In 2019, Guyana made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The government drafted and began implementation of the National Action Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor and launched an updated Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Combating Trafficking in Persons National Plan of Action, which establishes mechanisms to address human trafficking, including child trafficking. In addition, the government drafted a revised Combating Trafficking in Persons Bill, which would increase the legislative protection for victims, including children. However, children in Guyana are engaged in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in mining. Law enforcement agencies have insufficient financial and human resources to enforce laws related to child labor, including its worst forms, and existing laws do not fully prohibit using children in certain forms of child labor. Moreover, the government does not have targeted social programs to fully address the extent of the child labor problem in the country.
Children in Guyana engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also perform dangerous tasks in mining. (1-7) The 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5 indicated that children living in Guyana's interior are more likely than other children to be engaged in child labor, with 37 percent of children ages 5 to 17 living in the interior engaged in child labor. The survey also indicated that 41 percent of children living in Amerindian households engage in child labor, with 34 percent of these children engaged in hazardous work. (3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Guyana.
|
Children |
Age |
Percent |
|---|---|---|
|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
20.1 (Unavailable) |
|
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
97.1 |
|
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
22.1 |
|
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
97.4 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2012, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020. (4)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5 (MICS 5), 2014. (5)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
|
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
|---|---|
|
Agriculture |
Farming,† including the production of cabbage, cherries, limes, rice, squash, sugarcane, and charcoal (1,6-14) |
|
Forestry, including logging,† preservation of lumber, and work in sawmills† (1,3,8,10,14) |
|
|
Raising animals, including chickens (8) |
|
|
Fishing,† activities unknown (1,8,15) |
|
|
Industry |
Construction,† activities unknown (8,14,15) |
|
Mining,† including gold mining and bauxite mining (3,8,10,14) |
|
|
Services |
Domestic work (1,6,8) |
|
Welding† and working in scrap iron yards (1,6,8) |
|
|
Working in stores, bars, and restaurants (1,6,8,16) |
|
|
Street work, including selling fruit, washing cars, and begging (1,6,8,11,12,17) |
|
|
Cleaning boats and ferries, and helping load luggage and goods (8) |
|
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1,2,7,8,10-12,14,15,18) |
|
Use in illicit activities, including planting marijuana and smuggling drugs, weapons, and goods (6,8) |
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Children in Guyana, including girls as young as age 12, are involved in commercial sexual exploitation in Georgetown and in the country's interior. There are reports of young girls in mining communities being subjected to commercial sexual exploitation as a result of human trafficking. (1,6-9) Children are engaged in informal, small-scale mining in which they wash gold, operate dangerous machinery, and are exposed to hazardous chemicals. (8,9)
Children in Guyana's interior and rural areas have limited access to education due to poor infrastructure, long distances to schools, transportation costs, and a shortage of qualified teachers. This leads to decreasing enrollment and high dropout rates among students, particularly in secondary school. (6,8,9,19,20)
Guyana has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
|
Convention |
Ratification |
|---|---|
|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
|
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
|
UN CRC |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
|
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
|
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Guyana's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including insufficient prohibition of commercial sexual exploitation of children.
|
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Minimum Age for Work |
Yes |
15 |
Articles 2–3 of the Employment of Young Persons and Children Act; Articles 17–22 of the Education Act (21,22) |
|
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Part 1, Article 2, and Part 2, Article 3 of the Employment of Young Persons and Children Act; Articles 17, 41, 46, and 75 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (21,23) |
|
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
Yes |
List of Hazardous Occupations and Processes in Guyana; Part 1, Article 2 of the Employment of Young Persons and Children Act; Articles 17, 41, and 75 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (21,23,24) |
|
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
No |
Article 40 of the Constitution; Article 3 of the Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act (25,26) |
|
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Article 3 of the Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act (26) |
|
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
No |
Article 50(3) of the Protection of Children Act; Article 3(2) of the Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act (26,27) |
|
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
No |
Article 50(1) of the Protection of Children Act (27) |
|
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
18 |
Article 18 of the Defense Act and Defense Amendment Act (28,29) |
|
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
N/A* |
||
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
No |
||
|
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
15 |
Articles 13 and 22 of the Education Act (22) |
|
Free Public Education |
Yes |
Article 27 of the Constitution (25) |
* No conscription (1)
Guyanese law does not criminally prohibit forced labor. (25, 26) Guyanese law does not sufficiently prohibit all commercial sexual exploitation of children as it does not prohibit the use of children for prostitution or pornographic performances or production of pornography. The law does, however, adequately prohibit the procuring and offering of children in prostitution and pornography, as Guyana's Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act prohibits the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation, which in turn includes prostitution and child pornography. (9,26,30) Although Article 50(1) of the Protection of Children Act prohibits selling or giving drugs to children, the law does not specifically prohibit the use, procuring, or offering of a child for the production and trafficking of drugs. (18,27) During the reporting year, Guyana acceded to the 1996 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children (the Child Protection Convention) and the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. (1,31)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Social Protection that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
|
Organization/Agency |
Role |
|---|---|
|
Ministry of Social Protection |
Monitors and enforces child labor laws in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Forestry Commission, Geology and Mines Commission, National Insurance Scheme, and Guyana Police Force. The Chief Labor Officer handles special investigations stemming from child labor complaints and oversees routine labor inspections. (9) Includes a Trafficking in Persons Unit and the Childcare and Protection Agency, to which children identified during labor inspections are referred. (9) Reported six new investigations of child labor during the reporting period, two of which were for commercial sexual exploitation of a child. (1) |
|
Guyana Police Force |
Enforces criminal laws related to the worst forms of child labor, including human trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation, and the use of children in illicit activities. Works in consultation with the Director of Public Prosecutions, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Social Protection, Ministry of Education, and Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' Affairs, depending on the circumstances of each case. (9) |
|
Ministry of Public Security |
Leads enforcement of human trafficking laws. Chairs the Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Combating Trafficking in Persons. (9) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2019, labor law enforcement agencies in Guyana took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Social Protection that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including human resource allocation.
|
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
$235,000 (9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Number of Labor Inspectors |
15 (9) |
14 (1) |
|
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
No (9) |
No (1) |
|
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A (9) |
N/A (1) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
|
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
1,733 (9) |
1,306 (1) |
|
Number Conducted at Worksite |
1,733 (9) |
1,306 (1) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
21 (9) |
6 (1) |
|
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
0 (9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
0 (9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Routine Inspections Conducted |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
|
Routine Inspections Targeted |
No (9) |
Yes (1) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
|
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
|
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
In 2019, the government conducted routine inspections that targeted high-risk sectors, including agriculture and mining, while no targeted inspections were conducted in 2018. (1) However, the number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Guyana's workforce, which includes more than 313,000 workers. According to the ILO's technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 15,000 workers in developing economies, Guyana would employ roughly 21 inspectors. (32,33) In 2019, the number of labor inspectors decreased to 14. The government recognizes that the number of inspectors is not sufficient to adequately monitor Guyana's workforce, including in the interior where child labor is most prevalent. (1,8,9,14) Furthermore, inspectors have insufficient resources to conduct inspections in remote areas, including transportation and accommodation. (9)
The government has acknowledged challenges in monitoring and enforcing the provisions established in Articles 41 and 46 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which aim to protect children from work that may harm their physical health or emotional development. (34)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2019, criminal law enforcement agencies in Guyana took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including human resource allocation.
|
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2018 |
2019 |
|---|---|---|
|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A (9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Number of Investigations |
30 (35) |
6 (1) |
|
Number of Violations Found |
21(9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
11 (35) |
6 (1) |
|
Number of Convictions |
1 (35) |
1 (1,2) |
|
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
0 (9) |
Unknown (1) |
|
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
Yes (9) |
Yes (1) |
The government has acknowledged that there is an insufficient number of staff members in the Ministry of Social Protection's Trafficking in Persons Unit. (13,36) In addition, with only 33 justices and magistrates, the courts have a backlog of cases and more than a 2-year waiting period on all legal matters. (17,37) In 2019, the Director of Public Prosecutions prosecuted nine persons suspected of human trafficking. Of these, six prosecutions were initiated during the previous reporting period. (2) The government convicted one person for human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of a child during the reporting period. (2)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including efforts to address all forms of child labor.
|
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
|---|---|
|
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Combating Trafficking in Persons |
Reports on the nature and magnitude of human trafficking in Guyana and documents the government's response. Carries out public education campaigns and promotes prevention measures. (1,9) Combats commercial sexual exploitation of children and the use of children in illicit activities. Members include participants from 16 government ministries. (1,17,38) Chaired by the Minister of Public Security. Participating member agencies include: the Ministries of Amerindian Affairs, Natural Resources and Environment, Education, Legal Affairs, and Foreign Affairs. (1,17,39) In 2019, drafted and began implementing the Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Combating Trafficking in Persons National Plan of Action. Also led a number of successful raids at suspected human trafficking sites; conducted awareness and sensitization campaigns across Guyana; trained law enforcement officers, social workers, and prosecutors in victim-centered investigations and prosecutions; and drafted a revised Combating Trafficking in Persons Bill, which would increase legislative protection for victims, including children. (1,2) |
|
National Tripartite Committee |
Addresses national labor legislation and policy. Includes representatives from government agencies, labor unions, and employers, including the Ministry of Social Protection, Consultative Association of Guyanese Industries, Guyana Trades Union Congress, and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Guyana. (17,40,41) Research was unable to determine whether the National Tripartite Committee was active during the reporting period. |
|
Commission on the Rights of the Child |
Protects and promotes children's rights in accordance with the UN CRC, which includes addressing the worst forms of child labor. Reported to be active in 2019, but did not finalize its new strategic plan. (1) |
Although the government has established the Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Combating Trafficking in Persons, research found no evidence of mechanisms to coordinate efforts to combat other worst forms of child labor.
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including a lack of child labor elimination and prevention strategies in the National Education Policy.
|
Policy |
Description |
|---|---|
|
National Policy Toward the Elimination of Child Labor (2018–2025) |
Aims to prevent and eliminate child labor in all its forms by 2025 by reconciling gaps and inconsistencies between existing national policies and ratified international conventions. Establishes a national framework to coordinate, enforce, monitor, and evaluate all efforts to combat child labor, and increases protections for vulnerable indigenous children in the hinterland. (42) Approved in April 2019. (1,43) |
|
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Combating Trafficking in Persons Action Plan (2019–2020)† |
Seeks to prevent and raise awareness about human trafficking, provide direct assistance to victims, improve law enforcement's capacity to identify and respond to human trafficking, and strengthen interagency coordination and referral mechanisms. (1,44) Establishes mechanisms to protect victims of all forms of human trafficking, prevent trafficking in persons, and prosecute human traffickers. Provides for the review and amendment of the Combating Trafficking in Persons Act. (2) |
† Policy was approved during the reporting period.
‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (45)
The National Education Policy does not include child labor elimination and prevention strategies. The Commission on the Rights of the Child began drafting a new strategic plan to replace the previous 5-Year Strategic Plan; however, research was unable to determine whether the new strategy includes child labor elimination and prevention strategies. (9,34,45) In 2019, the government drafted a National Action Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor (2019–2025). (1)
In 2019, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including adequacy to address the problem in all sectors.
|
Program |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Guyana Decent Work Country Program (2017–2021)† |
Aims to improve working conditions and increase respect for international standards, social protection, economic opportunities, and social dialogue. Includes plans to conduct research and raise awareness on child labor, develop a national child labor policy, and establish coordination mechanisms to prevent and respond to child labor and forced labor. (46) During the reporting period, the government began the implementation of its Decent Work Country Program. (1) However, research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the Guyana Decent Work Country Program during the reporting period. |
|
Shelter for Domestic Violence Victims† |
Government-funded, NGO-run shelter that houses victims of domestic violence and human trafficking, including children. Provides services, including psychological counseling and practical skills training. (9) Accommodates teenage girls under age 16 who are placed at the shelter at the request of the government's Childcare and Protection Agency. (9) Receives $50,000 annually from the government, and continued to receive funding during the reporting period. (1,48) |
|
Government-Funded School Programs† |
School Meals and Uniforms provides hot meals to 16,000 students at schools in the interior and transportation for students in several remote areas. All students in government-run schools, from nursery to secondary school, receive vouchers to purchase school uniforms, shoes, and backpacks. (17) Active in 2019. (1,9) The 5Bs Program provides boats, buses, bicycles, books, and breakfast to school children to improve access to education. (1,14,20,49) |
|
Child Advocacy Centers |
Funded by private sector donations and UNICEF, and implemented by the Ministry of Social Protection and NGOs to provide services for abused children. (50) The Ministry of Social Protection's Childcare and Protection Agency oversees the centers and makes referrals. (50) During the reporting period, the government increased the number of Child Advocacy Centers to seven, and the centers were functioning during the reporting period. (1) |
|
Board of Industrial Training† |
Government-funded program that aims to deter early school dropouts by providing job skills to at-risk youth between ages 15 and 17 who may not otherwise be able to complete their formal education. (9) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the Board of Industrial Training during the reporting period. |
† Program is funded by the Government of Guyana.
The scope of government programs targeting the worst forms of child labor is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem, including child labor in the mining industry and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. (14,48)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Guyana (Table 11).
|
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
|
Legal Framework |
Ensure that the law sufficiently prohibits forced labor. |
2019 |
|
Ensure that the law sufficiently prohibits all commercial sexual exploitation of children by prohibiting the use of children in pornography and prostitution, including in prostitution outside establishments. |
2010 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the law sufficiently prohibits the use of children for illicit activities by prohibiting the use, procuring, or offering of a child for the production or trafficking of drugs. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Enforcement |
Increase the number of labor inspectors trained and responsible for providing enforcement of child labor laws to ensure that a sufficient number of inspectors are available to carry out labor inspections. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
Publish information on the Labor Inspectorate's funding, as well as other labor law and criminal law enforcement efforts. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
|
Authorize the Labor Inspectorate to assess penalties. |
2016 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the Labor Inspectorate receives sufficient resources to monitor the interior, where child labor is most prevalent, and in other remote areas. |
2011 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure the appropriate application of Articles 41 and 46 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act to protect children from work that may harm their physical health or emotional development. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that the Ministry of Social Protection's Trafficking in Persons Unit is sufficiently staffed to carry out its mandate. |
2018 – 2019 |
|
|
Dedicate more resources, including judicial personnel, to address the backlog of cases and ensure that cases are concluded in a timely manner, including cases related to the worst forms of child labor. |
2010 – 2019 |
|
|
Coordination |
Establish coordinating mechanisms to combat child labor, including all of its worst forms. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
Ensure that the National Tripartite Committee engages in regular meetings and coordination efforts. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
|
Government Policies |
Ensure that child labor elimination and prevention strategies are integrated into the newly drafted 5-Year Strategic Plan on the Rights of the Child and the National Education Policy. |
2010 – 2019 |
|
Social Programs |
Ensure that children are not prevented from attending school because of transportation costs and lack of infrastructure. |
2014 – 2019 |
|
Increase the number of qualified teachers, particularly in rural and interior areas. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
|
Develop new initiatives and expand existing programs to reach all children involved in the worst forms of child labor, including programs addressing child labor in the mining industry and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. |
2010 – 2019 |
|
|
Ensure that activities are undertaken to implement the Guyana Decent Work Country Program and the Board of Industrial Training. |
2018 – 2019 |
-
US Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 5, 2020.
-
US Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 14, 2020.
-
Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Public Health and UNICEF. Guyana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 Final Report. 2015.
https://www.unicef.org/guyana/MICS_5_Final_Report(1).pdf. -
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed: March 2020. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report. http://data.uis.unesco.org/.
-
ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5, 2014. Analysis received March 2020. For more information, please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
-
ILO-IPEC and Ministry of Labour Human Services and Social Security of Guyana. Guyana National Child Labour Rapid Assessment Survey 2011. 2013. Source on file.
-
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Person Report- 2019: Guyana. Washington, DC, June 20, 2019.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/guyana/. -
ILO Decent Work Team and Office for the Caribbean. Rapid Assessment of Child Labor in Guyana. 2017.
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/---sro-port_of_spain/documents/publication/wcms_573539.pdf. -
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. March 5, 2019.
-
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 16, 2017.
-
Associated Press. Guyana reports 'troubling' prevalence of child labour. news24.com, October 22, 2015.
http://www.news24.com/World/News/Guyana-reports-troubling-prevalence-of-child-labour-20151022. -
Government of Guyana. Social Protection Ministry setting up unit to tackle child labour. Government Information Agency, December 9, 2015. Source on File.
-
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 18, 2018.
-
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 12, 2018.
-
UN Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. Concluding observations on the initial report of Guyana. May 22, 2018: CMW/C/GUY/CO/1.
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CMW/C/GUY/CO/1&Lang=En. -
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. December 31, 2015.
-
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 17, 2016.
-
ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (No. 182) Guyana (ratification: 2001) Published: 2019. Accessed April 1, 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3963431:NO. -
UN Economic and Social Council. Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Guyana. Report No. E/C.12/GUY/CO/2-4. 2015.
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E/C.12/GUY/CO/2-4&Lang=En. -
Henry, Paulette. Child Neglect in Guyana. 2017.
http://childlinkgy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Child-Neglect-Research-Final-Report.pdf. -
Government of Guyana. Employment of Young Persons and Children Act (Chapter 99:01) [consolidated up to 1973], No. 14. Enacted: 1933.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/597/cap9901Employment of Young Persons and Children[1].pdf. -
Government of Guyana. Education Act, Chapter 39:01. Enacted: 1998. Source on file.
-
Government of Guyana. Occupational Safety and Health Act, Chapter 99:10. Enacted: 1997.
http://blue.lim.ilo.org/cariblex/pdfs/Guyana_OSH.pdf. -
Government of Guyana. Labour Laws Primer. Primer. Ministry of Labor, Human Services and Social Security. April 21, 2015.
http://www.mlhsss.gov.gy/Manual-Version2.pdf. -
Government of Guyana. The Constitution of Guyana, 1980 with 1996 Reforms. Enacted: 1996.
http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Guyana/guyana96.html. -
Government of Guyana. Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act 2005. Enacted: 2005.
http://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/4653-act_no._2_of_2005.pdf. -
Government of Guyana. Protection of Children Act, No. 17. Enacted: 2009. Source on file.
-
Government of Guyana. Defence Amendment Act. Enacted: 2011. Source on file.
-
Government of Guyana. Defence Act. Enacted: 1998.
http://www.gdf.mil.gy/files/cap1501.pdf. -
Government of Guyana. Criminal Law (Offences) Act, Chapter 8:01. Enacted: 1998. Source on file.
-
Hague Conference on Private International Law. Following Guyana's accessions, Child Abduction and Child Protection Conventions. February 26, 2019 (accessed February 28, 2020).
https://www.hcch.net/en/news-archive/details/?varevent=657. -
ILO. Strategies and Practice for Labour Inspection. Geneva, Committee on Employment and Social Policy. November 2006. GB.297/ESP/3. Please see "Labor Law enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb297/pdf/esp-3.pdf. -
UN. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017 Statistical Annex. New York. 2017. Please see "Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_full_en.pdf. -
ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning the Minimum Age Convention (No. 138), adopted 2014, Guyana (ratification: 1998). Published: 2019. Accessed: March 28, 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3963302:NO. -
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 15, 2019.
-
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 2, 2016.
-
U.S. Embassy Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 30, 2019.
-
ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)- Guyana (ratification: 1966) Published: 2019. Accessed: March 28, 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3960865:NO. -
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 11, 2015.
-
U.S. Embassy Georgetown official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 30, 2016.
-
ILO. Decent Work Country Programme of Guyana (2012–2015).
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/program/dwcp/download/guyana.pdf. -
Government of Guyana. A National Policy Toward The Elimination Of Child Labor. 2018. Source on file.
-
Guyana Chronicle. Big blow to child labour. April 27, 2019.
https://guyanachronicle.com/2019/04/27/big-blow-to-child-labour. -
Government of Guyana. National Action Plan for the Prevention and Response to Trafficking in Persons for 2019-2020. June 2019.
https://mops.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Guyana-2019-2020-TIP-Action-Plan.pdf. -
Government of Guyana. National Development Strategy Chapter 20: Educational Policy Government of Guyana. March 31, 2016.
http://www.guyana.org/NDS/chap20.htm. -
Government of Guyana and ILO. Guyana Decent Work Country Program (2017 to 2021). December 15, 2017. Source on file.
-
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Person Report- 2018: Guyana. Washington, DC. June 27, 2018.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report/guyana/. -
U.S. Embassy- Georgetown. Reporting. February 17, 2015.
-
Government of Guyana. 5B's in action. October 19, 2019.
https://dpi.gov.gy/5bs-in-action/#gsc.tab=0. -
News Room Guyana. Child Advocacy Centres now equipped to record child abuse digitally. January 27, 2019.
https://newsroom.gy/2019/06/27/child-advocacy-centres-now-equipped-to-record-child-abuse-digitally/.
