In 2019, Mongolia made a minimal advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government passed a resolution partially addressing the use of children as horse jockeys by banning horse racing and training during the months of November to May. Furthermore, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, in coordination with the International Labor Organization, drafted a revised Labor Law in that would allow unannounced labor inspections. The government also expanded the Children’s Money Program to cover all children in Mongolia, whereas it had previously only covered approximately 60 percent of Mongolian children. However, despite new initiatives to address child labor, Mongolia is receiving an assessment of minimal advancement because it continued a regression in law that delayed advancement to eliminate child labor. During the reporting period, the government did not permit the labor inspectorate to conduct unannounced inspections, which may have impeded the enforcement of child labor laws. Children in Mongolia engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in forced begging and commercial sexual exploitation. Children also perform dangerous tasks in mining and horse jockeying. Mongolia continues to have a number of legal statutes that do not meet international standards, including that the minimum age for work does not apply to children in the informal sector or to those who are self-employed. In addition, laws do not establish criminal penalties for forced labor or slavery, the use of children in prostitution, or the use, procurement, or offering of a child for the production and trafficking of drugs.
Children in Mongolia engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in forced begging and commercial sexual exploitation. Children also perform dangerous tasks in mining and horse jockeying. (1-7) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Mongolia. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
11.4 (Unavailable) |
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
94.8 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
12.6 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
101.8 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020. (8)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2018. (9)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Animal husbandry,† including herding† (2-5,10) |
|
Industry |
Construction,† including carrying and loading bricks, cement and steel framework, mixing construction solutions such as lime or cement,† binding steel framework, and cleaning at the construction site† (2-5,10) |
|
Mining† coal,† gold, and fluorspar (2,3,10,12-15) |
|
|
Services |
Horse jockeying† (1,3-6,10,16,17) |
|
Scavenging in garbage dumpsites (2-5,10,18) |
|
|
Handling freight† (2,3,5,10) |
|
|
Domestic work† (3,5,10,17) |
|
|
Ticket-taking for public transportation† (3,5,10,17) |
|
|
Street work, including vending† and washing cars (5,10,19) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, including use in the production of pornography (3-5,10,20) |
|
Forced labor in begging (3-5) |
|
|
Forced labor in construction, mining, agriculture, horse jockeying, animal husbandry, industrial sectors, and contortionist work (4) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
According to Mongolia's National Child Labor Survey, children's employment is more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. (2,15,21) Furthermore, 9 out of 10 children exploited in situations of hazardous work are boys. (2,3,15)
Mongolian children are generally trafficked internally for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation in saunas, bars, hotels, karaoke clubs, and massage parlors. (3,4,10,18,22) Children also work as horse jockeys and face a number of health and safety hazards, including exposure to extremely cold temperatures, risk of brain and bone injuries, and fatal falls. (1,4-7,10,16,23-25) Although Mongolian law prohibits participation in pre-training and horse racing during November 1–May 1, children continue to participate in these activities throughout the year. (15,25,26) In 2019, the General Authority for Specialized Inspections (GASI) indicated that 10,325 children were registered to compete in horse races during the year, but noted that horse races organized in three provinces failed to meet legal safety requirements. (5) In addition to safety concerns, participation in horse racing may impact school attendance, particularly since Mongolian law does not set an age limit for jockeys except during the Naadam festival in July, where children as young as seven years old are allowed to participate. (15,16,24-26)
As the mining industry continues to grow in the southern part of Mongolia, children, particularly girls, are at increased risk of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor in artisanal mining. Girls are vulnerable to exploitation in nightclubs near mining towns, solicitation by drivers waiting to cross the border into China, or becoming victims of sex trafficking while their parents are on extended shift rotations. (4,15)
During the reporting period, GASI conducted three major child labor surveys in conjunction with other governmental agencies. These surveys examined the prevalence of child labor in PC gaming centers, restaurants, bars, hotels, massage parlors, sauna services, and horse racing events. (4,5,22,27)
Children in Ulaanbaatar and in rural areas may face challenges in accessing education due to an insufficient number of schools, overcrowding, a lack of trained teachers, and accessibility for children with disabilities. (5,15,25,28) Families must register their residence as well as provide an original copy of a child's birth certificate for their children to have access to a free public education. (5)
Mongolia has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Mongolia's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the minimum age for work.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
No |
16 |
Article 109 of the Law on Labor (29) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 141 of the Law on Labor; List of Jobs and Occupations Prohibited to Minors (29,30) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
Articles 2–3 of the List of Jobs and Occupations Prohibited to Minors; Article 8 of the Law on the National Naadam Holiday (30,26) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
No |
Articles 16.4 and 16.10 of the Criminal Code; Article 7 of the Law on Labor; Article 7 of the Law on the Rights of the Child (29,31-33) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Law on Combating Trafficking in Persons; Article 13.1 of the Criminal Code (31,33,34) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
No |
Articles 12.3, 13.1, and 16.8–16.9 of the Criminal Code; Articles 8.1.3 and 10.2 of the Combating Pornography and Prostitution Act (31,33,35) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
No |
Articles 16.1–16.4 and 16.8–16.10 of the Criminal Code (31,33) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
18 |
Article 12 of the Law on Military (36) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
Yes |
Article 12 of the Law on Military (36) |
|
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
No |
||
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
16 |
Article 46 of the Law on Education (37) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Article 16 of the Constitution of Mongolia; Articles 6.1–6.3 of the Law on Education (38,39) |
The Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, in coordination with the ILO, drafted a revised Labor Law in 2019 that would allow GASI to execute unannounced inspections. Deliberation on this draft amendment will likely occur in spring 2020. (5,15,22)
Furthermore, in 2019, several ministries updated their regulations to prohibit child labor in their respective industries. (5) The Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Light Industry now requires contracts between a local governor's office and companies working in the food, agriculture, and light industry sectors to include a provision to exclude the use of child labor. The Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry specifically prohibited children under age 18 from entering mining sites as stated in the government resolution on "Regulation of Artisanal Mining." (40,41) Lastly, the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development will only issue licenses to construction companies that have signed a contract affirming that they will not use child labor. (40)
Mongolia's legal framework does not meet several international standards to protect children. (31,33,34) The laws do not specifically criminalize forced labor other than forced begging and forced hazardous work. (29,31-33,35) Also, the Labor Code, which sets a minimum age of 16 to "enter into an employment agreement" does not apply to children in the informal sector or to those who are self-employed, including children who work as horse-racing jockeys in May through October. (27,40) On January 31, 2019, the government passed Government Resolution No. 57 ("Actions to be taken regarding Horse Racings"), banning all horse racing and related training between November 1 to May 1, regardless of the age of the participants. (5,7,15,42,43) Nevertheless, at other times of the year, young children are permitted to compete in horse races as jockeys. (5,6,42) Due to efforts made by the Government of Mongolia, the number of officially registered races dropped from 491 in 2018 to 172 in 2019, but the legal framework for the minimal age of work is not sufficient. (5)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, the absence of unannounced inspections conducted at the national level in Mongolia may impede the enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
General Agency for Specialized Inspection |
Enforces labor laws, including those related to child labor. Conducts inspections at registered businesses. (42) As an independent agency, reports to the Deputy Prime Minister. (19) This agency was active during the reporting period. (5) |
|
Family, Child, and Youth Development Agency (FCYDA) |
Implements and promotes government policies, legislation, and projects for children; supports child development and social participation; prevents children from becoming victims of violence; and provides social services. (44) Maintains a nationwide database for tracking case status and social services needs of vulnerable children; accessible from local and central offices. (10,5) Maintains a nationwide, toll-free Child Helpline, "108," that captures child labor and child rights violations, and is staffed by 22 employees, a social worker, and a response team available 24 hours a day. (3,10,5,45,46) Runs a temporary (24 to 168 hours) shelter for children and can provide a maximum of 6 months of shelter service, depending on the severity of the case. (3,5,10,22) Reports to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection. During the reporting period, the Child Helpline "108" received a total of 141,193 calls, with 73,366 calls involving children's rights and protection issues, of which 5,890 were referred to provincial and district FCYDA offices, associated multidisciplinary teams, and social workers for risk assessment. (5,15) |
|
National Police Agency |
Maintains primary responsibility for investigating criminal cases. (44,22) Provides protection to victims and witnesses throughout the judicial process. Reports to the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs. (44) There are several divisions and departments under its authority that work to enforce laws on child labor. The Metropolitan Police Department oversees police operations in Ulaanbaatar's nine district police offices, enforces labor laws, and identifies children in hazardous labor. (19) The Crime Prevention Division works to protect unattended children on the streets, identifying and returning children to their parents or referring them to Child Care and Protection Centers. (44) The Juvenile Crime Prevention Unit protects children from being victims of crime and prevents them from committing crimes. (10,47) The Organized Crime Division, located under the Criminal Police Department, receives referrals, and opens formal criminal investigations into human trafficking and sexual exploitation cases, while working with the Prosecutor's Office to decide whether to take a case to court. Oversees the Anti-Trafficking Unit. (19,22,48) Uses an 11-question risk assessment checklist to help accurately identify human trafficking victims and refers them to short- or long-term care facilities. (3-5,10,22) During the reporting period, conducted 66 anti-trafficking in persons trainings in which 16,343 schoolchildren, students, teachers, and parents participated. (5,15) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2019, the lack of authorization to conduct unannounced inspections at the national level in Mongolia may have impeded the enforcement of child labor laws (Table 6).
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
Unknown (10) |
Unknown (5) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
66 (10) |
66 (5) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
2,010 (10) |
2,133 (5) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
Unknown (10) |
2,133 (5) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
63 (10) |
Unknown (5,15) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
15 (10) |
Unknown (5,15) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
15 (10) |
Unknown (5,15) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
No (10) |
No (5) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
N/A (10) |
N/A (5) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
In 2019, the Family, Child, and Youth Development Agency continued to employ 32 child rights officers who oversaw child protection issues, including child labor. (5,10) During the reporting period, 38 additional child rights officers were trained, but they have not yet been accredited. (5) NGO and government officials reported that the enforcement of child labor laws remained challenging due to the legal requirement that GASI must give employers 48 hours advance notification before conducting an inspection, which provides employers with enough time to conceal violations. (3,4,10,22,25) In addition, GASI's overall strategy is to conduct pre-announced inspections in the formal sector only, leaving children working in the informal sector more susceptible to child labor. (4,5,25)
Two to three times each year, the government conducts internal trainings for labor inspectors, but the government and NGOs noted that training opportunities remained insufficient. (5,10)
The government only conducts child labor inspections at horse racing events between June and October, during the months that children are legally allowed to participate in races. During these inspections, the government verifies that riders meet minimum age requirements, use safety equipment, and obtain required insurance. (5,10,25) GASI does not have the authority to impose penalties for child labor violations found in connection with horse racing. (5)
While child rights officers have the ability to impose sanctions for certain labor law violations under the Child Protection Law, including child labor violations related to horse racing, the law suggests that they may only be allowed to do so if the child actually suffers harm. (49,50) In addition, liability for violations relating to horse racing appears to extend only to stakeholders and organizers of races, and may not cover parents or other family members who utilize children as jockeys. Given the lack of clarity in the language of the Child Protection Law, many violators are able to evade punishment. (49,50)
During the reporting period, the government and NGOs noted that funding and resources for inspectors were insufficient, as was the total number of inspectors. (4,5,10,51) In addition, the number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Mongolia's workforce, which includes about 1.2 million workers. According to the ILO's technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in developing economies, Mongolia would employ about 80 labor inspectors, which would require the hiring of 14 additional inspectors to meet this threshold. (52,53)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2019, criminal law enforcement agencies in Mongolia took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including prosecuting criminals under articles of the criminal code that carry lighter penalties.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown (10) |
Unknown (5) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
|
Number of Investigations |
Unknown (10) |
Unknown (5) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
Unknown (10) |
16 (54) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown (10) |
Unknown (5,15) |
|
Number of Convictions |
Unknown (10) |
Unknown (42) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown (44) |
Yes (54) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (10) |
Yes (5) |
Despite receiving ongoing training, research indicated that there were insufficient training opportunities for criminal law enforcement officers, and law enforcement agencies received insufficient funding. (5,22)
Reports indicate that among some police officers and government officials, there is a lack of understanding of the use of male children in commercial sexual exploitation as a result of human trafficking. (4,15) As a result, many cases involving boys are not prosecuted under the human trafficking article of the Criminal Code, which carries harsher penalties, but are instead prosecuted under other offenses that carry lighter penalties. (4,15,55)
During the reporting period, research found no evidence that the government continued to fine, arrest, detain, or charge child trafficking victims as a result of having been subjected to human trafficking. (5)
During the reporting period, the government distributed 50,000 informational passport inserts at its border with Russia and China to raise awareness on human trafficking issues and provide information regarding resources for potential victims. Recipients included 992 children who were travelling abroad. (22,42)
In 2019, the NGO Gender Equality Center operated a hotline in Mongolian for human trafficking victims with funding from the government. During the reporting period, one potential human trafficking victim was identified. (22)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8).
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
National Committee for Children |
Serves as overall coordinating body for nationwide child protection efforts. Implements the National Program on Child Development and Protection (2017–2021). (5,10) Headed by the Prime Minister with the Minister of Labor and Social Protection as Deputy Head. (5) During the reporting period, met to discuss the activities report and plans for member agencies. (5,42) |
|
Anti-Trafficking Sub-Council |
Coordinates government efforts to combat human trafficking and monitors implementation of anti-trafficking legislation. Functions as part of the Council on Crime Prevention under the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs. (51) Has 23 members representing 20 different organizations, including 3 NGOs and 1 international organization. (42) Body was active during the reporting period. (5,15) |
The government has established policies that are consistent with relevant international standards on child labor (Table 9).
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Program on Child Development and Protection (2017–2021) |
Incorporates the National Program for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor and National Action Plan. (3) Coordinates child labor and child protection issues through the ministries of Labor and Social Protection; Education, Culture, Science and Sports; and Health. (3) In an effort to advance the National Program on Child Development and Protection, FCYDA accredited 41 NGOs to assist in providing child protection services. (10) In 2019, received a budget allocation of $2.9 million. (5) |
|
National Program on Combating Trafficking in Persons (2017–2021) |
Designated lead for anti-trafficking efforts. Provides technical and professional guidance on the prevention of trafficking. (22) Implemented by the TIP-Sub Council. (22) Aims to strengthen efforts to prevent and combat different types of human trafficking, including the commercial sexual exploitation of children, and to improve protective services for victims. (3,4,18) During the reporting period, the government allocated $195,769 to implement this policy. (15,22) Met three times in 2019. (22) |
|
State Policy on Herders (2016–2020) |
Describes the acceptable minimum conditions and criteria for employing children in herding. (56) Activities include projects to improve housing and access to information for herders, and ensure that children engaged in herding receive an education. Each year, the government allocates 1 percent of its budget to implement the policy. (57) Policy was implemented during the reporting period. (15) |
|
Three-Pillar Development Policy (2018–2020) |
Calls for improvements in education, health, social welfare, and labor policies through 2020. Priorities include the education, safety, and health of vulnerable children. (58) Policy was implemented during the reporting period. (15) |
In 2019, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including funding of programs to address the full scope of the problem in all sectors.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Children's Money Program† |
Program operated by the General Agency for Social Welfare and Service, General Agency for State Registration, and Human Development Fund program that distributes a monthly stipend of approximately $8 per month to vulnerable children under age 18 that aims to prevent child labor by offsetting costs related to food, school, and clothing. (3,59) In 2019, the program expanded to cover all children in Mongolia, whereas it had previously only covered approximately 60 percent of Mongolian children. (5,15) |
|
School Lunch Program† |
Government-mandated program that subsidizes meals to encourage low-income children to attend school, particularly at the primary level. (42) Program was active during the reporting period. (5) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Mongolia.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (19)
During the reporting period, the Government of Mongolia, led by the National Police Agency, and UNICEF created, co-funded, and implemented the "Unfriend Campaign," a 1-year program designed to monitor, raise awareness of, investigate, intervene, and prevent instances of possible online recruitment of youth into commercial exploitation, including sex trafficking and forced labor. (60) Through these efforts, the government shutdown dozens of social media pages attempting to lure children into false employment opportunities abroad, and referred several cases for criminal investigation. (60)
NGOs continued to report that the $8 monthly funding for children participating in the Children's Money Program is insufficient. (5,10,15,44) In addition, NGOs have been critical of the screening process which had originally prohibited approximately 40 percent of children from participating based on a government-initiated family census on daily necessities. (5,15) Likewise, the IMF has periodically scrutinized the program. (5)
Research found that there is a shortage of long-term stay shelters, and most temporary shelters are not accessible to victims with disabilities. (3,5,10,22) During the reporting period, anecdotal reports from a NGO stated that there were isolated incidences of sexual abuse against commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) victims staying at two government-run, government-funded shelters. (22) One shelter failed to separate CSEC victims from the general shelter population, and another provided inadequate surveillance of the premises, reportedly resulting in an incident of sexual violence perpetrated against two child victims. (22,42)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Mongolia (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that the minimum age for work applies to children in the informal sector and those that are self-employed. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
Ensure that all forms of forced labor are criminally prohibited. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that laws clearly and comprehensively criminalize using children under age 18 for prostitution, and criminalize using, procuring, or offering all children under age 18 for the production of pornography, and pornographic performances. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the using, procuring, or offering of children under age 18 in the production and trafficking of drugs. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that laws adequately prohibit children under age 18 from horse racing at all times of the year. |
2017 – 2019 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Publish disaggregated information on the labor inspectorate funding, the number of child labor violations found, the number of child labor violations for which penalties were imposed, and the number of child labor penalties imposed that were collected. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
Strengthen the inspection system by permitting the General Agency for Specialized Inspections to conduct unannounced inspections, including in the informal sector. |
2013 – 2019 |
|
|
Provide sufficient training opportunities for labor inspectors and criminal law enforcement officials, including new laws related to the worst forms of child labor. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Conduct regular labor inspections and ensure that inspectors or other appropriate authorities are able to assess penalties for legal violations related to horse racing, including the participation of children in racing and race training during the prohibited months. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Increase the number of labor inspectors to meet the ILO's technical advice. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
|
Publish disaggregated criminal law enforcement data, including the number of investigations and the number of prosecutions initiated. |
2017 – 2019 |
|
|
Provide adequate funding for law enforcement agencies. |
2019 |
|
|
Provide trainings for police officers and government officials to ensure that cases of commercial sexual exploitation involving boy victims are prosecuted under the appropriate law articles. |
2011 – 2019 |
|
|
Social Programs |
Increase the number of schools to help eliminate overcrowding, increase the number of trained teachers, and improve accessibility options for children with disabilities. |
2019 |
|
Ensure that the Children's Money Program is sufficiently funded to support its participants. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Increase the availability of long-term stay shelter homes. |
2019 |
|
|
Ensure that all government-run, government-funded shelter homes are accessible to children with disabilities. |
2019 |
|
|
Ensure that survivors of commercial sexual exploitation staying in government-run, government-funded shelters are kept separate from the rest of the shelter population and are protected from abuse. |
2019 |
-
Ambrose, Drew, and Daniel Connell Mongolia's child jockeys risk death to race. Al Jazeera. August 28, 2017.
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Hogan, Libby. Mongolia's child jockeys risk injury and death to race, but is it tradition or just child labour? ABC News, October 14, 2019.
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Menarndt, Aubrey, and Bayartsogt, K. Mongolia puts the brakes on 'dangerous' winter horse racing. Al Jazeera, March 26, 2019.
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UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 1, 2020. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/. -
ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2018. Analysis received March 2020. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
-
U.S. Embassy- Ulaanbaatar. Reporting. January 30, 2019.
-
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Person Report- 2017: Mongolia. Washington, DC. June 27, 2017.
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ILO. Children Exploited in Mongolian Gold Rush. YouTube. February 23, 2016.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG-uQbyGBSw. -
Understanding Children's Work. Understanding Children's Work and Youth Employment Outcomes in Mongolia. Rome. June 2009.
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U.S. Embassy- Ulaanbaatar. Reporting. January 30, 2015.
-
U.S. Embassy- Ulaanbaatar official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. February 12, 2020.
-
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U.S. Department of State official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 22, 2018.
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U.S. Department of State official. E-mail communication with USDOL official. February 13, 2020.
