In 2019, Madagascar made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government published data on child labor and ratified International Labor Organization Convention C. 189 on Domestic Workers and the 2014 Protocol to the 1930 Convention on Forced Labor, both potentially relevant to addressing child labor. The Ministry of Labor also took important steps toward modifying its Labor Code to grant the inspectorate sanction authority. In addition, the government began a process to renew its National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons, and the National Bureau to Combat Human Trafficking led efforts to develop a human trafficking database. Although Madagascar made meaningful efforts in all relevant areas, the government failed to impose penalties for child labor violations and failed to investigate public officials suspected of facilitating the worst forms of child labor. Children in Madagascar engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. Children also perform dangerous tasks while mining mica and in agriculture, including in the production of vanilla. Limited resources for the enforcement of child labor laws may impede government efforts to protect children from the worst forms of child labor, and social programs to combat child labor are insufficient to adequately address the extent of the problem.
Children in Madagascar engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. Children also perform dangerous tasks while mining mica and in agriculture, including in the production of vanilla. (1,2) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Madagascar. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
43.2 (Unavailable) |
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
68.8 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
33.8 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
65.5 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020. (3)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2018. (4)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Production of vanilla, cloves, coconut, rice, and peanuts (2,5-9) |
|
Fishing and deep-sea diving,† including for lobster and shrimp (5,10-12) |
|
|
Herding cattle (13) |
|
|
Industry |
Mining† gold, sapphires, crystal, quartz, mica, and tourmaline, and transporting† blocks and stones at mining sites (10,14-19) |
|
Quarrying† and crushing stone† and making gravel (10,15,20) |
|
|
Brickmaking (10) |
|
|
Services |
Street work, including begging, washing cars, market vending, transporting goods by rickshaw, and scavenging garbage (5,10-15,21) |
|
Working in bars,† including as waitresses, maids, and masseuses (1,11,13,22,23) |
|
|
Domestic work† (1,5,8,10-12,15) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1,5,10,15,24-26) |
|
Use in illicit activities such as selling drugs and vandalism (21,27) |
|
|
Forced labor in mining, quarrying, begging, and domestic work (1,5,11,15,26,28) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Children in Madagascar, particularly those from rural and coastal regions and from poor families, are vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation, forced domestic servitude, forced begging, and forced labor in mining, fishing, and agriculture. (26,28) Girls in particular are lured by peers, family members, and pimps to engage in commercial sexual exploitation in tourist locations, urban cities, vanilla-growing regions, and mining areas. (1,11,18,28) Children from rural villages are often sent to larger cities as child domestic workers, where they are subjected to harsh working conditions such as long hours, poor accommodations, and low salaries. (10) Children are often recruited by agencies into domestic work and subsequently subjected to commercial sexual exploitation. (26) Although some government officials are reportedly complicit in facilitating the falsification of national identity documents used in the commercial sexual exploitation of children, there have been no reports of government actions to respond to this official complicity. Reports suggest a recent increase in the commercial sexual exploitation of boys. (26)
In 2019, Madagascar published the results of its Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2018, which showed that around 47 percent of children ages 5 to 17 are engaged in child labor, with 32 percent working in hazardous conditions. The report found that the Matsiatra Ambony and Androy regions had the highest rates of working children. (10,29) Estimates from the ILO suggest that children work primarily in the informal sector and in agriculture, and they perform hazardous work in a variety of sectors. (10)
Recent reports indicate that an estimated 10,000 children work in the mica sector in the southern region of Madagascar, including in constructing mines, extracting and sorting mica, and hoisting loads of mica out of mines. Young girls are also vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation around mica mining sites. (19,26) Children as young as age 10 are involved in mining gold and sapphires in the regions of Analamanga, Anosy, Ilakaka, and Vakinankaratra. Children in the mining sector suffer from respiratory problems and diseases such as diarrhea and malaria, and are at risk of injury from collapsing mines. (5,11,14,16,18) In addition, children working in the production of vanilla in Madagascar are exposed to toxic substances and extreme temperatures. They also transport heavy loads and work for long hours. There are reports that children are increasingly recruited by adults to engage in vanilla theft because they are less likely to be searched by security forces or subjected to mob retaliation. (8,9,12,30-32) In fishing, children dive deep underwater with no protection or breathing devices, while children involved in stone quarrying use dangerous tools with no protection and work in the outdoor heat. (10)
Although the Constitution guarantees free compulsory education, access to education is often limited for some children due to a lack of school infrastructure, unqualified teachers, and no transportation services in rural areas with long distances to schools; the cost of school fees and supplies; and reported school violence, leaving children vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor. (8,11,28,33-36)
Madagascar has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government's laws and regulations are in line with relevant international standards (Table 4).
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
16 |
Article 24 of the Constitution; Article 100 of the Labor Code; Article 39 of Law 2008-011; Article 2 of Decree 2018-009 (35,37-39) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Article 101 of the Labor Code; Article 10 of Decree 2007-563 (37,40) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
Article 101 of the Labor Code; Articles 10, 12, and 16–22 of Decree 2007-563; Article 19 of Decree 2018-009 (37-40) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Article 4 of the Labor Code; Articles 1, 8, and 18 of Law 2014-040; Article 15 of Decree 2007-563; Articles 333 and 335 of Law 2007-038; Article 10 of Decree 2018-009 (37-41) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Article 15 of Decree 2007-563; Articles 333 and 335 of Law 2007-038; Articles 1, 6, 8, 13, and 22 of Law 2014-040 (40-42) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Article 13 of Decree 2007-563; Article 335 of Law 2007-038; Article 1 of Law 2014-040 (40-42) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Articles 11 and 14 of Decree 2007-563 (40) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
18 |
Article 11 of Ordinance No. 78-002 (43) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
N/A* |
||
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
Yes |
Article 15 of Decree 2007-563 (40) |
|
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
16‡ |
Article 24 of the Constitution; Article 39 of Law 2008-011 (35,39) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Article 24 of the Constitution (35) |
* No conscription
‡ Age calculated based on available information (39)
In 2019, Madagascar ratified two International Labor Organization instruments relevant to combating child labor: C. 189 on domestic workers and the 2014 Protocol to the 1930 Convention on Forced Labor. The instruments entered into force in Madagascar in June of 2020. (10,26,44)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the authority of the Ministry of Civil Services and Labor, Division for the Prevention, Abolition, and Monitoring of Child Labor (PACTE) that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Civil Services and Labor Division for the Prevention, Abolition, and Monitoring of Child Labor (PACTE) |
Enforces child labor laws, trains inspectors, and coordinates and evaluates all activities toward the elimination of child labor. (10,33,34,45) |
|
Ministry of Justice |
Enforces laws pertaining to violence against children, including human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. (10,22,45) Works with Department-level courts to prosecute child labor cases. (10,46) |
|
National Civil Police Force Morals and Minors Brigade |
Investigates criminal cases involving minors, including issues pertaining to human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation, mainly in urban areas. Housed under the Ministry of Public Security. (5,10,22,45) |
|
National Gendarmerie Morality and Child Protective Services (SPEM) |
Investigates criminal cases involving children, including those related to the worst forms of child labor, mainly in rural areas. Housed under the Ministry of National Defense. (10,45,47) |
|
Ministry of Population, Social Protection and the Promotion of Women |
Develops and implements programs to protect vulnerable children, including victims of the worst forms of child labor. (11) In collaboration with UNICEF, manages around 700 child protection networks to protect children from abuse and exploitation in all 22 regions of Madagascar. (11,28,48,49) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2019, labor law enforcement agencies in Madagascar took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the authority of PACTE that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including penalty assessment authorization.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
Unknown (12) |
Unknown |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
145 (12) |
148 (10) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
No (12) |
No (10) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
No (12) |
N/A (10) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
No (12) |
No (10) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
Unknown (12) |
Unknown |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
Unknown (12) |
Unknown |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
Unknown (12) |
446 (10) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
Unknown (12) |
0 (10) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
Unknown (12) |
0 (10) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
During the reporting period, PACTE collaborated with the ILO to draft a decree that would enable labor inspectors to impose administrative sanctions, suspend the activities of any workplace that engages in the worst forms of child labor, and have authority over employers of domestic labor. The decree would also allow inspectors to be involved in child labor-related investigations. (10)
In 2019, 24 inspectors collaborated with UNICEF and the ILO to carry out targeted child labor inspections in 6 regions across the country, while UNICEF also funded the labor inspectorate in a seventh province. These inspections focused primarily on informal labor such as artisanal mining, stone quarrying, work in the service industry, tourism, and commercial sexual exploitation and identified 446 cases of child labor. (10) However, there were no indications that any children were removed from these labor situations or that any sanctions were imposed as a result of violations discovered during these specific inspections. (10) Still, the Manjary Soa Center in Antananarivo, managed by PACTE, reported that in 2019 it had received 35 children removed from situations of domestic labor, street vending, and other exploitative situations. (10)
In 2018, Madagascar expanded its list of hazardous occupations for children, but reports indicate that the government was slow to disseminate the law and has not made efforts to enforce it. (12)
The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Madagascar's workforce, which includes more than 13.4 million workers. According to the ILO's technical advice of 1 inspector for every 40,000 workers in less developed economies, Madagascar would employ about 335 labor inspectors. (50,51) The Ministry of Labor has also noted that the number of inspectors is insufficient. (10) In addition, the concentration of labor inspectors in the capital hampers the government's capacity to enforce child labor laws in rural areas, especially in the agricultural sector. (5,33) While there is an inspectorate in 18 of Madagascar's 22 regions, inspectorate personnel have noted that a lack of resources has limited their ability to carry out a sufficient number of inspections. (10) Even though the inspectorate has the authority to conduct unannounced, routine inspections, in practice most inspections occur only in response to a complaint received. (10) The government did not provide information on labor law enforcement inspectorate funding or the number or types of inspections conducted for inclusion in this report.
While child labor-related training is provided to new inspectors, PACTE has indicated that the course is only 20 hours and insufficient to cover all relevant issues, particularly because refresher courses are not provided. (10) Madagascar has a complaint mechanism via a national hotline; however, most of the calls received are related to general violence against children. The mechanism does not have a record keeping system to track calls specifically for child labor issues. (10)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2019, criminal law enforcement agencies in Madagascar took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including allocation of financial and human resources.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown (12) |
N/A |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (12) |
No (10) |
|
Number of Investigations |
559 (12) |
942 (10) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
35 (12) |
51 (10) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown (12) |
Unknown |
|
Number of Convictions |
Unknown (12) |
Unknown |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown (12) |
Unknown |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (12) |
Yes (10) |
During the reporting period, the Morals and Minors Brigade received 942 complaints unrelated to child trafficking or labor. Among these, police eventually identified 51 victims of child domestic labor and 16 cases in which children were victimized by human trafficking. It remains unclear whether any of these cases were referred for prosecution on human trafficking- or labor-related charges. (10, 26) Government authorities investigated a deputy mayor in the Moramanga district who was accused of facilitating the marriage of five Malagasy girls to Chinese men. The defendant was released from custody after the investigation. (26)
In 2019, the budgets for the Ministry of Public Security and for the National Gendarmerie Morality and Child Protective Services increased, though it was not clear how much of the funding was dedicated to address child labor issues. Furthermore, officials from both agencies indicated that funds available for criminal enforcement of child labor laws was insufficient given the scope of their missions. (10)
Reports indicate a lack of trained staff, equipment, and transportation to adequately conduct criminal law enforcement efforts related to the worst forms of child labor. (5,10,12,52,53) The government did not provide information on its criminal law enforcement prosecutions, convictions, or penalties assessed related to the worst forms of child labor for inclusion in this report.
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including allocation of financial resources.
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
National Committee on the Fight Against Child Labor (CNLTE) |
Coordinates programs, advises on child labor legislation and regulations, and implements the National Action Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Led by the Ministry of Civil Services and Labor. (11,54-56) In 2019, during the last year of implementation for the National Action Plan to Eliminate Child Labor, the committee carried out assessment site visits in three regions to speak with government officials, NGOs, civil society groups, and international partners. (10) |
|
Regional Child Labor Committees |
Coordinates, monitors, and evaluates all regional activities relating to the elimination of child labor. The 10 regional committees identify activities to promote the elimination of child labor and compile, analyze, and report child labor data to PACTE. (45,55,57) In 2019, committees were operational in 25 of 32 communes in the Sava region. During the reporting period, the committees conducted public awareness campaigns and focused on the enrollment of children in school. (10) |
|
National Bureau to Combat Human Trafficking (BNLTEH) |
Coordinates anti-human trafficking efforts in Madagascar and responsible for implementing the National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons. Chaired by the Office of the Prime Minister, includes representatives from the Ministries of Civil Services and Labor, Justice, and Population and Social Affairs. (22,41,54,58) During the reporting period, provided training to law enforcement and civil society groups on anti-trafficking legislation, investigation methods, and victim identification. (10) Led assessment of the expiring national action plan against human trafficking and the drafting of a new plan, and the creation of a human trafficking database. (26) |
|
National Child Protection Committee |
Guides and coordinates national child protection policy and programs. Chaired by the Minister of Population and Social Affairs, comprises a steering committee and a technical commission of specialists. (45,59) Under the Alliance 8.7 framework, the committee conducted child labor inspections in seven regions during the reporting period. (26) |
The National Committee on the Fight Against Child Labor, Regional Child Labor Committees, and the National Bureau to Combat Human Trafficking lacked sufficient funding to effectively operate and coordinate efforts to address child labor. (8,12,26,27,34,36,46)
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including implementation.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Action Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2004–2019) |
Aimed to eliminate the worst forms of child labor by strengthening child labor laws, conducting awareness-raising campaigns, mobilizing funds for social programs, and updating databases on child labor. Led by CNLTE. (5,55,60) The government initiated a final assessment of the plan for its last year, but no steps were taken to develop a new plan to replace the expiring one. (10) |
|
National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons (2015–2019) |
Aimed to enhance the legal framework to prevent human trafficking, effectively implement human trafficking laws, and provide protection and care for victims. Overseen by BNLTEH. (11,58,61) In 2019, BNLTEH held a 3-day workshop to evaluate the implementation of the anti-trafficking action plan and initiated the process to develop a new national action plan to replace the expired one. (10) |
|
Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children in the Tourism Industry |
Aims to prevent commercial sexual exploitation of children in the tourism industry. Implemented by the Ministry of Tourism and supported by ILO and UNICEF. (62-65) In 2019, the Ministry of Tourism and the National Office of Tourism conducted an assessment to determine whether signatories were upholding the code of conduct and to develop recommendations for improvement. (10) |
|
National Social Protection Policy |
Aims to protect children from abuse, violence, and exploitation and promotes improved access to education and livelihood services for vulnerable children. Led by the Ministry of Population, Social Protection and the Promotion of Women and supported by international donors. (54,66-68) In 2019, the government partnered with the World Food Program to provide cash distributions to 70,000 households in the Anosy and Androy regions. (69) During the reporting period, the government also worked on updating the policy to incorporate stronger crisis response mechanisms. (70) |
|
National Development Plan (2015–2019) |
Aimed to promote sustainable development and social equality. Overseen by the Ministry of Economy and Planning and supported by the ILO's Decent Work Country Program. (54,71,72) Included a budget of $83,000 to specifically combat commercial sexual exploitation of children and child labor in domestic work, mining, quarrying, and other hazardous sectors. (34,71-73) Research was unable to identify actions taken to implement the plan during the reporting period or any planned efforts to renew the strategy beyond 2019. |
† The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (2,72,74,75)
In 2019, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including adequacy to address the problem in all sectors.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Social Support and Reintegration Centers† |
Government program that provides social and reintegration services for victims of child labor. Includes the Manjary Soa Center and the Vonjy Centers in Antananarivo, Toamasina, Nosy Be, and Mahajanga. (11,22,76) Remained in operation in 2019, with the government committing $10,400 for the management of the Manjary Soa Center in 2019. (10) |
|
Cash Transfer Program (2015–2019)† |
Ministry of Population, Social Protection and the Promotion of Women $35 million program, supported by the World Bank and UNICEF, that provided cash assistance for families with school-age children, conditioned on children's school attendance. (11,12,77-79) The World Bank reported in 2019 that the program had reached 39,000 families. (80) |
|
Project Supporting Sustainable and Child Labor Free Vanilla-Growing Communities in Sava (2016–2020) |
USDOL-funded $4 million project implemented by ILO aims to reduce child labor in the vanilla-producing areas of the Sava Region. (54,81,82) In 2019, the project established three vocational training centers targeting children between the ages of 14 and 17. (10) The project also conducted a pilot to assess the feasibility of establishing a supply chain traceability system in the vanilla industry. (83) Additional information is available on the USDOL website. |
|
UNICEF Country Program |
UNICEF-funded $197,815 program that supported the government's efforts to improve education, health, nutrition, and protection for children in Madagascar. (12,84) In 2019, Madagascar requested and was approved for an extension of the program into 2020. (85,86) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Madagascar.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (15,45,60,87-92)
Basic health and social services available to victims of the worst forms of child labor are not adequate to meet current needs. (5,8,11,22,45) Although Madagascar has programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insufficient to address the extent of the problem, particularly in agriculture, commercial sexual exploitation, domestic work, begging, and mining. (5,15,36,60)
\
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Madagascar (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Enforcement |
Investigate and prosecute public officials who are allegedly complicit in or facilitate the worst forms of child labor. |
2019 |
|
Authorize the labor inspectorate to assess penalties. |
2017 – 2019 |
|
|
Publish enforcement information related to child labor, including labor inspectorate funding and the number and types of labor inspections conducted. |
2013 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure inspectors and criminal law enforcement officials receive appropriate and regular training on child labor issues. |
2019 |
|
|
Increase the number of labor inspectors to meet the ILO's technical advice. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure the labor inspectorate receives adequate funding to enforce child labor laws and conduct a sufficient number of inspections, including ensuring enough inspectors in rural and agricultural areas. |
2009 – 2019 |
|
|
|
Ensure inspectors regularly utilize their authority to conduct routine unannounced inspections rather than conduct inspections only in response to complaints. |
2019 |
|
|
Ensure that when encountered, children are removed from child labor situations and that penalties for child labor violations are applied. |
2019 |
|
Enhance the effectiveness of existing complaint hotline databases by gathering separate data on child labor-related complaints. |
2009 – 2019 |
|
|
Disseminate and enforce the new decree expanding the list of hazardous occupations for children. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Publish criminal law enforcement data on number of prosecutions initiated, number of convictions achieved, and penalties assessed for criminal law enforcement violations in relation to child labor. |
2013 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure criminal law enforcement agencies have sufficient staff, equipment, and transportation to combat the worst forms of child labor. |
2019 |
|
|
Coordination |
Ensure that relevant coordinating mechanisms are adequately funded to carry out their mandates. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
Government Policies |
Ensure policies related to child labor are implemented and report on yearly actions taken. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
Develop and adopt a new National Action Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor and update or renew expiring policies such as the National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons. |
2019 |
|
|
Social Programs |
Enhance efforts to eliminate barriers and make education accessible for all children, including those in rural communities, by removing fees for supplies and school-related costs, increasing school infrastructure and transportation services, hiring sufficiently qualified teachers, and ensuring children's safety in schools. |
2011 – 2019 |
|
Ensure that social protection systems have adequate funding and staff to provide appropriate services to victims of the worst forms of child labor. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
|
Expand the scope of programs to address child labor in agriculture and the worst forms of child labor in agriculture, commercial sexual exploitation, domestic work, and mining. |
2014 – 2019 |
-
ECPAT France. Contribution d'ECPAT France sur le suivi de la situation de l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants à des fins commerciales- Madagascar. 2015.
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CRC-OP-SC/Shared%20Documents/MDG/INT_CRC-OP-SC_NGO_MDG_21425_F.pdf. -
ILO. Supporting Sustainable, Child Labor Free Vanilla-Growing Communities in Sava. October 2017: Technical Progress Report. Source on file.
-
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 1, 2020. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/. -
ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2018. Analysis received March 2020. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
-
ILO. Individual Case Discussion concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Madagascar (ratification: 2001). Published: 2016.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3284607. -
U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. February 5, 2016.
-
Vanilla collector. Interview with USDOL official. March 11, 2016.
-
Centre for Civil and Political Rights. Madagascar: Rapport de la société civile sur la mise en œuvre du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques (PIDCP). June 2017.
https://www.refworld.org/docid/53355d634.html. -
ILO. Eliminer le travail des enfants dans la chaîne de production de la vanille, c'est l'affaire de tous! June 13, 2016.
http://www.ilo.org/global/docs/WCMS_496527/lang--fr/index.htm. -
U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. January 16, 2020. Source on file.
-
U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. January 18, 2018.
-
U.S. Embassy- Antananarivo. Reporting. January 24, 2019.
-
NGO official. Interview with USDOL official. February 22, 2016.
-
RFI. Sortir les enfants des mines de saphirs du sud de Madagascar. September 25, 2017.
http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170925-reportage-sortir-enfants-mines-saphirs-sud-madagascar. -
ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Madagascar (ratification: 2001). Published: 2016.
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