Children in Mali are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in hereditary slavery and in armed conflict. (1-6) Children also perform dangerous tasks in agriculture, particularly in the production of cotton and rice, and in artisanal gold mining. (3,5,7) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Mali. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2017, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (8) 
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization’s analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 5), 2015. (9) 

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Children, especially of the Bellah community (black Tuareg), are subject to hereditary slavery in northern and southwestern Mali. (1,3,11,14,19,25,26) Some children are born into slavery, while others are born free but remain in dependent status. As a result, these children, along with their parents, are forced to work for their parents' former masters in exchange for food, money, and lodging. (25) Enslaved children perform agricultural or domestic labor, and are often sexually abused. (25) In 2021, at least 46 displaced child slaves were identified in Mali. (11)

Children, particularly those of Songhai ethnicity, work in debt bondage in the northern salt mines of Taoudenni. (25) As many as 45,753 children in the north, south, and west are also involved in artisanal gold mining, in which they are exposed to toxic substances and extreme temperatures, transport heavy loads of water and minerals, and work long hours. (3,5,11,17,18,27) Research indicated that around mining sites, children are also victims of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. Research also found that children working in mining sites are involved in the trafficking of narcotics, and that they do not go to school. (5,11) Many of the children working in mines are from neighboring countries in the region. (11)

Some boys placed in the care of Koranic teachers for education are forced by their teachers to beg on the street or work in fields, after which they must surrender the money they have earned to their teachers. (3,25) Research indicates that children forced to beg were not only from Mali, but also from neighboring countries, including Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Côte d'Ivoire. (5,11) While the government frequently encounters cases of child begging, it does not have the capacity or the appropriate facilities to provide shelter and social services to these children, given the widespread nature of this issue in the country. (5,11)

During the reporting period, there was an increase in child trafficking, forced child labor, and forced recruitment of children by non-state armed groups in Mali due to insecurity from armed conflict, the COVID-19 pandemic, and deteriorating socioeconomic conditions. (11) Also in 2021, terrorist and armed groups recruited children as combatants, spies, laborers, and in other capacities, particularly in northern and central Mali. (28) In addition, armed groups controlled some artisanal gold mines in northern Mali and used children for forced labor at those locations. (5,14,27) As in past years, children continued to be forcibly recruited and used by the Platform, the Coordination of Movements for Azawad, Macina Liberation Front, and Dan Na Ambassagou, among other groups; in 2021, there were at least 352 verified cases of children recruited by these groups, compared with 284 the previous year, with 66 eventually rescued. (6,11) Despite banning the military from recruiting for and using children in armed conflict in 2020, a general in the Armed Forces of Mali (FAMa), El Hadji Ag Gamou, also leads the Imghad Tuareg and Allies Self-Defense Group (GATIA), a subgroup of the pro-government signatory armed group coalition, Platform, which splintered in 2019. (13,14,18,29) During the reporting period, the government continued to provide in-kind support to GATIA, overseen by General Gamou, and to other non-state armed groups that recruited and used children in armed conflict. (12,14,30-32)

Although the Constitution guarantees free and compulsory education, many children, especially girls, do not attend school because parents are expected to pay fees for registration, uniforms, transportation costs, and supplies, as well as teachers' additional salary payments, all of which are cost prohibitive for many impoverished families. (3,7,11,13,33,34) Long distances between villages and schools, and lack of schools, classes, and teachers, are also significant barriers to education. (5,11) In addition, many children in Mali are not registered at birth, which may prevent them from accessing services such as education. (3,7,33,35) Research indicates that there are hundreds of thousands of children in Mali without birth certificates, and that while lack of documentation does not exclude children from schooling, these students may not be allowed to take national exams. (5,11) Evidence also suggests that incidences of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, including corporal punishment, prevent some children from remaining in school. (19,33) Furthermore, internally displaced children faced interruptions in their education and barriers to enrolling in school after fleeing their homes. (5,11)

During the reporting period, the pandemic, teacher strikes, and insecurity due to terrorist activity significantly affected the education of hundreds of thousands of children throughout Mali. Teaching was postponed for several months due to a series of teacher strikes. (11) A second COVID-19 wave also prompted the government to close schools in 2021. Research indicates that in December of 2021, close to 1,600 schools remained closed due to insecurity, with 120 verified attacks on schools, resulting in 478,500 students without access to education, mainly in the northern and central regions of the country. (6,11)

Mali has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Mali’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment by non-state armed groups.

‡ Age calculated based on available information (41) 

In 2021, Mali worked to adopt an implementation decree for the amended Labor Code, which was sent to the Ministry of Labor, Civil Service and Social Dialogue (MOL) for signature. (11) Additionally, the National Directorate in Charge of Registering Births, Marriages, and Deaths drafted a law to permit a special session aiming to register and deliver birth certificates and other identity documents, with registrations expected to begin in 2022. (11)

The Ministry of Justice, in collaboration with UNODC, revised the 2012 Anti-Trafficking Law to provide aggravated penalties if human trafficking is committed against anyone under the age of 18, whereas previously aggravated penalties were only applied if the child was under the age of 15. However, drafts of the anti-trafficking law and the migrant smuggling law, which aims to harmonize Malian law with the UN Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants, remained pending. (5,7,11,14,30,45,46)

Articles 189.35 and 189.36 of the Labor Code allow children between the ages of 12 and 14 to perform domestic or light seasonal work, as long as it does not impede school attendance or exceed 4.5 hours of work per day. (36) The light work framework does not meet international standards because it applies to children under the age of 13. In addition, the law does not specify the conditions under which light work may be undertaken. (37,47)

Although Mali's Trafficking in Persons Law criminalizes human trafficking for the purpose of slavery, it does not more broadly criminalize the act of slavery, and Mali’s Labor Code, while prohibiting forced labor generally, does not specifically prohibit hereditary slavery. In addition, Malian law does not prohibit using, procuring, or offering a child for the production and trafficking of drugs as established by international standards. (1,7,40,42)

While the Child Protection Code provides protection for children under age 18, and the Penal Code establishes criminal penalties for several of the worst forms of child labor, some offenses included in the Child Protection Code do not carry criminal penalties, such as the prohibition of military recruitment by non-state armed groups. (41,42,48) Although the Child Protection Code prohibits children under age 18 from participating in armed conflicts or joining the armed forces, it only provides for imprisonment of perpetrators in the case of repeat offenses. Meanwhile, the Penal Code only provides criminal penalties if the children are under age 15. (41,42)

Article 28 of the Penal Code states that crimes committed out of self-defense or under a force that could not be resisted should not be penalized as prescribed by the Penal Code. Although a 2013 Interministerial Circular on the Prevention, Protection, and Rehabilitation of Child Soldiers states that Article 28 of the Penal Code is applicable to children involved in armed conflict, the Circular does not define the age range of the children it covers. (41,49) This means that some children under age 18 who are affiliated with non-state armed groups may be penalized as a direct result of being a victim of the worst forms of child labor. (41,49)

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

The National Unit to Fight Against Child Labor (CNLTE) received a budget of $55,000 (32 million CFA) in 2021. (11) During the reporting period, the CNLTE carried out several activities to address child labor, including commemorating the World Day Against Child Labor. Several awareness campaigns about slavery and artisanal gold mining were conducted, and a TV advertisement for the state cotton company encouraging producers to send children to school was produced. (11) The CNLTE provided training on child labor to unions, held a workshop for organizations involved in child labor issues, and held two meetings of the National Guiding Committee on Child Labor. The CNLTE considers its budget insufficient, given the extent and severity of the child labor problem in Mali, as it lacks funding to meet its office needs and it does not have a vehicle or fuel for its staff to carry out its mission. (5,11)

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2021, labor law enforcement agencies in Mali took actions to address child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the MOL that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including insufficient financial and human resource allocation.

Research indicates that there are 15 inspectors and comptrollers dedicated to child labor issues. (11) The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Mali’s workforce, which includes approximately 6.5 million workers. According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 40,000 workers in less developed countries, Mali would need to employ about 161 inspectors. (53,54) Although all regions have labor inspectors, government services are limited or non-existent in some areas due to the insecurity caused by the presence of non-state armed groups. (3,7,53) In addition, reports indicate that a lack of trained staff, equipment, vehicles and other transportation, and funding hampered both CNLTE and the labor inspectorate’s ability to conduct child labor inspections and legal proceedings, especially in remote areas of northern Mali. (3,13,33,53,55) Research indicates that the government rarely collects statistics on the matter, and that there is no central database to maintain any data related to worst forms of child labor. (14)

Research indicates that the reported number of child labor victims is likely lower than the actual number of victims, given the widespread nature of child labor and inadequate enforcement of child labor laws in Mali. (3,5) However, the government did not provide specific data for this report regarding the number of child labor law violations found. (11)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2021, criminal law enforcement agencies in Mali took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient financial and human resource allocation.

Research indicates that the number of law enforcement agents working for the Brigade for the Protection of Morals and Children (BPMC), 54 personnel, is inadequate given the prevalence of the worst forms of child labor in the country. (3,11) Furthermore, Mali lacks trained staff, equipment, transportation, and funding to adequately conduct criminal law enforcement efforts related to the worst forms of child labor, particularly in remote areas. (3,25,53) Reports indicate that because of political instability, which hinders labor and criminal law enforcement efforts in western and northern Mali, the prevalence of hereditary slavery, forced labor, and trafficking in persons has worsened since the conflict began in 2012. (3,13,25,33,53,56) Research showed that the BPMC budget was insufficient, and the force had only three vehicles to conduct inspections and very limited amounts of fuel for each quarter in 2021. Additionally, there were reports that staff did not receive office materials and had to use personal resources for official documents and furniture. (11) Research indicates that in 2021, ten children associated with armed groups were detained by the transitional government, seven of whom were released to civilian partners. Five children were still detained at the end of 2021. (6,28,57)

During the reporting period, the Brigade to Fight Against Migrant and Human Trafficking (BFMHT) saw an increase in staff to 47, up from 17 in 2020. In 2021, the BFMHT dismantled a trafficking network operating at an artisanal gold mine in Yanfolilla and also intervened in several other locations. (11) In 2021, 98 suspected human traffickers were arrested, with some of the victims being children. (11)

During the reporting period, the government did not provide information on whether new criminal investigators received initial training, whether refresher courses were provided, the number of investigations carried out, whether violations were found, whether prosecutions were initiated, the number of convictions, or imposed penalties for violations related to the worst forms of child labor. In 2021, the BPMC investigated 16 reported cases of mistreatment of children working as domestic staff. (11) Many justice sector actors noted government officials' interference in cases involving slavery-related practices in an effort to have the charges dismissed. (30)

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including a lack of clarity about the roles of coordinating bodies.

During the reporting period, the Ministry for the Promotion of Women, Children, and the Family's Directorate for the Promotion of Children and Family (DPCF) continued to support other government departments involved in formally registering children at birth, particularly in the north. Research indicates that children born in the midst of security crises are often unable to acquire a birth certificate. (11) Furthermore, the DPCF also worked to reunite children affected by the security crisis in the north with their families. (11)

Reports indicate that there is confusion with regard to roles and a lack of coordination between the CNLTE and the National Coordinating Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Associated Practices. (13,25,56,61)

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including a lack of implementation of a new national child labor action plan.

‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (3,7,66-69)

In 2020, the National Plan to Eliminate Child Labor (PANETEM) ended. While a new PANETEM was being developed during the reporting period, it has not been finalized, and it is expected to be finalized in 2022. The CNLTE organized several regional consultations, and a national workshop to reach final approval was expected to be held at the end of 2021. (11) In November 2021, the Minister of Justice issued a statement directing all public prosecutors to investigate and prosecute perpetrators of hereditary slavery to the fullest extent of the law. (28)

The “Child Travel Card” program (Titre de Voyage pour Enfant), created by the DPCF in 2002, remained a part of the directorate's efforts to address child trafficking by facilitating proper identification of children traveling within and outside Mali. Failure to show a child travel card will prompt follow-up actions to confirm whether the child is a victim of trafficking for forced labor, commercial sexual exploitation, or forced migration. (11) Research indicates that this program does not cover foreign citizens. (14)

In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including inadequacy of efforts to address the problem in all sectors.

† Program is funded by the Government of Mali.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (3,7,77,78)

During the reporting period, Mali continued to carry out a national survey on child labor, which began in October 2020 and is expected to be completed in February 2022. (11) In 2021, the transition government funded an NGO-run training of 60 Koranic teachers (marabouts) on addressing trafficking in persons to raise awareness on the issue, and the transition government also conducted a training for community leaders and marabouts in the capital city, Bamako. (28) In collaboration with the UN, the transition government trained soldiers and law enforcement authorities on how to treat child soldiers as victims and to refer them to the appropriate rehabilitative centers. (28)

While Mali does not fund or participate in programs to address child labor in domestic work, forced begging, or commercial sexual exploitation, it provides in-kind and financial support to NGOs working on these issues. (13,79)

In August 2021, both factions of the Platform armed group signed action plans with the UN to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers, committing to releasing children and supporting their reintegration with their families and back into society. (11,80)

An informal referral mechanism exists among NGOs, UN bodies, police, and other government agencies to allow withdrawal of children from armed conflict and to provide social services to survivors of the worst forms of child labor. (3,53,61) Despite these efforts, reports indicate that resources and facilities available to social services agencies are inadequate. (3,5,33,53)

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Mali (Table 11).

1. ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) Mali (ratification: 1960). Published: 2017.
   http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3276821
2. American Bar Association. Continuing to Combat Descent-based Slavery and Forced Child Labor in Mali. July 2017.
   https://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/africa/mali/news/news-mali-child-labor-slavery-training-0717.html
3. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. February 14, 2020.
4. U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2020: Mali. Washington, D.C., June 25, 2020.
   https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/mali/
5. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. January 26, 2021.
6. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict. A/76/871-S/2022/493. June 23, 2022.
   https://www.un.org/unispal/document/children-and-armed-conflict-report-of-the-secretary-general-a-76-871-s-2022-493-excerpts/
7. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. February 23, 2018.
8. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 3, 2022. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
   http://data.uis.unesco.org/
9. ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 5), 2015. Analysis received March 2022. Please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
10. Government of Mali. Plan d'Action National pour l'Elimination du Travail des Enfants au Mali. 2010. Source on file.
11. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. January 14, 2022.
12. U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2019: Mali. Washington, D.C., June 24, 2019.
    https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/mali/
13. U.S. Embassy- Bamako official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 21, 2022.
14. U.S. Embassy- Bamako official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 21, 2021.
15. Djire, Doussou. Orpaillage: Une nouvelle politique en marche. L'Essor, October 4, 2017.
    https://maliactu.net/mali-orpaillage-une-nouvelle-politique-en-marche
16. Human Rights Watch. Submission for the Universal Periodic Review of Mali. June 30, 2017.
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/30/submission-universal-periodic-review-mali
17. Vella, Heidi. Mining in Mali: Balancing Prospects and Problems. Mining Technology, July 2, 2017.
    http://www.mining-technology.com/features/featuremining-in-mali-balancing-prospects-and-problems-5852488/
18. UN Security Council. Letter dated 17 February 2021 from the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 2374 (2017) on Mali addressed to the President of the Security Council. February 17, 2021.
    https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/{65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9}/S_2021_151.pdf
19. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding observations on the combined sixth and seventh periodic reports of Mali. July 25, 2016: CEDAW/C/MLI/CO/6-7.
    http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW/C/MLI/CO/6-7&Lang=En
20. Connection Ivorienne. 38 enfants interceptés au Burkina en partance pour des sites d’orpaillage en Côte-d’Ivoire et au Mali. February 4, 2020.
    https://www.connectionivoirienne.net/2020/02/04/38-enfants-interceptes-au-burkina-en-partance-pour-des-sites-dorpaillage-en-cote-divoire-et-au-mali/
21. Le Quotidien. Traite et trafic d’enfants dans les sites d’orpaillage : Kédougou, le drame des mineurs. October 2, 2019.
    https://www.lequotidien.sn/traite-et-trafic-denfants-dans-les-sites-dorpaillage-kedougou-le-drame-des-mineurs/
22. U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2017: Mali. Washington, D.C., June 27, 2017.
    https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-trafficking-in-persons-report/mali/
23. Coulibaly, Diango. Exploitation sexuelle des enfants à des fins commerciales: La coordination ECPAT Luxembourg-Mali lance son rapport. Le Reporter, October 11, 2017.
    http://maliactu.net/mali-exploitation-sexuelle-des-enfants-a-des-fins-commerciales-la-coordination-ecpat-luxembourg-mali-lance-son-rapport/
24. Nigerian Tribune. Over 5000 Nigerian girls forced into prostitution in Mali - NAPTIP. March 1, 2017.
    http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/5000-nigerian-girls-forced-prostitution-mali-naptip/
25. U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2018: Mali. Washington, D.C., June 28, 2018.
    https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report/mali/
26. Government of the United Kingdom. Country Information and Guidance. Mali: The Bellah (also known as the ‘black Tuareg’), April 2016.
    http://www.refworld.org/docid/57206bbe4.html
27. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. March 1, 2021.
28. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. January 28, 2022.
29. Kibaru. Conseil des Ministres: Le Général Gamou nommé inspecteur général des armées et le Colonel Hassan Ag Mehdi comme Haut fonctionnaire de la défense. September 4, 2019.
    https://kibaru.ml/fr/art/conseil-des-ministres-le-général-gamou-nommé-inspecteur-général-des-armées-et-le-colonel-hassan-ag-mehdi-comme-haut-fonctionnaire-de-la-défense-
30. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. March 2, 2020.
31. U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2020: Mali. Washington, D.C., March 30, 2021.
    https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/MALI-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
32. U.S. Embassy- Bamako official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. February 21, 2022.
33. U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2018: Mali. Washington, D.C., March 13, 2019.
    https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/mali/
34. Government of Mali. La Constitution du Mali. Enacted: 1992.
    https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/ml/ml004fr.pdf
35. U.S. Embassy- Bamako official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. March 29, 2017.
36. Government of Mali. Code du Travail, Loi N° 92-020. Enacted: September 23, 1992.
    http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1328/Mali - Code du Travail.pdf
37. Government of Mali. Law 2017-021 modifying the Labor Code. June 12, 2017.
    http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/104701/127819/F1627870706/MLI-104701.pdf
38. Government of Mali, Ministry of Labor, Civil Service, and State Reforms. Arrete N° 9-0151-MTFPRE/DG du 4 fevrier 2009 completant la liste des travaux dangereux interdits aux enfants de moins de 18 ans. Enacted: February 4, 2009. Source on file.
39. Government of Mali. Arrete 2017-4388 Amendment to List of Hazardous Work for Children Under 18. December 29, 2017. Source on file.
40. Government of Mali. Projet de loi relatif a la lutte contre la traite des personnes et les pratiques assimilees, Depot N°20 10 I 51 I 4L. Enacted: 2012. Source on file.
41. Government of Mali. Code pénal, Loi N° 01-079. Enacted: August 20, 2001.
    https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/64577/73899/F1148099431/MLI-64577.pdf
42. Government of Mali. Code de protection de l'enfant, Loi N° 02-062/P-RM. Enacted: June 5, 2002.
    http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/c1c5d5eb0edb7d18bb8134184f16acf64533fe9b.pdf
43. Government of Mali. Ordonnance n°2016–020 Portant Statut General des Militaires. August 18, 2016. Source on file.
44. Government of Mali. Portant loi d’orientation sur l’éducation, Loi 99 – 046. Enacted: December 29, 1999.
    http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/97009/114926/F-568307560/MLI-97009.pdf
45. Government of Mali. Draft Loi sur la traite de personnes. November 7, 2019. Source on file.
46. Government of Mali. Portant sur le trafic illicite de migrants. November 7, 2019. Source on file.
47. ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Mali (ratification: 2002). Published: 2018.
    https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3957128
48. ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Mali (ratification: 2000). Published: 2019.
    https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID,P13100_COUNTRY_ID:3957132,103081
49. Government of Mali. Circulaire Interministérielle Relative à la Prévention, la Protection, et le Retour en Famille des Enfants associe aux Forces et Groupes Armes. 2013. Source on file.
50. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. January 19, 2017.
51. Government of Mali. Fixant l'Organisation et les Modalities de Fonctionnement de la Cellule National de Lutte Contre le Travail des Enfants, Decret N° 10-474/P-RM. Enacted: September 20, 2010. Source on file.
52. Government of Mali. Portant Creation de la Cellule Nationale de Lutte Contre le Travail des Enfants, Ordonnance N° 10 036/ P-RM. Enacted: August 5, 2010. Source on file.
53. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. January 30, 2019.
54. UN. The World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017 Statistical Annex. New York, 2017. Please see “Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
    https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_full_en.pdf
55. Mali Actu. Communiqué du conseil des ministres du mercredi 2 août 2017. August 2, 2017.
    http://maliactu.net/mali-communique-du-conseil-des-ministres-du-mercredi-2-aout-2017/
56. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. February 12, 2018.
57. U.S. Embassy- Bamako official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. July 6, 2022.
58. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. February 14, 2017.
59. Government of Mali. Decree 2011-036 to create a National Coordinating Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Associated Practices. Enacted: 2011.
    http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mli152170.pdf
60. Government of Mali. Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme, de l’Enfant et de la Famille. Exposé liminaire De Madame la ministre de la promotion de la femme de l’enfant et de la famille. July 15, 2016.
    http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared Documents/MLI/INT_CEDAW_STA_MLI_24543_F.pdf
61. U.S. Embassy- Bamako. Reporting. February 28, 2019.
62. Government of Mali. National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking of Persons 2018–2022. December 2018. Source on file.
63. UN Secretary General. Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict. June 9, 2020: A/74/845–S/2020/525. Source on file.
64. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict. A/73/907–S/2019/509. June 20, 2019.
    https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2019/509&Lang=E
65. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Mali. August 24, 2017. Source on file.
66. UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict. May 16, 2018: A/72/865–S/2018/465.
    https://undocs.org/s/2018/465
67. Government of Mali. Roadmap to Combat Child Labor in Agriculture, 2015–2020. 2015. Source on file.
68. ILO-IPEC. Global Action Program on Child Labor Issues. October 2017: Technical Progress Report. Source on file.
69. UN Food and Agriculture Organization Rome official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. April 11, 2017.
70. ILO. Clear Cotton Project on Child Labour and Forced Labour. Accessed February 22, 2019.
    https://www.ilo.org/ipec/projects/global/WCMS_649126/lang--en/index.htm
71. ILO. Accelerating action for the elimination of child labour in supply chains in Africa (ACCEL Africa). Accessed: December 27, 2019.
    https://www.ilo.org/africa/technical-cooperation/accel-africa/lang--en/index.htm
72. ILO. Accélérer l’action pour l’élimination du travail des enfants dans les chaînes d’approvisionnement en Afrique. November 2018.
    https://www.ilo.org/africa/technical-cooperation/accel-africa/lang--fr/index.htm
73. IOM. Training Governmental and Non-Governmental Actors for Better Identification and Assistance to Victims of Human Trafficking. July 3, 2017.
    https://www.iom.int/news/training-governmental-and-non-governmental-actors-better-identification-and-assistance-victims
74. Global Action against Trafficking in Persons and the Smuggling of Migrants. Newsletter 2017: Special Edition. June 2017.
    http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2017/GLO.ACT_Newsletter_Special_Edition_June_2017.pdf
75. U.S. Embassy- Bamako official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. January 17, 2020.
76. American Bar Association. Mali Programs. Accessed February 28, 2018.
    https://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/africa/mali/programs.html
77. Cisse, Bouba. Mali: Sikasso : lancement d’un projet de lutte contre le travail des enfants. Le Reporter, April 12, 2017.
    http://maliactu.net/mali-sikasso-lacement-dun-projet-de-lutte-contre-le-travail-des-enfants/
78. World Bank. Mali Emergency Education For All Project (P123503). April 14, 2017: Implementation Status & Results Report - Sequence 08.
    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/465281492209342424/pdf/ISR-Disclosable-P123503-04-14-2017-1492209331118.pdf
79. ILO. Pledges during IV Global Conference on the Sustained Eradication of Child Labor. November 10, 2017. Source on file.
80. United Nations. Mali Platform Signs Action Plans to End and Prevent Recruitment and Use of Children and Other Grave Violations. September 2, 2021.
    https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/mali-platform-signs-action-plans-end-and-prevent-recruitment-and-use-children-and-other