‘Ola’ could marry the father of her child and therefore leave Juweideh, and she was released after spending two weeks in prison. The lawyer did not have information on her child.“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 27-28)

„Amnesty researchers were told by three experts that women who were pregnant outside marriage were at risk of being detained, unless they had full family support, and even then, they faced a risk of being reported to the police and imprisoned. One advocate explained to researchers, for example:

‘For a woman with an open, liberal-minded family who is pregnant, if their family supports them, they can try and hide the pregnancy. They can go to a private hospital and make an agreement with the hospital not to report them. If no-one in her family complains and the doctors don’t complain, no-one would inform the police officer based at each public or private hospital in Jordan. But it would be a massive risk. The doctor might ask for the husband. Her parents could try to say he is not in Jordan. They may ask for another man from the family to confirm this. They may even ask for a marriage contract’.“ (AI, Oktober 2019, S. 28)

·      AI – Amnesty International: Amnesty International Report 2020/21 - The State of the World's Human Rights - Jordan 2020, 7. April 2021
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2048702.html

„Provincial governors continued to use the Crime Prevention Law to administratively detain women, often for months and for discriminatory reasons, such as for being ‘absent from home’ without a male guardian’s permission, or for having sex outside marriage (zina), begging or homelessness.“ (AI, 7. April 2021)

Penal Code No. 16 of 1960 ist das jordanische Strafgesetzbuch.

·      Penal Code No. 16 of 1960 (as amended up to Law No. 8 of 2011), verfügbar auf World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/515535

„(2) Misdemeanors Relating to Family Norms and Morals

Article (282)

1. Whoever willingly commits adultery - whether male or female - he / she shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years.

2. The penalty shall not be less than two years if the person - male or female- is a married one.

3. If the act of adultery takes place in the conjugal home, the penalty for both shall be imprisonment for a period of three years.

Article (283)

The evidences which are accepted and can be used as proof in order to prove the crime of adultery are catching the male and female while in action or the judicial confession or the existence of inclusive documents which prove that the crime was committed.

Article (284)

1. Pursuing the male and female who commit adultery can only be done according to a complaint submitted by the husband or wife, provided that the marriage bound still exists, and also based on a complaint by the female’s guardian. When there is a complaint against one or both perpetrators, both of them shall be pursued in addition to the inciter and accomplice to the action of adultery.

2. The complaint will not be accepted after three months from the day when the complainant first became aware of the offence and the complaint will not be accepted in any instance after the passage of a year from the day the crime was committed.“ (Penal Code No. 16 of 1960, Artikel 282-284)

Das US Department of State (USDOS) ist das US-Bundesministerium, das für die auswärtigen Angelegenheiten der Vereinigten Staaten zuständig ist.

·      USDOS – US Department of State: 2022 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Jordan, 20. März 2023
https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/2089239.html

„According to local and international NGOs, authorities routinely engaged in involuntary ‘protective’ detention of women (a type of informal detention without trial) to deal with cases ranging from sex outside of marriage to absence from home to being the victim of sexual violence, all of which could put women at risk of so-called ‘honor crimes.’ NGOs reported that a few women were administratively detained at Juweideh Prison for ‘absence’ from home without permission of a male guardian, or for having sex outside of marriage.“ (USDOS, 20. März 2023, Section 1d)

 

 

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