In 2020, Algeria made moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government increased its number of labor inspectors from 645 in 2019 to 885 in 2020 and implemented a new strategy to address forced child begging by conducting periodic visits to transportation hubs and storage facilities. In an effort to address the challenge of enforcing labor laws in the informal economy, the government also led an initiative with an Algerian think tank to explore ways to reach children involved in informal work. However, children in Algeria are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation and forced begging, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in street vending. The government has not sufficiently prohibited the use of children in illicit activities or determined by national law or regulation the types of work that are hazardous for children to perform.
Children in Algeria are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation and forced begging, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in street vending. (1-3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Algeria.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
6.7 (413,729) |
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
92.3 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
7.2 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
105.1 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020. (4)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4 (MICS 4), 2012–2013. (5)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Farming, including harvesting olives (6-8) |
|
Industry |
Construction, activities unknown (1,7,9) |
|
Services |
Street work, including vending, collecting plastics, and begging (1,2,8,10,11) |
|
Domestic work (1,9) |
|
|
Working in small workshops and businesses, including mechanics’ shops (6,8,9) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1,10) |
|
Use in illicit activities, including drug trafficking (7) |
|
|
Forced begging, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (9,10) |
|
|
Forced domestic work, including drawing water from wells, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (10) |
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Evidence suggests that children, primarily unaccompanied Sub-Saharan migrants, are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced domestic work. (1,8,12,13) Evidence also suggests that children’s work is often part-time and informal in nature, with some migrant children working in small-scale family-run businesses such as restaurants or small stores. Children also work in informal street markets in street vending and begging, exposing them to dangerous and hazardous conditions. (8,9,14-17) Research could not find a current and comprehensive study on the activities and scope of the child labor situation in Algeria, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic also had an impact on the increasing number of children and migrants working in the agricultural sector and family-run stores in rural settings; however, in urban environments, the economic downturn associated with the onset of the pandemic decreased employment, including child labor. (17)
Child begging also continued during the reporting period, prompting governmental efforts to dismantle begging networks in the country. More than 6,000 children have allegedly been forced to join begging networks. (17) Evidence suggests that the majority of begging networks use migrant children from Africa. (17)
Research also found that girls were trafficked from West Africa for sexual exploitation. However, the government did not provide data that disaggregated figures pertaining to sexual abuse and those related to commercial sexual exploitation of children, which is considered one of the worst forms of child labor. (17)
According to the Directorate General for National Security (DGSN), there were 485 cases of children being used in illegal activities. (17)
The Algerian public education system is free and open to all children between the ages of 6 and 16, regardless of ethnicity and nationality. However, despite access to universal education, attendance problems persist at schools in the southern regions of Algeria, with children as young as 13 or 14 dropping out of school. (17)
Non-Algerian children must provide documentation of grade level or sit for testing to determine their level. (8,9,17,18) There are no laws or regulations that prevent access to school, although there are reports of isolated cases of migrant children without valid documentation being denied enrollment by school administrators and reported to authorities. (8,17) In addition, the language of instruction (Arabic) is not necessarily understood by migrants, whose native languages are likely to be different, making effective schooling a challenging prospect. (17) Some migrant families may also not be familiar with Algerian law granting free education to all children. (17)
Many children with disabilities do not have access to mainstream education because of social stigma, the relatively low number of teachers with specialized training, the lack of a transportation system for children with disabilities, and the limited accessibility of school buildings. Barriers to education, including those placed on migrant children and children with disabilities, result in absence from school and increased vulnerability to child labor. (8,13,15,18)
Algeria has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Algeria’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the lack of a comprehensive hazardous work list for children and prohibitions related to the use of children in illicit activities.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
16 |
Article 15 of the Labor Code; Article 7 of Executive Decree No. 96–98 on the List and Content of Special Books and Registers Mandatory for Employers (19,20) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 15 of the Labor Code; Article 7 of Executive Decree No. 96–98 on the List and Content of Special Books and Registers Mandatory for Employers (19,20) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
No |
||
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Article 303 bis 4 of the Penal Code (21) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Articles 303 bis 4 and 319 of the Penal Code (21) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Articles 319, 333 bis 1, 343, and 344 of the Penal Code (21) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
No |
Article 195 bis of the Penal Code (21) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
17 |
Article 14 of Presidential Decree No. 08-134 on the National People’s Army (22) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
Yes |
Article 3 of Law No. 14-06 on National Service (23) |
|
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
No |
||
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
16 |
Article 12 of Law No. 08-04 on National Education (24) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Article 13 of Law No. 08-04 on National Education (24) |
The Labor Code prohibits anyone under the age of 19 from working at night and anyone under the age of 18 from performing work that is harmful to their health, safety, or morals. (19) Algeria has not determined by national law or regulation the types of work that are hazardous for children, and research did not determine whether the government commission tasked with proposing a list of hazardous professions continued to work on this issue in 2020. (16) Furthermore, research uncovered no additional information on efforts to revise the Labor Code during the reporting period. (1,2,8,19,25) Algerian law does not provide increased penalties for, or categorize as a separate crime, the involvement of children in either the production or trafficking of drugs. (21)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Labor, Employment, and Social Security (MTESS) |
Enforces labor laws, including laws related to child labor, through its General Labor Inspectorate; issues citations noting violations of labor laws; and refers violations to the Ministry of Justice. (2,18) Supervises the application of laws and regulations related to labor relations, working conditions, and worker safety. (7) Shares child labor reports with the Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Condition of Women to ensure follow up with social services. (7) |
|
Ministry of Justice |
Prosecutes child exploitation cases, including those related to non-compliance with labor laws, through its Office of Criminal Affairs and Amnesty Procedures, which is the lead enforcement agency for human trafficking issues. (17,26) |
|
The National Council for Human Rights (CNDH) |
Housed under the authority of the President. Investigates human rights violations, including those pertaining to labor. (17) These investigations may result in the initiation of legal proceedings. (17) |
|
Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Condition of Women |
Provides social services to children and families. Also conducts investigations, as directed by the Ministry of Justice, into issues related to children and families. (16) |
|
Ministry of the Interior and Local Assemblies |
The Ministry of the Interior and local assemblies enforce criminal laws related to child trafficking through the DGSN in urban areas, which comprises 8 active brigades of 77 specialized police officers focused on illegal immigration and human trafficking, and 50 Brigades for the Protection of Minors, including 300 police officers specializing in the protection of children. The Ministry of the Interior maintains a hotline to report child abuse and missing children, and may conduct investigations on child labor violations, as directed by the Ministry of Justice. (7,10,14-16,27) |
|
Ministry of National Defense |
Enforces criminal laws pertaining to child labor, including child trafficking, in rural and border regions through the National Gendarmerie. As directed by the Ministry of Justice, may conduct investigations on child labor violations. (15) Works with DGSN and the NGO Algerian Network for the Defense of Children’s Rights to administer hotlines for the reporting of child abuse; also receives training on child labor. (15) Maintains a website where individuals can file complaints. (15) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2020, labor law enforcement agencies in Algeria took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of The Ministry of Labor, Employment, and Social Security (MTESS) that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including the lack of authority to inspect informal workplaces for child labor.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
$15,300,000 (15) |
Unknown (26) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
645 (15) |
885 (26) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (15) |
No (26) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A (15) |
N/A (26) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
124,698 (15) |
116,701 (26) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
Unknown (15) |
109,113 (26) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
Unknown (15) |
14 (26) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
Unknown (15) |
Unknown (26) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
Unknown (15) |
Unknown (26) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (15) |
Yes (17) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (15) |
Yes (17) |
The government did not provide information on labor inspectorate funding for inclusion in this report. While the labor inspectorate is authorized to conduct inspections in all workplaces, inspectors do not investigate unmarked workplaces, such as houses or informal construction sites. (17,28) However, it is suspected that child labor exists within the construction sector, agriculture sector, cafe businesses, and informal street markets. (17) Due to the pandemic, the Minister of Labor announced during the reporting period that the Labor Department did not have the sufficient resources to carry out its regularly scheduled duties. (17)
The Government of Algeria does recognize the need to address issues in the informal economy, and has begun to monitor the informal economy more closely. As part of these efforts, the government has worked with the Algerian think tank, Center for Research in Applied Economics for Development, to learn more about the informal economy. (17) The government has also requested the ILO's assistance in transitioning informal businesses to become more transparent within a legal framework. (17) Additionally, on October 3, the Minister of the Interior announced a new strategy to track begging networks at checkpoints with periodic visits to transportation hubs and storage facilities. (17)
The labor inspectorate is empowered to conduct unannounced inspections and issue penalties. If child labor law violations are found, the children are removed from their worksites and placed in the schooling system. (17)
The number of labor inspectors is seemingly sufficient for the size of Algeria’s workforce, which includes more than 10.85 million workers. According to the ILO’s technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in developing economies, it would be recommended that Algeria employ 723 inspectors, and there are currently 885 inspectors in the country. (29)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2020, criminal law enforcement agencies in Algeria took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including the lack of training for criminal investigators.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (15) |
No (26) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A (15) |
N/A (26) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
|
Number of Investigations |
23 (15) |
Unknown (26) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
Unknown (15) |
5,669 (26) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
32‡ (15) |
Unknown (26) |
|
Number of Convictions |
27‡ (15) |
Unknown (26) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
No (15) |
Unknown (26) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (15) |
Yes (26) |
‡ Data are from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019.
Although the government reported conducting investigations and achieving convictions in cases related to human trafficking, it did not provide information on whether these cases involved child victims. In addition, the government did not provide for inclusion in this report specific information on its criminal law enforcement efforts in regards to other worst forms of child labor, including the number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and penalties imposed. (26)
Despite these limitations, the government took meaningful steps in terms of trainings. For example, 27 judges who specialize in juvenile cases received training in March from the National Authority for the Protection and Promotion of Children (ONPPE) and International Organization for Penal Reform. (26) ONPPE carried out a training on at-risk children that same month at the Judicial Police Academy of the National Gendarmerie. ONPPE also organized a seminar on international and national mechanisms against child labor at the Graduate School of the National Gendarmerie in November of the reporting period. (26)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8).
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
National Authority for the Protection and Promotion of Children (ONPPE) |
Protects and promotes children’s rights and advocates for children in danger of economic exploitation. Acts as a liaison between the Ministry of Justice and members of the public alleging violations of children’s rights, and oversees efforts of the National Commission for the Prevention of and Fight Against Child Labor. (1,7,8,27,30,31) Runs a national hotline and website to field questions and complaints about the mistreatment of children. (17) In 2020, the Authority continued to run the hotline and website, and held trainings for government officials and members of the Algerian media on the protection and promotion of children’s rights. (17) |
|
National Committee for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons |
Monitors implementation of the National Action Plan for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons. Comprises representatives from the President’s Office; the Prime Minister’s Office; 12 ministries, including MTESS; and other government entities. (7,30,32,33) During the reporting period, the Committee worked to raise awareness on human trafficking as it relates to children. (17) Committee members also participated in an online seminar on the pandemic’s impact on human trafficking, which was organized by the UNODC and the League of Arab States. (34) In July 2020, under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the UNODC, the Committee organized a workshop titled “No to the Exploitation of Persons.” (17) |
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including the lack of a policy specifically dedicated to addressing the worst forms of child labor.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Action Plan for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons |
Aims to prevent and reduce human trafficking by raising awareness, strengthening legislation, prosecuting human trafficking crimes, improving the provision of protective services to victims, and increasing collaboration with national and international NGOs. (17,35) Research could not determine specific activities carried out under this policy during the reporting period. |
The Algerian government does not have a national action plan to address the worst forms of child labor. However, the government’s 2019–2021 National Action Plan for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons dedicates specialized attention to child victims of trafficking, which could include those trafficked for labor. (17)
In 2020, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Child Labor Awareness Campaign† |
Campaign carried out through the ONPPE and other government agencies that makes various efforts to raise awareness about child labor throughout the year. The Ministry of Solidarity also has a communication plan for each of the country’s 48 wilayas (governates) on child-related messaging. (17) |
|
Children Assistance Facilities† |
Facilities operated by the government to provide support for children, namely orphans and children in dangerous situations who are taken into custody by the state. In 2020, these centers continued to operate. (17) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Algeria.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor, including its worst forms. (9,15,30)
Although Algeria has programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem, including the commercial sexual exploitation of children, forced begging, and street work. The government did not provide information on the activities of existing social programs in 2020 for inclusion in this report. (36)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Algeria (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that laws increase penalties for, or categorize as a separate crime, the involvement of children in all illicit activities, including using, procuring, and offering children for the production and trafficking of drugs. |
2013 – 2020 |
|
Determine the types of hazardous work prohibited for children under age 18, in consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations. |
2009 – 2020 |
|
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Publish information on the labor law enforcement of child labor laws, including labor inspectorate funding, number of child labor violations for which penalties were imposed, and penalties collected. |
2009 – 2020 |
|
Ensure that new labor inspectors and criminal investigators receive initial training. |
2020 |
|
|
Publish information on the criminal enforcement of child labor laws including the number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and penalties imposed for crimes related to the worst forms of child labor. |
2020 |
|
|
Government Policies |
Adopt a national policy that includes all relevant worst forms of child labor, such as commercial sexual exploitation, forced begging, and street work. |
2015 – 2020 |
|
Publish activities undertaken to implement the National Action Plan for the Prevention of and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons during the reporting period. |
2020 |
|
|
Social Programs |
Research and publish detailed information on children involved in child labor, or at risk of being involved; specify these activities, including those carried out in construction work, and publish information to inform policies. |
2014 – 2020 |
|
Ensure that social programs address the increasing number of migrant children involved in rural family-run businesses and agricultural work, as well as subjected to forced begging. |
2020 |
|
|
Expand existing programs to address the scope of the child labor problem, including the commercial sexual exploitation of children, street work, and forced begging. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
|
Publish disaggregated figures on the commercial sexual exploitation of children in order to fully assess its scope and tailor social programs accordingly. |
2020 |
|
|
Ensure that isolated cases of school administrators denying enrollment to migrant children are stopped in accordance with laws allowing for free public education for all children. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
|
Take measures to remove barriers to education for migrant children and children with disabilities, including: language barriers, lack of specialized training, transportation and accessibility of school buildings. |
2015 – 2020 |
|
|
Expand social programs to address school dropout rates in the southern region of the country. |
2020 |
|
|
Publish information on the activities of existing social programs as they relate to the worst forms of child labor. |
2020 |
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 4, 2016.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. July 24, 2017.
- U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2019: Algeria. Washington, DC, June 2019.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report/algeria/ - UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 1, 2020. For more information, please see “Children’s Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/. - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics From National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4, 2012–2013. Analysis received March 2020. Please see “Children’s Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. March 22, 2016.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. January 17, 2017.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. January 15, 2019.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 6, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 2, 2016.
- Loucif, A. Le travail des enfants prend de l’ampleur. Liberté, June 5, 2017.
https://www.liberte-algerie.com/est/le-travail-des-enfants-prend-de-lampleur-271228 - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2018: Algeria. Washington, DC: June, 2018.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report/algeria/ - U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 19, 2019.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 21, 2017.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. January 28, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 24, 2020.
- U.S Embassy Algiers. Reporting. January 31, 2021.
- U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2018: Algeria. Washington, DC, 2019.
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Algeria-2018.pdf - Government of Algeria. Loi n° 90-11 du 21 avril 1990 relative aux relations de Travail, modifiée et complétée au 11 janvier 1997. Enacted: April 21, 1990.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/9557/64805/F97DZA01.htm - Government of Algeria. Décret exécutif n° 96-98 du 17 Chaoual 1416 correspondant au 6 mars 1996 déterminant la liste et le contenu des livres et registres spéciaux obligatoires pour les employeurs. Enacted: March 6, 1996.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=fr&p_isn=79172&p_country=DZA&p_classification=12 - Government of Algeria. Ordonnance n° 66-156 du 8 juin 1966 portant code pénal, modifiée et complétée. Enacted: June 8, 1966.
http://www.joradp.dz/TRV/FPenal.pdf - Government of Algeria. Décret présidentiel n° 08-134 du 30 Rabie Ethani 1429 correspondant au 6 mai 2008 fixant les conditions de recrutement des officiers de carrière de l'Armée nationale populaire. Enacted: May 11, 2008. Source on file.
- Government of Algeria. Loi n° 14-06 du 13 Chaoual 1435 correspondant au 9 août 2014 relative au service national. Enacted: August 9, 2014. Source on file.
- Government of Algeria. Loi D’Orientation Sur L'Éducation Nationale, n° 08-04. Enacted: January 23, 2008.
http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation Per Country/algeria/algeria_education_2008_fr.pdf - U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 7, 2018.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 24, 2021.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 15, 2017.
- U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. Email communication to USDOL official. April 15, 2021.
- CIA World Factbook. 2020.
- Government of Algeria. Written Response to Trafficking in Persons Report. February 4, 2019. Source on file.
- APS. ONPPE: Installation Prochaine de la commission thématique sur la santé des enfants. January 23, 2019.
http://www.aps.dz/societe/84273-onppe-installation-la-semaine-prochaine-de-la-commission-thematique-sur-la-sante-des-enfants - U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 13, 2017.
- Government of Algeria. Décret prèsidentiel n° 16-249 du 24 Dhou El Hidja 1437 correspondant au 26 septembre 2016 portant crèation, organisation et fonctionnement du comitè national de prèvention et de lutte contre la traite des personnes. Enacted: September 26, 2016.
http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/jo-francais/2016/F2016057.pdf - U.S. Embassy- Algiers. Reporting. February 25, 2021.
- Government of Algeria_National Committee to Prevent and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Three-year Program to Implement the Plan of Action and the Prevention and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (2019-2021). 2019.
Source on file. - U.S. Embassy- Algiers official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 16, 2021.
