In 2020, Jamaica made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government launched a national referral mechanism for child trafficking victims, and significantly increased the budget for the Program for Advancement through Health and Education from $70.7 million in 2019 to $100 million, an expansion that was supplemented with another $6.7 million after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also implemented the Child Labor Risk Identification Model, a preventative tool that identifies geographical areas and sectors with the highest probability of child labor. However, children in Jamaica are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and use in illicit activities. Children also engage in dangerous tasks in agriculture and street work. Although the government has laws prohibiting the use of children in some illicit activities, it does not provide higher penalties for using, procuring, or offering children for the production and distribution of drugs than penalties imposed for these same crimes when the victims are adults.
Children in Jamaica are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking, and use in illicit activities. (1,2) Children also engage in dangerous tasks in agriculture and street work. (3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Jamaica. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
6.2 (30,111) |
|
Working children by sector |
5 to 14 |
|
|
Agriculture |
16.5 |
|
|
Industry |
2.9 |
|
|
Services |
80.6 |
|
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
98.9 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
7.2 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
Unavailable |
Primary completion rate was unavailable from UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2021. (4)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization’s analysis of statistics from Jamaica Youth Activity Survey (SIMPOC), 2016. (3)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Farming,† activities unknown (3,5) |
|
Fishing, activities unknown (3,6,7) |
|
|
Industry |
Construction† (8) |
|
Services |
Garbage scavenging and collecting scrap metal (6,9) |
|
Working in gardens, shops, and markets (5,10) |
|
|
Domestic work (5,10-13) |
|
|
Street work, including peddling goods and services, begging,† and vending (5,6,13-15) |
|
|
Wholesale and retail (3) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1,5,8,13,14,16) |
|
Forced labor in domestic work (1,5,14,17) |
|
|
Use in illicit activities, including executing financial scams and serving as drug and gun couriers (1,6,8-10,13,14,16,18-20) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Jamaica is a destination and source country for commercial sexual exploitation of children, particularly in or near the tourist attractions of Negril, Montego Bay, and certain urban areas of Kingston. (5) Jamaican children are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor to countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. (17) Sources indicate that children, sometimes at the behest of parents or criminal leaders referred to as “dons,” are forced into commercial sexual exploitation. (6) Young girls, immigrant children, LGBTQI+ youth, children from poor families, and children from rural areas are particularly vulnerable to human trafficking and child sexual exploitation. (1,14)
Children also continue to be recruited by criminal organizations to engage in illicit activities, such as gang violence, drug and gun smuggling, and financial fraud, including lottery scamming. (1,6,14,16,20) Some child domestic workers are subjected to domestic servitude, and some children are subjected to forced begging. Many children are reported missing in Jamaica, some of whom may be subjected to forced labor. (1,14,21)
The Statistical Institute of Jamaica and the ILO released the results of the Jamaica National Youth Activity Survey, which estimated that 37,965 children between ages 5 to 17 are engaged in child labor in Jamaica, with 48.9 percent engaged in hazardous work. Children are engaged in hazardous work primarily in the domestic work sector, in agriculture and fishing, in the wholesale and retail sectors, and in construction. (22) Children in rural areas are more likely to work than their urban counterparts; they are also more likely to work more hours and to engage in hazardous work. (3,22)
Although education in Jamaica is free, compulsory, and universal through secondary school, the cost for transportation, food, books, and uniforms creates barriers to education for some children. (6,23,24) School violence is common and, as a result, may prevent access to education. (5)
Jamaica has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Jamaica’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the prohibition of using children for the production and distribution of drugs.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
15 |
Article 34(1) of the Child Care and Protection Act (25) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 34(3) of the Child Care and Protection Act (25) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
Articles 34(3)(b) and 41 of the Child Care and Protection Act of 2004; Section 55 of the Factories Act: Docks (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations; Section 49(2) of the Factories Act: Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction Regulations; Section 18 of the Mining Act (25-28) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Section 4 of the Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act (29) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Section 10 of the Child Care and Protection Act; Section 4 of the Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act (25,29) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Section 4 of the Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act; Sections 20 and 40 of the Sexual Offences Act; Sections 3–5 of the Child Pornography (Prevention) Act (29-31) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Section 4 of the Criminal Justice (Suppression of Criminal Organizations) Act (32) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
18 |
Section 18(2) of the Defence Act (33) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
N/A* |
||
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
No |
||
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
16 |
Section 28 of the Child Care and Protection Act (25) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Section 13(k) of the Jamaican Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (34) |
* No conscription (29)
Jamaican laws do not specifically include higher penalties for perpetrators who use, procure, or offer a child for the production and distribution of drugs. (25,35) The minimum age for work is also lower than the compulsory education age, which may encourage children to leave school before the completion of schooling. In addition, Jamaican law does not criminally prohibit military recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups.
The Occupational Safety and Health Bill was expected to be passed by parliament during the reporting year, but it still has not been passed. Regulations associated with the bill, if passed, specify light work activities are permitted for children ages 13 and 14. (6,14,36)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the authority of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MLSS) |
Enforces and administers child labor laws through the labor inspectorate, in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. The Child Labor Unit within MLSS coordinates and shares information with other agencies to address child labor issues. (8) |
|
Child Protection and Family Services Agency (CPFSA) |
Monitors and investigates suspected child labor violations and oversees efforts to address child labor. Housed within the Ministry of Education, Youth and Information. (6,36) Receives complaints of child abuse, child labor, child trafficking, and commercial sexual exploitation of children through a hotline. Refers suspected cases of child abuse to law enforcement. (6,8) Approximately 2,000 calls were received through the hotline, of which 314 were child labor matters that were referred from the National Children's Registry to the Investigation Services Unit. (38) |
|
Office of the Children’s Advocate |
Independently investigates reports of child abuse; partners with other agencies, including CPFSA and the police, to promote protection of children and address child labor. (8) |
|
Jamaica Constabulary Force |
Enforces criminal laws, including those related to the worst forms of child labor. Investigates, through the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Unit, cases of child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. (8) Through the Center for the Investigation of Sexual Offenses and Child Abuse, investigates cases of child and sexual offenses, and educates the public about sexual offenses against children. (6) |
|
Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions |
Prosecutes cases involving the worst forms of child labor. Protects and promotes human rights for all citizens. (39) |
|
Office of the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons |
Monitors government efforts to protect human trafficking victims, prosecute cases, and implement preventative measures. (14) |
|
Ministry of Justice Victim Services Division |
Provides emotional support, crisis management, and special intervention projects for children and adults. (14)Assists child crime victims through the Children in Court Program, which offers victims access to social workers and counselors. (40) |
|
Counter Terrorism & Organized Crime Investigation Branch, Anti-Trafficking in Persons Unit |
Responsible for special investigations of human trafficking, including child trafficking and crimes such as forced child labor, commercial sexual exploitation, and the use of children in illicit activities in which trafficking is involved. (8) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2020, labor law enforcement agencies in Jamaica took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the authority of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MLSS) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including penalty assessment authorization.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
$3,000,000 (41) |
$3,144,000 (5) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
183 (41) |
181(5) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
No (8) |
No (5) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (41) |
Yes (5) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
Yes (41) |
Yes (5) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (41) |
Yes (5) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
Unknown (8) |
2,669 (5) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
Unknown (8) |
1,821(5) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
0 (41) |
6 (38) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
Unknown (8) |
Unknown (5) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
Unknown (8) |
Unknown (5) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Unknown (8) |
Yes (5) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Unknown (8) |
Yes (5) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (8) |
Yes (42) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Unknown (8) |
Yes (5) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (8) |
Yes (5) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (8) |
Yes (5) |
In 2020, 168 labor inspectors received refresher training on how to identify child labor. (38) There were six cases of child labor violations found as a result of labor inspections. Two involved two 17-year-olds who were not aware they were not allowed to work at a construction site. The child victims in the remaining four cases were provided medical and psychological care and sent to shelters or returned home to their parents. (38)
Inspectors are not allowed to enter and inspect private residences, do not have authority to assess penalties, and are not required to take refresher training unless an administrative order or policy directive is issued. (5) Social workers are allowed to enter private residences and are trained to watch for indicators of child labor. (38)
The Government of Jamaica took steps in 2020 to address the country's child labor issues. In partnership with USDOS, Jamaica developed and released a national referral mechanism for child trafficking victims as an objective under the Child Protection Compact. (2) Furthermore, research shows that the MLSS significantly increased the budget for its Program for Advancement through Health and Education from $70.7 million in 2019 to $100 million, an expansion that was supplemented with another $6.7 million after the advent of the pandemic. (5,8,23) However, the budget for anti-trafficking programming, which includes child labor programs in many respects, was reduced during the reporting period. All ministries saw budget cuts, with the anti-trafficking budget reduced by $26,000 during the second quarter. (38)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2020, criminal law enforcement agencies in Jamaica took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including lack of regular training for prosecutors and officials.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (41) |
Yes (5) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A (8) |
N/A (5) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (41) |
Yes (5) |
|
Number of Investigations |
18 (41) |
28 (5) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
4 (41) |
8 (5) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
4 (41) |
2 (5) |
|
Number of Convictions |
5 (41) |
1 (5) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Yes (41) |
Yes (5) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (8) |
Yes (5) |
During the reporting period, line prosecutors and judiciary received training sessions pursuant to the U.S.-Jamaica Child Protection Compact. While the amount of training provided continues to increase year after year, the training program remains ad hoc. (2)
In 2020, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Unit and Center for Investigation of Sexual Offenses and Child Abuse found eight violations of laws related to the worst forms of child labor. All of the victims had been subjected to commercial sexual exploitation. Fifteen cases are still under investigation. (38)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including clarity of institutional mandates.
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
MLSS Program for the Elimination of Child Labor |
Coordinates the government’s child labor policies and programs and identifies gaps in legislation across ministries. Collaborates with other ministries and agencies, such as the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Information, CPFSA, the Ministry of Justice's National Task Force Against Trafficking in Persons (NATFATIP), and the Ministry of National Security, to address gaps in legislation. (2) During the reporting period, MLSS partnered with NATFATIP to host various online public awareness campaigns on child labor and human trafficking. (2) |
|
NATFATIP |
Facilitates information exchanges between government agencies and external stakeholders and creates momentum for counter-trafficking efforts. Led by the Ministry of National Security, includes ministries and agencies across the government. (8,41) Oversees implementation of the country’s National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking. (9) Meets regularly with the Jamaica Constabulary Force, the Director of Public Prosecutions, and relevant ministries. (8,9) In 2020, appointed a new permanent secretary and formed a new library collection of books on trafficking in persons. (5,43) With the support of the U.S.-Jamaica Child Protection Compact, also developed a child trafficking screening toolkit, a set of screening tools to outline behavioral, situational, and health factors that indicate a child is being exploited. (2) Throughout 2020, sponsored and hosted various public awareness campaigns, including virtual public discussions on the worst forms of child labor with the Jamaica Constabulary Force and MLSS; radio discussion on child protection during the pandemic; social media discussion on how to safeguard children against human trafficking with CPFSA; annual essay competition for World Day Against Child Labor; and a video competition, focused on human trafficking for Children's Month. (2) |
|
National Steering Committee on Child Labor |
Provides leadership, shares information, and guides the development of policies and programs geared towards eliminating the worst forms of child labor. (38) Coordinates the government’s design and implementation of activities and regulations to reduce child labor under the National Action Plan (NAP) to Eliminate Child Labor. In January 2020, reviewed and revised the NAP to Eliminate Child Labor in Jamaica (2019–2024). (44,45) |
Although the Child Protection and Family Services Agency has assumed a coordinating function between various agencies charged with protecting children, the organization is not mandated or resourced to play this role. Accordingly, Jamaica lacks an effective agency to coordinate efforts to address the challenges posed by child labor, human trafficking, and other child-related issues. (14)
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including the fact that child labor prevention and elimination strategies are still not integrated into the Compulsory Education Policy.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking (2018–2021) |
Identifies objectives, actions, and responsible agencies to combat trafficking in persons, including commercial sexual exploitation of children and forced child labor, through prevention, protection, and prosecution. (20) Approved an updated National Plan of Action to Combat Human Trafficking (2018–2021) in cabinet on March 28, 2019, which is intended to address all forms of trafficking in persons and all potential victims, including victims of sex trafficking and forced labor, foreign-born and domestic victims, and children and adults. (8) In 2020, to raise public awareness, hosted 3 webinars on human trafficking and child labor, with over 40 persons attending each; made public service announcements on Radio Jamaica and other stations; and hosted a social media video competition for children under age 13. Collaborated with VP Records to raise awareness on human trafficking by launching the “No Shadows After Dark” song and campaign. (38) Further hosted 3 webinars on modern slavery and child trafficking for over 50 immigration officers, and partnered with the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies (SALISES) to host 4 child trafficking prevention workshops for over 90 Deans of Discipline and 30 Education Officers with schools. In addition, engaged with SALISES to facilitate 7 virtual child trafficking prevention workshops to over 230 Health and Family Life Education Officers and teachers who were tasked with delivering the content of the Ministry’s Child Trafficking Prevention curriculum in schools. (38) |
In 2020, Jamaica became the first country in the Caribbean to implement the Child Labor Risk Identification (CLRISK) Model, a preventative tool developed by the ILO and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. The CLRISK Model will enable Jamaica to identify geographical areas and sectors with the highest probability of child labor and to implement measures to address child labor. (2,46)
In November 2019, the government established a National Plan of Action for an Integrated Response to Children and Violence (NPACV), which outlines a range of strategies and programs that will be implemented over 5 years across multiple stages in a child's life. The NPACV is implemented, monitored, and evaluated by an Inter-Sectoral Committee on Children and Violence. (5) However, child labor prevention and elimination strategies are still not integrated into the Compulsory Education Policy. (9,47)
In 2020, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including adequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Program for Advancement through Health and Education (PATH)† |
Government of Jamaica- and World Bank-funded conditional cash transfer program that helps reduce child labor by requiring participants to attend school at least 85 percent of the academic days in a month. (8,47,48) Approximately 65 percent of PATH participants are within the lowest socioeconomic quintile. (38) 214,999 children participated in PATH during the reporting period. (38) |
|
Citizen Security and Justice Program† |
Cooperative crime and violence prevention initiative undertaken by the Government of Jamaica, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development of Canada, and the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Aimed to prevent gangs, criminals, and other actors from recruiting children. Provided services to 50 vulnerable communities in 8 different parishes. (14) Ended in March 2020. (5) |
|
Trafficking in Persons Club in School Program† |
Launched by NATFATIP in October 2019 and implemented by the Ministry of National Security, the program is designed to provide information, exposure, and knowledge to students and teachers regarding child trafficking to help protect them from becoming victims. (8) In 2020, hosted 3 virtual events on human trafficking and child labor, with over 40 members of the public attending each event. (38) |
|
Regional Initiative Latin America and the Caribbean Free of Child Labor (2022-2025) |
Developed as an inter-governmental cooperation platform made up of 30 countries, with active participation of employers' and workers' organizations. Seeks to declare Latin America and the Caribbean as the first developing region free of child labor by 2025. Drawing on the knowledge, experience, and accumulated capacity of key public and private actors, aims to address the persistence of child work. In October 2020, organized a virtual conference to discuss plans for 2022–2025, update its governance mechanisms, and work to improve participant ownership and social dialogue. (49) |
|
U.S.-Jamaica Child Protection Compact Partnership (2018–2022) |
Jointly developed 4-year plan partially funded by the U.S. Government to enhance the efforts of the Government of Jamaica to combat child trafficking. Finalized in 2018. Commits Jamaica to providing staff and resources to fulfill the project's objectives. (1) Formally launched in 2019 with implementing partners Warnath, Winrock, IOM, and Encompass, and began activities and training across the island. (8) In 2020, as part of this plan, launched a Trafficking in Persons Resource Library. (50) Moreover, U.S. and Jamaica representatives met to define next steps to strengthen capacity to identify more child trafficking victims and to better coordinate comprehensive protective services. (51) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Jamaica.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (52-55)
Although Jamaica funds education-related social programs, current resources are insufficient, and social programs do not fully address the scope and magnitude of the problem, including the worst forms of child labor. (14) Research found no evidence of programs targeting children working in agriculture, street work, commercial sexual exploitation, and other worst forms of child labor.
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Jamaica (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that legislation includes higher penalties for the use of children for the production and distribution of drugs. |
2009 – 2020 |
|
Raise the minimum age for work to align with the compulsory education age of 16. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
|
Pass legislation that will determine the specific light work activities and hours permissible for children ages 13 and 14 to facilitate enforcement. |
2014 – 2020 |
|
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Authorize the labor inspectorate to assess penalties. |
2014 – 2020 |
|
Ensure that yearly refresher training is mandatory for all labor inspectors. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
|
Publish information on the number of child labor violations for which penalties were imposed and collected. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
|
Provide training for prosecutors on a yearly or regular basis, as training is currently provided on an ad hoc basis. |
2020 |
|
|
Coordination |
Ensure that the Child Protection and Family Services Agency and any other relevant agency or coordinating body has the authority and resources necessary to effectively coordinate between child labor, human trafficking, and other child-related issues. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
Government Policies |
Integrate child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the Compulsory Education Policy. |
2014 – 2020 |
|
Social Programs |
Ensure that school costs, such as uniforms, books, food, and transportation, do not diminish access to free public education. |
2017 – 2020 |
|
Ensure that social programs adequately address child labor, including the worst forms of child labor, and expand programs designed to assist child laborers involved in street work, commercial sexual exploitation, agricultural work, and other worst forms of child labor. |
2013 – 2020 |
|
|
Implement a program to report, identify, and find missing children who may have been forced into child labor. |
2020 |
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. March 5, 2019.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. March 1, 2021.
- ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Jamaica Youth Activity Survey (SIMPOC), 2016. Analysis received March 2021. For more information, please see “Children’s Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 3, 2021. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/ - U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 17, 2021.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. January 29, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. January 29, 2016.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 28, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. January 26, 2017.
- Government of Jamaica, Office of the Children's Registry. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 12, 2017.
- Brown, Calvin G. Child Labor Unit Calls for More Vigilance in Dealing with Child Labour in Jamaica. WiredJa Online News, August 17, 2016. Source on file.
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security official. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 11, 2017.
- Government of Jamaica, Office of the Children's Advocate and TIP Rapporteur. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 12, 2017.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 15, 2019.
- Government of Jamaica, Permanent Secretaries of Labor and Social Security, Justice, Foreign Affairs and Education. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 13, 2017.
- UNICEF Country Representative. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 11, 2017.
- U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2019: Jamaica. Washington, DC, June 20, 2019.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/jamaica/ - USAID. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 11, 2017.
- Government of Jamaica, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions official. Interview with USDOL consultant. December 13, 2017.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. February 8, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Kingston. Reporting. April 30, 2018.
- International Labor Organization and the Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Report: Jamaica Youth Activity Survey, 2016. 2018.
https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_30058/lang--en/index.htm - Jamaica Gleaner. Billions for PATH but poor want more. March 23, 2020.
https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20200323/billions-path-poor-want-more - Jamaica Observer. Holness says no child should be denied education due to fees. August 15, 2019.
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/holness_says_no_child_should_be_denied_education_due_to_fees - Government of Jamaica. Child Care and Protection Act. Enacted: March 26, 2004.
http://www.moj.gov.jm/laws/statutes/The Child Care and Protection Act.pdf - Government of Jamaica. The Factories Act: The Docks (Safety, Health, and Welfare) Regulations, 1968, 315/69. Enacted: May 27, 1968.
https://moj.gov.jm/laws/factories-act - Government of Jamaica. The Factories Act: The Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction (Safety, Health, and Welfare) Regulations, 1968. Enacted: May 27, 1968.
https://moj.gov.jm/laws/factories-act - Government of Jamaica. Mining Act. Enacted: October 13, 1947.
http://moj.gov.jm/sites/default/files/laws/Mining Act.pdf - Government of Jamaica. Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act. Enacted: March 1, 2007.
http://www.cda.gov.jm/sites/default/files/content/Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppresion and Punishment)-1.pdf - Government of Jamaica. Sexual Offences Act, Act 12. Enacted: 2009. Source on file.
- Government of Jamaica. The Child Pornography (Prevention) Act, Act 13. Enacted: October 21, 2009.
http://www.japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/341_The Child Pornography Act.pdf - Government of Jamaica. Criminal Justice (Suppression of Criminal Organizations) Act. Enacted: 2014. Source on file.
- Government of Jamaica. The Defence Act. Enacted: July 31, 1962.
http://moj.gov.jm/laws/defence-act - Government of Jamaica. Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Constitutional Amendment) Act, 2011. Enacted: April 8, 2011.
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared Documents/JAM/INT_CCPR_NGO_JAM_103_9245_E.pdf - Government of Jamaica. The Dangerous Drugs Act. Enacted: April 15, 1948.
- Government of Jamaica. Federal Register Notice Response to the Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Report. January 31, 2018. Source on file.
- Government of Jamaica. Data Protection Act. Enacted: 2020. Source on File.
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http://www.mlss.gov.jm/pub/index.php?artid=55 - ILO. Regional Initiative Latin America and the Caribbean free of child labor. Accessed March 2021.
https://www.ilo.org/americas/programas-y-proyectos/WCMS_715918/lang--es/index.htm - Jamaica Observer. Jamaica, US reiterate commitment to fighting child trafficking. June 23, 2020.
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http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3254812:YES - UN Human Rights Committee. List of issues in relation to the fourth periodic report of Jamaica, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. CCPR/C/JAM/Q/4/Add.1. May 9, 2016. Source on file.
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https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:4000687
