In 2020, Indonesia made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. During the reporting period, the government removed 9,000 children from child labor through the Family Hope Program and subsequently enrolled them in school. The government also increased its allocation to street and abandoned children from $357,142 (IDR 5 billion) in 2019 to $2.7 million (IDR 38.1 billion), helping approximately 68,438 children. In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the government directed financial resources to families in extreme hardship by providing 96.8 million Indonesians who struggle to meet basic needs with the Indonesia Health Card. However, children in Indonesia are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also engage in dangerous tasks in plantation agriculture, including in palm oil and tobacco production. The Ministry of Manpower continued to lack the financial resources and personnel necessary to fully enforce child labor laws throughout the country. In addition, the government did not publish criminal enforcement information on the number of investigations conducted, violations found, prosecutions initiated, convictions, and imposed penalties for crimes relating to the worst forms of child labor.
Children in Indonesia are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also engage in dangerous tasks in plantation agriculture, including in palm oil and tobacco production. (1-12) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Indonesia.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
10 to 14 |
3.7 (816,363) |
|
Working children by sector |
10 to 14 |
|
|
Agriculture |
61.6 |
|
|
Industry |
12.0 |
|
|
Services |
26.5 |
|
|
Attending School (%) |
10 to 14 |
92.4 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
10 to 14 |
2.1 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
102.3 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2021. (13)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), 2010. (14)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Production and harvesting of palm oil, including growing, fertilizing, cutting, spraying, collecting, and loading palm oil fruits (2,15-22) |
|
Planting, watering, harvesting, and applying fertilizer† to tobacco (1,15,19) |
|
|
Production of rubber,† (15) |
|
|
Fishing, including on fishing vessels, in processing facilities, and on offshore platforms† (10,15,23-25) |
|
|
Industry |
Mining,† including gold, tin, and sand (15,19,24) |
|
Construction,† activities unknown (10,19,24,25) |
|
|
Production of footwear, including sandals (19,20) |
|
|
Production of bricks, tile, furniture, and textiles (26) |
|
|
Manufacturing pyrotechnics† (19,27,28) |
|
|
Services |
Street work, activities unknown (15,29) |
|
Garbage scavenging† (3) |
|
|
|
Horse jockeying (10,30-32) |
|
Domestic work (10,15,19) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Use in illicit activities, including forced begging and the sale, production, and trafficking of drugs, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking (9,12,19,33,34) |
|
Forced domestic work and fishing, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (9,10,12,15,19,23) |
|
|
Commercial sexual exploitation, including use in the production of pornography, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (9-12,15,19) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
The COVID-19 pandemic has delayed government reporting on key child labor statistics during the reporting period. (10) The Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection's 2019 Indonesian Children Profile report, with data on child laborers between ages 10 and 17, is the most recent source of government child labor data. However, data are still missing for child laborers ages 5 through 10. (35)
Children are subjected to forced domestic work and commercial sexual exploitation, particularly in Batam and Jakarta, as well as Bali, Bandung, Bogor, Surabaya, and Medan. Abroad, children, mostly girls, are also subjected to forced domestic work and commercial sexual exploitation, primarily in Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Middle East. (4,10,12,15,25) During the reporting period, Indonesia closed its borders to foreign tourists and limited domestic tourism due to the pandemic. Many destinations reliant on tourism have faced economic hardship, raising the risk of the worst forms of child labor for those without an economic safety net. (15,25)
The National Commission of Indonesian Child Protection (KPAI), IOM, JARAK—a network of NGOs focused on child labor issues, and other child protection NGOs conducted a survey between September and October 2020 to determine the impact of the pandemic on child workers. The survey consisted of 160 children working in 9 provinces and 20 cities, and found that 15.8 percent of children were engaged in street work; 31.6 percent were subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including commercial sexual exploitation; and 15.8 percent were engaged in domestic work. (15,36)
Children working in tobacco farming—especially in the provinces of East Java, Central Java, and West Nusa Tenggara—are exposed to pesticides, work long hours, and work in extreme heat. (1,5,15,37,38) Children working on agricultural plantations, including palm oil, coffee, and rubber plantations, collect fallen palm fruitlets and plants, and spray toxic herbicides. (2,6,17,39,40) Children are often recruited by family members to help adult palm oil laborers meet harvest quotas, which sometimes results in children working long hours into the night or dropping out of school. (15,16,18,21,22) Children also work as horse jockeys and face a number of health and safety hazards, including risk of bone injuries and fatal falls. In addition to safety concerns, participation in horse racing may impact school attendance. (30-32)
Although the Act on National Education System mandates free education, research indicates that schools impose additional fees on students to cover school activities and educational items. (41) These added expenses may hinder students' ability to attend school. (19) Refugee children, and Indonesian children without proper birth documentation or a government-sponsored identification card, face a barrier to accessing education, as education is only accessible by citizens. (42-44) The government has an online application system as an alternative to applying at population registry offices to help Indonesian children obtain birth documentation more quickly so they can attend school. (43,45)
Indonesia has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Indonesia's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including insufficient prohibitions against child trafficking.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
15 |
Law on the Ratification of ILO C. 138; Article 69 of the Manpower Act (46,47) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 74 of the Manpower Act; Article 2 of Ministerial Decree No. 235 (47,48) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
Annex F of Ministerial Decree No. 235: Jobs that Jeopardize the Health, Safety, or Morals of Children (48) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Article 74 of the Manpower Act; Articles 1–6 and 17 of the Law on the Eradication of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Persons; Article 83 of the Law on Child Protection (47,49,50) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
No |
Articles 1–6 and 17 of the Law on the Eradication of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Persons; Article 83 of the Law on Child Protection (49,50) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Article 74 of the Manpower Act; Articles 81–82 of the Law on Child Protection; Section 3 of the Law on the Ratification of the Rights of the Child Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography; Articles 4–12 and 37 of Law on Anti-Pornography; Article 297 of the Penal Code (47,50-53) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Article 74 of the Manpower Act; Articles 67, 78, and 89 of the Law on Child Protection (47,50) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
Article 28 of Law No. 34/2004 on the Indonesian National Armed Forces (54) |
|
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
Yes |
Article 28 of Law No. 34/2004 on the Indonesian National Armed Forces (54) |
|
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
Yes |
Article 3(d) of Law No. 9/2012 on Ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (55) |
|
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
15 |
Article 48 of the Law on Child Protection; Articles 6 and 34 of the Act on the National Education System (41,50) |
|
Free Public Education |
No |
Articles 12, Section 2(b), and 34 of the Act on the National Education System (41) |
The legislature has yet to pass the Domestic Workers Protection Bill. This bill outlines the circumstances under which children ages 15 through 17 can perform non-hazardous domestic work, including requiring parental permission to execute the work contract and prohibiting work at night. (9,56,57) However, the bill has made it into the government's 2021 Priority List of National Legislation. (45)
Indonesia's prohibitions against child trafficking are inconsistent with international law because the Law on the Eradication of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Persons requires a demonstration of threats, the use of force, or coercion to be established for the crime of child trafficking. (49,50) However, judicial officials at the national and provincial level continued to assert that the law implicitly established that force, fraud, or coercion were not required to constitute child sex trafficking and that this, therefore, was not a barrier in successfully prosecuting and obtaining convictions in child sex trafficking cases. (12,58)
Although Indonesia does specify the conditions in which light work may be undertaken and limit the number of hours for light work, it does not list activities in which light work may be permitted. The types of hazardous work prohibited for children also do not cover horse jockeying, a type of work in which there is evidence that Indonesian children are exposed to physical dangers. (48) In addition, Article 12, Section 2(b) of the Act on the National Education System permits schools to charge fees. While the Act on the National Education System provides for free basic education, the Act also requires students to pay prescribed fees unless those fees are waived. (41)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Manpower, Directorate General of Labor Development and Supervision and Directorate of Norms Supervision of Women and Child Workers |
Enforces the country's labor laws through labor inspections and formulates policies, standards, norms, guidelines, and mechanisms on labor inspections. Provides information to employers on child labor laws and regulations, and works with law enforcement officials to prosecute child labor violators. (59) Refers children found during inspections to the local Women’s Empowerment and Family Planning Body or to the Integrated Service Center for Empowering Women and Children for appropriate social services. In the case of the Directorate of Norms Supervision of Women and Child Workers, receives complaints of child labor by telephone, fax, or e-mail. (43) |
|
National Police, including Women and Children’s Service Unit |
Conduct inspections and raids, and make arrests in response to crimes, including those related to the worst forms of child labor. (8) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2020, labor law enforcement agencies in Indonesia took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including an insufficient number of labor inspectors.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
$16.7 million (8) |
$13.5 million (15) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
1,574 (8) |
1,352 (15) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
No (47,60) |
No (47,60) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15,45) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
16,857† (8) |
10,007‡ (15) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
16,857† (8) |
10,007‡ (15) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
1 (8) |
0 (15) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
0 (8) |
0 (15) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
0 (8) |
0 (15) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (8) |
Yes (60) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
† Data are from January 2019 to September 2019.
‡ Data are from January 2020 to September 2020.
Between January and September 2020, MOM conducted 10,007 inspections in the formal sector, which included 580 child labor-specific inspections. The majority of these inspections occurred in manufacturing and construction. (15) ILO and MOM officials suspect that additional child labor violations occur, but the government's inability to conduct inspections in the informal sector and an insufficient number of inspectors prevent identification of all child labor violations. (15) Inspectors also lack authority to inspect private farms and homes, in which child labor often occurs. (1,15) Despite this prohibition, the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (MoWECP), which coordinates the provision of social services to children, responds to reports of child labor in the informal sector. (20)
Due to budget reprioritizations in response to the pandemic, labor inspection funds decreased from $16.7 million in 2019 to $13.5 million in 2020. (15) Officials noted that funds are insufficient to cover office infrastructure, transportation, and fuel for vehicles, which hampered labor inspectors' ability to carry out inspections. (8)
Also due to pandemic-related budget limitations, MOM employed 1,352 labor inspectors in 2020, down from 1,574 labor inspectors the previous year. Officials at MOM disclosed that there are insufficient inspectors to cover the entire country, and MOM continued to employ and rely on community-based monitors and neighborhood chiefs to report incidences of child labor. (15,43) The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Indonesia’s workforce, which includes approximately 126 million workers. According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in less developed economies, Indonesia would employ about 8,407 labor inspectors. (43)
MOM conducted virtual training for 157 new and existing labor inspectors on laws related to child labor and hazardous labor. (15) Despite institutionalized refresher training, government officials noted that the amount of refresher training was insufficient, given the total number of labor inspectors. (8,56)
As the law in Indonesia treats child labor as a criminal offense, labor inspectorates may initiate investigations for violations related to child labor, which may result in prosecutions and criminal penalties. (47,60) A trial involving a child labor violation in 2019 was still ongoing as of early 2020, and penalties have not been assessed. (15)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2020, criminal law enforcement agencies in Indonesia took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient training for criminal investigators.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (8) |
No (15,45) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (58) |
No (15,45) |
|
Number of Investigations |
Unknown (8) |
Unknown (15) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
Unknown (8) |
Unknown (15) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown (8) |
Unknown (15) |
|
Number of Convictions |
Unknown (8) |
Unknown (15) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown (8) |
Unknown (15) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (8) |
Yes (15) |
Government data on criminal law enforcement efforts specific to child labor, including the number of investigations, violations found, prosecutions initiated, convictions, and imposed penalties are not available, as the government does not have a system to aggregate this information. Child labor cases are investigated by MOM civilian investigators who collect evidence and prepare information that is passed to the Attorney General's Office for subsequent prosecution. (15) In addition, the Indonesian National Police handle investigations regarding child trafficking. (15)
During the reporting period, no child labor training was held for law enforcement due to pandemic-related restrictions and reprioritization of funds. However, the MoWECP and IOM organized four in-person technical guidance sessions on TIP witness and victim handling for members of the Anti-Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Task Force at the national and local levels. (15) Research found training on current child labor-specific regulations to be inadequate. (8)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including efficacy in accomplishing mandates.
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
Provincial-Level and District-Level Regional Action Committees |
Coordinate and monitor policy and program efforts and develop action plans to eliminate the worst forms of child labor at the local level. (61) Indonesia has provincial-level task forces in 32 provinces and 194 district-level committees. During the reporting period, provincial-level and district-level regional action committees were active and continued to coordinate and monitor policy and program efforts to develop action plans to eliminate the worst forms of child labor at the local level. (15) |
|
Anti-Trafficking in Persons Task Force (ATTF) |
Formerly the National Task Force to Combat Trafficking in Persons, coordinates anti-trafficking efforts across 21 ministries and government agencies, including efforts to combat child trafficking. Chaired by the Coordinating Ministry of Human Development and Culture, with task force meetings organized by the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection. (8,62) Organizes regular coordination meetings, provides technical trainings on human trafficking for government officials, and produces publications on the prevention of human trafficking. (15) Provides vocational training and scholarships to school-age children to reduce susceptibility to human trafficking. (63) During the reporting period, ATTF continued to work on the 2020–2024 National Action Plan on Preventing Trafficking in Persons. (45) |
|
Provincial and District Task Forces for the Prevention and Handling of Human Trafficking |
Coordinate prevention and anti-trafficking efforts at the local level. (63) Commonly chaired by the local Integrated Service Center for Women and Children or the local Office of Social Affairs. Operate in 32 provinces and 191 out of 438 districts. (64,65) During the reporting period, the government significantly increased the number of municipal and district-level task forces from 194 in 2019 to 242 in 2020. (12) |
|
Sub-Task Force on the Prevention of Child Participation in Trafficking in Persons |
Organizes regular coordination meetings, provides technical trainings on human trafficking for government officials, and produces publications on the prevention of trafficking in persons. (43) Chaired by the Ministry of Education and Culture. (8) Research was unable to determine whether the Sub-Task Force on the Prevention of Child Participation in Trafficking in Persons was active during the reporting period. |
|
Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) |
Monitors the implementation of the Child Protection Law and child protection policies, and provides recommendations on the child protection framework to the President of Indonesia. (50) During the reporting period, KPAI collaborated with IOM, JARAK, and other child protection NGOs to conduct a survey to determine the impact of the pandemic on child workers. (15) |
Research has indicated that some Provincial and District Task Forces lack sufficient funding and fail to incorporate the ATTF's recommendations into their plans of action to adequately guide efforts to eliminate the trafficking of women and children. (12,26,58)
The government has established policies that are consistent with relevant international standards on child labor (Table 9).
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Plan of Action (NPA) for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2002–2022) |
Provides a policy framework for the elimination of child labor. Specific activities include improving data collection on the worst forms of child labor, increasing awareness raising and advocacy efforts, and formulating regulations and policies to prohibit the worst forms of child labor. (66) Established a program to create a series of industrial zones free of child labor and the National Movement for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor. During the reporting period, activities for implementing the NAP were halted to focus on assistance to individuals affected by the pandemic. (15) |
|
Roadmap Toward a Child Labor-Free Indonesia in 2022 (2014–2022) |
Supports implementation of the NPA for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Aims to mainstream the elimination of the worst forms of child labor into relevant national policies; strengthen coordination between stakeholders at the national, provincial, and district levels; and enhance the capacity of stakeholders to eradicate child labor. (68) |
‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (15,25)
In 2020, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including education-related fees for children in school.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Child Trafficking Services† |
Provide social rehabilitation and shelter services for child victims of trafficking. Led by Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA) and other government agencies. (56) While the child trafficking shelters were active during the reporting period, MOSA officials noted that victim identification and referral processes have slowed due to the pandemic, as shelter officials needed to limit interactions with potential victims of human trafficking. (25) |
|
Cash Transfer Programs† |
Provide conditional cash transfers to help with formal and informal education opportunities and health expenses for vulnerable groups, including street children, abandoned children and infants, children facing criminal charges, children with disabilities, the poorest families, and child laborers who dropped out of school. Includes Smart Indonesia Program (KIP), a card that provides educational grants to all school-age children whose families have a Family Welfare Card or meet eligibility criteria covering both formal and informal education; Child Social Welfare Program (Program Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak), which provides conditional cash transfers to children; and Family Welfare Card (Kartu Keluarga Sejahtera), which provides a bank account and consolidates all financial assistance programs, including children's education and health funds, for low-income families. (8,43) In 2020, the government provided KIP cards to 18.1 million students from poor families, and allocated $2.7 million (IDR 38.1 billion) to 68,438 street and abandoned children—a significant increase from $357,142 (IDR 5 billion) for 5,000 street and abandoned children in 2019. (15) |
|
Education Programs† |
Block Grants for Schools (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah) grant program compensates schools for the loss of income from waiving school fees for poor and vulnerable children in primary, junior secondary, and senior high schools. (43) Minimum Service Standards of Basic Education Program improves access to quality public education by limiting the distance of primary and junior secondary schools from children’s households, specifying minimum teacher-student ratios, and identifying minimum teacher education qualifications. (69) Community Learning Centers provide education for children of palm oil workers. (56,65,70) Reducing Child Labor to Support the Family Hope Program provides special education services to prepare children who dropped out of school to work so they can return to school, and aims to reduce child labor among targeted households. (8,43) In 2020, the government allocated $3.87 billion (IDR 54.2 trillion) to the Block Grants for Schools fund. The government also removed 9,000 from child labor and subsequently enrolled them in school through the Family Hope Program, meeting the goal set by the Minister of Labor. (15,71,72) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Indonesia.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (15,19,73)
Due to the pandemic, the government directed financial resources for social assistance to families in extreme hardship. In 2020, 96.8 million Indonesians received the Indonesia Health Card for those who live below the food poverty line and struggle to meet basic needs. (15)
In June 2020, the ILO, in collaboration with the Ministry of National Development Planning, MOM, and JARAK, organized a webinar on the "Challenges and Strategies to Collectively and Sustainably Combat Child Labor." The webinar was attended by 400 participants across Indonesia, who received updates on the pandemic and its impact on child labor in Indonesia. (15)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Indonesia (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that threats, the use of force, or coercion does not need to be established for the crime of child trafficking. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
|
Ensure that the hazardous occupations and activities prohibited for children are comprehensive and include sectors in which child labor is known to occur, including jockeying in horse racing, in which there is evidence that children are exposed to physical dangers. |
2019 – 2020 |
|
|
Ensure that the law's light work provisions specify the activities the activities in which light work may be permitted. |
2020 |
|
|
Establish by law free basic public education by removing provisions that permit schools to charge fees. |
2020 |
|
Enforcement |
Ensure that labor inspectors have authority to inspect the informal sector, including private farms and homes, for child labor violations. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
Ensure that labor inspectorate funding is sufficient to cover infrastructure, transportation, and fuel requirements to enable labor inspectors to carry out inspections. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
|
Significantly increase the number of labor inspectors to meet the ILO's technical advice to provide adequate coverage of the workforce. |
2010 – 2020 |
|
|
Ensure that all labor law and criminal law enforcement personnel receive adequate training on child labor regulations, including refresher trainings for labor inspectors. |
2017 – 2020 |
|
|
Publish criminal law enforcement information, including the number of investigations conducted, violations found, prosecutions initiated, convictions, and imposed penalties for crimes relating to child labor, including its worst forms. |
2009 – 2020 |
|
|
Coordination |
Ensure that all coordinating bodies are able to carry out their intended mandates. |
2020 |
|
|
Sufficiently fund Provincial and District Task Forces and require them to incorporate the recommendations of the National Task Force to Combat Trafficking in Persons into their plans of action on the elimination of trafficking of women and children. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
Social Programs |
Collect and publish data on child laborers ages 5 through 10. |
2019 – 2020 |
|
Conduct research to determine the types of activities carried out by children, including in construction and street work sectors, to inform social policies and programs. |
2014 – 2020 |
|
|
Enhance efforts to eliminate barriers to education, including removing school-related fees and ensuring that all children are able to obtain a government-issued student identification number so they can attend school. |
2016 – 2020 |
- Human Rights Watch. "The Harvest is in My Blood": Hazardous Child Labor in Tobacco Farming in Indonesia. May 24, 2016.
https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/05/24/harvest-my-blood/hazardous-child-labor-tobacco-farming-indonesia - Amnesty International. The Great Palm Oil Scandal. Labour Abuses Behind Big Brand Names. 2016.
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA2152432016ENGLISH.PDF - Winn, Patrick. The world is ignoring one of cheap oil’s biggest victims. Public Radio International, December 12, 2016. https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-12-12/world-ignoring-one-cheap-oil-s-biggest-victims
- ECPAT Indonesia. Offenders on the Move: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. June 2016.
https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Offenders-on-the-move-Global-Study-on-the-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-in-Travel-and-Tourism.pdf - Lamb, Kate. 'I've been sick in the chest': Tobacco fields take toll on Indonesian children. The Guardian. June 26, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/26/tobacco-indonesia-child-labour-harvest
- UNICEF. Palm Oil and Children in Indonesia: Exploring the Sector's Impact on Children's Rights. 2016.
https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/sites/unicef.org.indonesia/files/2019-09/palm-oil-and-children-in-indonesia.pdf - Teo, Angie, and Kanupriya Kapoor. Indonesia launches fresh crackdown on child exploitation. Reuters, April 7, 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-crime-children/indonesia-launches-fresh-crackdown-on-child-exploitation-idUSKCN0X40LH
- U.S. Embassy- Jakarta. Reporting. January 28, 2020.
- ILO CEACR. Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 1999 (No. 182) Indonesia (ratification: 2000). 2019. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Jakarta. Reporting. March 25, 2020.
- The Jakarta Post. Interpol, FBI to help investigate pedophile group. March 16, 2017.
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/03/16/interpol-fbi-to-help-investigate-pedophile-group.html - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2020: Indonesia. Washington, DC, June 16, 2020.
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