Children in Cameroon are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in cocoa production. (1-3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Cameroon. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2019, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2021. (4)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5 (MICS 5), 2014. (5)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Cameroon is a source, transit, and destination country for child trafficking from neighboring countries in Central and West Africa. (3,15,19) Due to increased awareness among parents of the risks associated with entrusting children to intermediaries who often promise to take children to urban centers to pursue education or an improved living arrangement, some perpetrators of human trafficking have resorted to kidnapping children. (3,9,15) An ongoing crisis in the Anglophone regions has contributed to a dramatic increase in underage prostitution, especially in areas with significant numbers of IDPs. (8)

The crisis in the Anglophone Northwest and Southwest Regions that began in 2016 as mass protests by lawyers and teachers has since evolved into an armed separatist conflict with more than 3,000 persons killed, more than 44,000 refugees, and more than 500,000 IDPs. Armed separatist groups have called for and violently enforced boycotts of schools in the Northwest and Southwest Regions leading to long-term disruptions of education for children. (6,9,20,21) Separatists frequently attacked and kidnapped students and teachers who attended classes, often releasing them only after collecting ransoms or incorporating them into their ranks to fight against government forces. On October 24, 2020, alleged separatists killed at least seven children attending classes at Mother Francisca International Bilingual Academy in Kumba, Southwest Region. (9,22) UNICEF stated in a September report that only 1,600 out of a total of 6,400 public schools were functional in the Anglophone regions. On October 8, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that only 19 percent of the 70,000 elementary school students in the Northwest Region, and 27 percent of 151,000 students in the Southwest Region were attending school due to fears of separatist reprisals. (9,23) Children in refugee or IDP camps are particularly vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor, including commercial sexual exploitation, and may have a more difficult time accessing education due to a lack of school infrastructure, including potable water and sanitation facilities, teachers, and resources to pay for school-related expenses. (10,24)

In the Far North Region, terrorist activity by Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa have also disrupted children’s schooling. The disruption of children's access to education places children at high risk of becoming victims of exploitation and child labor. (9,25,26) In 2020, in the Far North Region, Boko Haram, which our report identifies as a non-state armed group, recruited and used 71 children in their operations including at least 2 children as suicide bombers. Of these 71 children, 49 were abducted. (9,17) Boko Haram also continues to forcibly recruit Cameroonian children as porters, cooks, and scouts. Boko Haram also used girls as forced suicide bombers and sex slaves and boys as child soldiers. (8,9,17) Some community neighborhood watch groups, known as Vigilance Committees, may have also coerced and recruited children as young as age 12 to serve as scouts against Boko Haram, although there is no evidence that suggests government sponsorship of such activities. (8,9)

The government requires children to have identification documents, including birth certificates, to fully access education. The Ministry of Basic Education identified 1,785,668 of the 4,942,000 primary students registered for the 2020–2021 academic year as not having birth certificates. (9) While there are no reports suggesting the authorities prevented access to education for children, those without birth certificates often found it difficult to register for end‐of‐course examinations to enter secondary school, which sometimes led students to drop out of school and, therefore, put them at a greater risk for being subjected to child labor. (9)

Cameroon has ratified most key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

In January 2020, the Government of Cameroon ratified the UN Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography that Cameroon signed in October 2001. (9)

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Cameroon’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the prohibition of using children in illicit activities and the establishment of a compulsory education age that is consistent with the minimum age for work.

* No conscription (37)
‡ Age calculated based on available information (38)

Children in Cameroon are only required to attend 6 years of primary school, which typically concludes at age 12; this standard makes most children ages 13 through 14 vulnerable to child labor as they are not required to attend school but are not legally permitted to work. In addition, there is no free basic education for children in Cameroon as established by law, increasing the risk of children’s involvement in child labor. (32,33) Human trafficking provisions do not meet international standards, as they require threats, the use of force, or coercion to be established for the crime of child trafficking, and individuals ages 16 to 18 are not considered children. (29,30) In addition, the types of hazardous work prohibited for children under age 18 are not comprehensive, as work at dangerous heights is not prohibited. (28,39)

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

Although it does not play a direct role in enforcement, Cameroon’s National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms advises government ministries on the enforcement of laws related to child labor and advocates for sanctions as appropriate. (10,44) Local representatives from the Ministry of Territorial Administration may settle child labor disputes or refer the case to the Ministry of Defense's National Gendarmerie, the General Delegate for National Security (DGSN), or the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) for further investigation and prosecution. (42) Article 109 of the Labor Code authorizes inspectors to take direct legal action before the court against people infringing on the provisions of the labor law. (8)

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2020, labor law enforcement agencies in Cameroon took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MINLSS) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including financial resource allocation.

† Data are from January 1, 2019 to October 31, 2019. (8)

The government did not provide certain information related to labor law enforcement efforts, including labor inspectorate funding and number of child labor violations found. According to the ILO’s technical advice of 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in industrializing economies, Cameroon should employ about 660 labor inspectors but currently employs only 300. (9,37,40,41,45,46) Furthermore, inspectors are tasked with conciliation duties that may detract from time devoted to their primary duties; and labor inspectors do not regularly conduct inspections in the informal sector in which the majority of child labor occur. (8,9,27,47-49) In the formal sector, inspectors in the East Region Delegate of Social Affairs found that 605 children were subjected to child labor in 29 mining sites in the region. In general, the labor inspectorate lacked resources during the reporting period, and field inspectors, in particular, lacked transportation. (8,9)

Although the government has not created a formal mechanism for filing and responding to complaints about child labor, victims and their relatives can report directly to any of the institutions, including the Ministry of Social Affairs (MINAS), MINLSS, State Defense Secretariat, or MOJ. (6,9)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2020, criminal law enforcement agencies in Cameroon took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including allocating financial resources.

The government does not publicly release information on its criminal law enforcement efforts. Criminal law enforcement agencies do not receive adequate funding or training to investigate the worst forms of child labor, and high staff turnover is a challenge. (3,6,9,10) Despite credible reports that children were involved in child labor, the government did not report that it investigated any child labor cases, and MINLSS officials stated that there were no reported cases of violations of laws related to child labor. Consequently, no new prosecutions were brought to trial during the reporting period. (9)

In a letter to the Secretary General of the Prime Minister’s Office, the Head of the National Police, stated that the police had investigated six human trafficking cases and referred the traffickers to competent courts for judicial action. (9) In another letter to the Secretary General of the Prime Minister's Office, the Secretary of State for Defense in Charge of the National Gendarmerie, stated that the Gendarmerie investigated 199 human trafficking cases and referred them to the competent courts as of the end of August. Details on the ages of the victims, however, were not provided. (9) Research did not uncover information about any individuals involved in ongoing prosecutions that began in previous reporting periods and no data were available for the reporting period on numbers of violations, prosecutions initiated, convictions, or penalties in Cameroon. (9)

MINAS, the International Criminal Police Organization, and DGSN all maintain hotlines for reporting the worst forms of child labor. Calls are routed to the National Referral System for assistance to victims. (9,12,18,24,39,50) However, the system has not been well publicized since it was established in 2013, leaving the public unaware of its existence, and some calls may go unanswered. (24,51) Research was unable to determine how many cases of child labor were identified because of complaints made to these hotlines.

During the reporting period, Cameroonian Police arrested members of a human trafficking network which bought and sold newborn babies in the capital of Yaoundé. The trafficking network operations are believed to expand beyond Cameroon and include Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Chad. (52) Because of these instances of human trafficking, border police continued efforts to ensure that children do not cross borders without being accompanied by a parent. Adults accompanying children must show proof of their relationship with the child by presenting the child's identification documents. (7,53) The government continues to acknowledge that a lack of awareness of child trafficking issues may prevent citizens from reporting offenses to enforcement agencies and that children may be afraid to speak against perpetrators in court. (3) While there have been past reports that indicate the government has held children as young as age 5 in detention facilities for prolonged periods due to suspicion of being affiliated with Boko Haram, or to prevent them from being recruited into Boko Haram, there were no reports during the reporting period that the government detained or punished any children found engaged in child labor, including commercial sexual exploitation, illegal or illicit activities, or armed conflict. (9,44,54-59)

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including the lack of resources to carry out mandates.

A lack of resources and socio-political unrest in the Anglophone regions hampered government efforts to effectively coordinate to combat the worst forms of child labor. (9,16)

In June 2020, the Government of Cameroon created a new National Committee to Combat Child Labor to replace the one that existed before. The new committee was created to enhance effectiveness and efficacy in the fight against child labor. (9)

Research indicates that the National Committee to Combat Child Labor had not made significant progress because of a lack of resources. There is also evidence to suggest that each of the government agencies represented in the committee looked for its own funding and initiated its own activities without significant coordination. (9)

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including implementation.

‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (9,14)

In 2020, the government joined the Alliance 8.7 program, an inclusive global partnership committed to achieving Target 8.7 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Target 8.7 seeks, among other objectives, to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor. (9,68)

The government has not included child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2010–2020) or the Inter-Ministerial Committee's National Gender Policy Document (2011–2020). (69-71)

In 2020, the government funded and participated in programs that may contribute to preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including adequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.

† Program is funded by the Government of Cameroon.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (3,9,15)

Although the government has implemented programs to assist victims of child trafficking and children engaged in street work and domestic work, the scope of these programs is insufficient and does not fully address the extent of the problem in other sectors such as agriculture, mining, quarrying, and commercial sexual exploitation nor does it address the structural issues found within the school system. (1,6,9,74) Government-run centers can temporarily house victims, but space is limited. (24,75,76)

Some victims of child labor, as well as vulnerable children, were removed from their situation of exploitation and referred to social services. Research found NGOs removed child labor victims from their situation of exploitation and provided shelter and other temporary forms of assistance. (9) These include the Network for Human Rights Defenders in Central Africa, which provided housing and temporary assistance; Kumba‐based Survival Network provided shelter and scholarships to two victims; and Justice and Peace Commission of the Bamenda Catholic archdiocese in the Northwest Region assisted IDPs associated with the Anglophone crisis; however, these organizations did not share an exact number of participants. (9)

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Cameroon (Table 11).

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