a-4279 (ACC-TUR-4279)

Nach einer Recherche in unserer Länderdokumentation und im Internet können wir Ihnen zu oben genannter Fragestellung Materialien zur Verfügung stellen, die unter anderem folgende Informationen enthalten (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 24. März 2005):

Gesetze zum Schutz von Frauen vor häuslicher Gewalt und Anwendung durch Behörden und Oberbehörden

  • Europäische Kommission: Empfehlung der Europäischen Kommission zu den Fortschritten der Türkei auf dem Weg zum Beitritt, 6. Oktober 2004
    http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/report_2004/pdf/tr_recommendation_de.pdf
    „Was die wirtschaftlichen und soziale Rechte betrifft, so wurde der Grundsatz der Geschlechtergleichheit zivil- und verfassungsrechtlich gestärkt. Im Rahmen des neuen Strafgesetzbuchs können Personen, die „Ehrenmorde“ verüben, zu lebenslangen Gefängnisstrafen verurteilt werden, Jungfräulichkeitstests ohne gerichtliche Anordnung werden untersagt und sexuelle Gewalt in der Ehe wird zum Straftatbestand. Die Lage der Frauen ist immer noch unbefriedigend; Diskriminierungen und Gewalt gegen Frauen und auch „Ehrenmorde“ bleiben ein großes Problem.“ (S. 15)
  • Europäische Kommission: Regelmäßiger Bericht über die Fortschritte der Türkei auf dem Weg zum Beitritt, 6. Oktober 2004
    http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/report_2004/pdf/rr_tr_2004_de.pdf

    „Im Hinblick auf die Gleichbehandlung der Geschlechter haben zahlreiche Reformen den Grundsatz der Gleichberechtigung von Mann und Frau gestärkt. Artikel 10 der Verfassung enthält nunmehr eine Bestimmung, wonach Männer und Frauen gleiche Rechte haben und der Staat die Pflicht hat, diese Gleichheit in der Praxis umzusetzen. Eine Verpflichtung zur positiven Diskriminierung ist in der Verfassung nicht enthalten. Das neue Strafgesetzbuch zeigt sich im Allgemeinen fortschrittlich was die Rechte der Frauen angeht und widmet sich Straftaten wie „Ehrenmorden“ und Fragen wie Vergewaltigung und Jungfräulichkeitstests. Trotz rechtlicher und praktischer Initiativen zur Lösung des Problems der Diskriminierung und der häuslichen Gewalt, bleibt beides weiterhin ein großes Problem. Um zu gewährleisten, dass Frauen in der Gesellschaft eine gleichberechtigte Stellung einnehmen, werden nachhaltige Anstrengungen erforderlich sein. Das neue Strafgesetzbuch sieht lebenslange Freiheitsstrafen für Angriffe auf das Leben vor, deren Motive „Tradition und Brauchtum“ sind, und bezieht diese Bestimmung auf Fälle so genannter „Ehrenmorde“. Vergewaltigung in der Ehe kann zu gerichtlichen Ermittlungen führen und strafrechtlich verfolgt werden, wenn das Opfer klagt. Das Gesetzbuch sieht eine leichte Verschärfung des Strafmaßes für Polygamie und die Nichteintragung religiös geschlossener Ehen vor. Was die Jungfräulichkeitstests betrifft, so sind nach dem neuen Gesetzbuch für diejenigen, die diese Tests ohne richterliche Verfügung anordnen oder durchführen, Haftstrafen vorgesehen. Entgegen den Forderungen von Frauenorganisationen ist die Einwilligung der Frau, an der der Test durchgeführt wird, immer noch nicht erforderlich. Im Januar 2004 veröffentlichte das Amt des Premierministers ein Rundschreiben um sicherzustellen, dass die Gleichbehandlung der Geschlechter bei der Einstellung in den öffentlichen Dienst gewährleistet ist. Die Verabschiedung der Rechtsvorschriften für die Gewährleistung des tatsächlichen Verbots von Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz jedoch ist nur begrenzt vorangekommen (siehe auch Kapitel 13 - Sozialpolitik und Beschäftigung). Viele Frauen sehen sich im Familienkreis verschiedenen Formen physischer und psychologischer Gewalt ausgesetzt. Darunter fallen sexueller Missbrauch, erzwungene und häufig frühe Eheschließungen, inoffizielle religiöse Eheschließungen, Polygamie, Menschenhandel und „Ehrenmorde“. Sicherheitsbeamte wenden Berichten zufolge während der Haft gegen Frauen seltener Gewalt an. Das Bewusstsein für Gewalt gegen Frauen wurde geschärft und es wird ein gewisser Druck ausgeübt, um sich dieser Gewalt entgegenzustellen. Im März 2004 verurteilte ein Richter einen Angeklagten wegen eines „Ehrenmordes“ in Sanilurfa zu einer lebenslangen Haftstrafe und die beteiligten Familienmitglieder erhielten lange Gefängnisstrafen. Im Februar 2004 wies die Diyanet [Generaldirektion für religiöse Angelegenheiten] Imams und Prediger an, während der Freitagsgebete „Ehrenmorde“ zu verurteilen. Zuvor hatte die Diyanet im Januar 2004 die Anweisung erteilt, keine inoffiziellen Ehen ohne vorherige Zivilehe zu schließen. Ferner versucht die Diyanet die Rolle der Frauen im Islam aktiv zu fördern und ernennt Frauen als Muftis. Darüber hinaus wird die Innengestaltung der Moscheen geändert, um die Teilnahme der Frauen an religiösen Zeremonien zu erleichtern. Das Familienschutzgesetz aus dem Jahr 1998 hat eine begrenzte Reichweite und ist nicht angemessen umgesetzt worden. Klagen von Frauen im Zusammenhang mit häuslicher Gewalt gehen die Sicherheitskräfte häufig nicht nach. Frauenorganisationen haben die Notwendigkeit hervorgehoben, für Frauen Unterkünfte und Beratungszentren einzurichten, da die derzeitige Bereitstellung durch den Staat für unzureichend erachtet wird (derzeit gibt es nur 9 Zentren). Das im Juli 2004 vom Parlament verabschiedete Gemeindegesetz fordert, dass Gemeinden mit über 50.000 Einwohnern Frauen- und Kinderunterkünfte bereitstellen. Dass Frauen weiterhin diskriminierenden Praktiken unterworfen bleiben, hängt weitgehend an ihrer mangelnden Bildung und an der hohen Analphabetenrate (19 % der Frauen in der Türkei sind Analphabeten und im Südosten liegt diese Zahl erheblich höher). In einigen Provinzen im Südosten besuchen angeblich 62 % der Mädchen die Primarstufe und 50% die Sekundarstufe. Die in einigen Teilen der Südosttürkei weit verbreitete Gewohnheit, Mädchen nicht offiziell zu melden, verschärft diese Lage. Darüber hinaus wird die Diskriminierung durch das in Schulbüchern vermittelte Frauenbild verstärkt. Im Juli 2004 wurde eine Verordnung erlassen, mit der der Mutterschaftsurlaub für Staatsbedienstete (in Einklang mit dem Beschäftigungsgesetz von 2003) auf 16 Wochen verlängert wird. Die Türkei hat jedoch Artikel 8 der Europäischen Sozialcharta über das Recht weiblicher Arbeitnehmer auf Mutterschutz noch nicht übernommen. Nach wie vor ist kein Gesetz über die Einrichtung des Generaldirektorats für die Stellung und Probleme der Frauen verabschiedet worden, das seit knapp zehn Jahren erwartet wird. Folglich wird die Funktionsweise dieser Dienststelle erheblich behindert, die beispielsweise nicht in der Lage ist, ständige Mitarbeiter einzustellen oder an internationalen Aktivitäten teilzunehmen. In gewählten Gremien und in der Regierung sind Frauen unterrepräsentiert (4% der Abgeordneten und nur eine Ministerin). Bei den Kommunalwahlen 2004 wurden beispielsweise nur 25 Bürgermeisterinnen gewählt im Vergleich zu 3209 Bürgermeistern. Die parlamentarische Geschäftsordnung trägt der Aufhebung des Hosenverbots für weibliche Beamte noch immer nicht Rechnung.“ (S. 46-47)
    „Was die Gleichbehandlung von Frauen und Männern angeht, so wurde durch die im Mai 2004 vom Parlament verabschiedete Verfassungsänderung die folgende Bestimmung eingeführt: „Männer und Frauen haben gleiche Rechte. Der Staat hat die Pflicht, dafür zu sorgen, dass diese Gleichstellung in die Praxis umgesetzt wird.“ Infolge des neuen Arbeitsgesetzes wurden im Juli und im August 2004 zusätzliche Durchführungsverordnungen über die Arbeitsbedingungen für schwangere und stillende Arbeitnehmerinnen und die Arbeitsbedingungen für Frauen in Nachtschichten erlassen, durch die die türkischen Rechtsvorschriften mit der Richtlinie über die Sicherheit und den Gesundheitsschutz von schwangeren Arbeitnehmerinnen, Wöchnerinnen und stillenden Arbeitnehmerinnen in Einklang gebracht werden sollen. Im Juli 2004 wurde ein neues Gesetz verabschiedet, dem zufolge Beamtinnen Anspruch auf einen sechzehnwöchigen bezahlten Mutterschaftsurlaub haben.“ (S. 112)
  • USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004 - Turkey,
    http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41713.htm

    “Violence against women remained a chronic problem, and spousal abuse was serious and widespread. The law prohibits spousal abuse; however, complaints of beatings, threats, economic pressure, and sexual violence continued. Beating in the home was one of the most frequent forms of violence against women. A March 2003 study by Istanbul Bilgi University of married or divorced women in 25 provinces found that 31.5 percent of the women were beaten by their husbands; 21.5 percent were beaten by their fathers before marriage; and 41 percent had entered into arranged marriages. While approximately 35 percent of the group said they would file a complaint if their husbands beat them, a 2003 study by Hacettepe University found that 39 percent of women believed husbands were justified in beating their wives under certain circumstances. Citizens of either sex could file civil or criminal charges for abuse but rarely did so. Spousal abuse was considered an extremely private matter involving societal notions of family honor, and few women went to the police in practice. Police were reluctant to intervene in domestic disputes and frequently advised women to return to their husbands. The law provides that victims of spousal violence may apply directly to a judge for assistance and authorizes judges to warn abusive spouses and order them to stay away from the household for 6 months. Judges may order further punishments for those who violate such orders. According to women’s rights advocates, authorities enforced the law effectively, although outside of major urban areas few spouses sought assistance under the law. The law prohibits rape, including spousal rape; however, laws and ingrained societal notions made it difficult to prosecute sexual assault or rape cases. Women’s rights advocates believed cases of rape were underreported. In September, Parliament adopted a new Penal Code that considers rape a crime against the individual, rather than a crime against society. The Code eliminates several rape-related laws that women’s rights advocates criticized as discriminatory, including a measure that allowed rapists to escape punishment by marrying their victims and another that linked punishment for rape to the victim’s marital status or virginity. Women’s rights advocates reported there were eight government operated guest houses and three municipal shelters that provided services to battered women. The Social Services and Child Protection Institution operated 53 family centers, and a number of NGOs operated community centers. Bar associations in more than 30 provinces provided legal services for women. In July, Parliament adopted a law requiring municipalities with populations of over 50,000 to provide shelters for women and children.
    Honor killings--the killing by immediate family members of women suspected of being unchaste--continued in rural areas and among new immigrants to cities. Women’s advocacy groups reported that there were dozens of such killings every year, mainly in conservative Kurdish families in the southeast or among migrants from the southeast living in large cities. In September, Parliament adopted a law under which murders committed with a motive related to "moral killing" are considered aggravated homicides, requiring a life sentence. The law is designed to discourage the practice of issuing reduced sentences in honor killing cases; however, some human rights advocates argued that the wording of the law is not explicit enough to prevent judges from viewing the honor killing tradition as a mitigating factor for sentencing. Because of sentence reductions for juvenile offenders, observers noted that young male relatives often were designated to perform the killing. In April, 14-year-old Nuran Halitogullari was killed by her father and brother in Istanbul. According to press reports, a 32-member family council had ordered her killing to "clean the family honor" after she was kidnapped and raped earlier in the year. Prosecutors opened a case against the father, whose trial continued at year’s end. In February, 22-year-old Guldunya Toren was killed by two of her brothers in an Istanbul hospital. According to press reports, a family member raped and impregnated Toren in 2003. Toren fled Bitlis, in the southeast, for Istanbul, where she gave birth. Two of her brothers later tracked her down and shot her. She survived and was taken to a hospital, where her brothers shot and killed her in front of witnesses. Prosecutors opened a case against several family members; trial proceedings continued at year’s end. Trial proceedings continued in the case of Semse Allak, who was killed by relatives in Mardin Province in 2003 for becoming pregnant out of wedlock. Trial proceedings also continued in the case of Kadriye Demirel, who was killed by her 16-year-old brother in Diyarbakir in 2003 for becoming pregnant out of wedlock. In March, a Sanliurfa court sentenced the brother of 14-year-old Emine Kizilkurt to life imprisonment for murdering her in 2002 because a neighbor had raped her; the court sentenced 8 other family members to 17 years in prison for approving the killing. The case was under appeal at year’s end. Human rights organizations continued to report a high rate of suicide among girls, particularly in the southeast and east. Observers said forced marriages and economic problems contributed to the suicides.” (Section 5)
  • AI - Amnesty International: Women confronting family violence, 2. Juni 2004 (umfassender und ausführlicher Bericht über Gewalt gegen Frauen, enthält viele relevante Aspekte)
    http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR440132004
  • OMCT - World Organisation Against Torture: Violence Against Women - 10 reports - year 2003, 7. Juli 2004 (umfassender und ausführlicher Bericht über Gewalt gegen Frauen, enthält viele relevante Aspekte)
    http://www.omct.org/pdf/vaw/publications/2003/eng_2003_09_turkey.pdf

    “3.1 Domestic Violence Domestic violence is a grave problem in Turkey with as many as 90% of Turkish women experiencing violence at the hands of their husbands and boyfriends.19 This violence within the home takes both physical and psychological forms. Many women report that their husbands beat them on their wedding night.20 Although the problem of domestic violence is extensive in Turkey, there is no comprehensive legislation concerning domestic violence.21 Very few women report domestic violence to the authorities. The few women who do go to the authorities claim that the police are not gender sensitive and attempt to find a compromise between the husband and wife rather than treating the violence as a crime.22 OMCT is currently assisting a victim of domestic from the region of Diyarbakir who tried to file a complaint with the police. However, they refused to register the complaint, instead, they have beaten the woman. Additionally, when a complaint is successfully filed, the punishments are often weak, sometimes as little as a week in prison, if there is any punishment at all.23 Within such a system, most women prefer to stay silent than to report the crime to the police and risk retaliation by their husbands, or other members of the family, since the police will not likely take protective measures for the victim.
    A new law passed in 1998 strengthens protection orders for domestic violence victims, allowing a variety of measures to be taken, including, ordering the perpetrator “not to use violence or threatening behavior against the other spouse or children . . . , to leave the abode shared with the spouse or children and not to approach the abode . . . or their places of work, not to damage the property of the spouse or children . . . , not to cause distress to the spouse or children . . . using means of communication, to surrender a weapon or other similar instruments to the police, [and] not to arrive at the shared abode while under the influence of alcohol or other intoxicating substances . . . .”24 Although this represents a step in the right direction, the application of this law has been unworkable given the prevailing attitudes of law enforcement officers.25 The shelters that exist in Turkey are widely utilized by abused women, indicating the necessity for such mechanisms. Sadly, several shelters have closed in past years due to lack of funding.26 In many regions there are no shelters at all.” (S. 348-349)

AI - Amnesty International: From Paper To Practice: Making Change Real, 12. Februar 2004
http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR440012004?open&of=ENG-TUR

“4) Violence against Women Amnesty International welcomes the recent announcement that gender-discriminatory articles of the Turkish Penal Code are to be amended. The extent of violence perpetrated by men against family members is a serious concern. Estimates range from an approximate 30 to 58 per cent of women who experience physical violence, to 70-97 per cent of women experiencing a wider range of abuse. This epidemic of violence which affects all women and children who live with violent men - resulting in some cases in permanent disability and even death - appears to be condoned by the authorities and society in many situations. Family violence often occurs in public. The perpetrators are rarely brought to justice. In the case of so-called "honour killings", the authorities must take firm measures to address the problem by conducting thorough investigations and bringing the responsible parties, such as the heads of "family councils", to justice. There are many cases where murders or apparent suicides of women, which may constitute "honour killings", are not adequately investigated. Amnesty International is also concerned that Turkey is a country to which women are trafficked, and reports indicate that public officials may be involved either directly in trafficking or in the protection of perpetrators of trafficking of women. Amnesty International calls for the comprehensive monitoring and documentation of violence against women, additional measures aimed at preventing violence, such as the provision of shelters, improved access to judicial mechanisms and appropriate health care, and measures to ensure that police, judiciary and public officials act promptly and effectively when allegations of violence are brought to them. There are also entrenched obstacles to preventing and protecting women from violence. In situations where the security services have lost the confidence of the population, it is difficult for women experiencing violence in the home to turn to the law enforcement agencies or to have confidence in justice. Women in these contexts may fear the consequences to their husbands or families if they report violence. Impunity for public officials who commit violence, combined with insufficient implementation of the Law for the Protection of the Family, mean that vulnerable members of the community, such as women and children, have insufficient trust that action will be taken against any perpetrators of violence. These concerns make it even more important that effective, independent mechanisms exist for women to access protection, support and shelter, and that specialist services exist within the justice system at all levels and in all branches to work with victims of family violence in every region of the country.”

Auswirkungen des Verlassens eines Ehemannes auf Familienehre und Rachepotenzial des Ehemannes, Möglichkeit von Verbrechen an der Frau

  • Francoeur, Robert T.: The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, Volume I - IV 1997-2001, Turkey - Kapitel 5. Interpersonal Heterosexual Behaviors
    http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/turkey.html

    “Divorce and Widowhood
    The crude divorce rate of Turkey, less than one in a thousand marriages per year, is low compared to divorce rates in many other countries. Reasons for this can be the country’s strong religious and family ties, and the traditional nature of Turkish society. However, it should be noted that statistics do not reflect the divorces among religious marriages in the rural areas. (See also earlier comments about divorce in Section 2B, Religious and Ethnic Factors Affecting Sexuality, Character of Ethnic Values.) In Turkey, 49 percent of all divorces occur in the first five years of marriage and 45 percent occur in childless couples - an indication that children help to keep the continuity of marriage (SIS 1995). In other words, not having children may be considered as a social implication and probably a reason for divorce. Levine (1982), who investigated the nature of divorce in Turkey, considered divorce as a “barometer of social change,” “a struggle against conservatism,” and “an act of female emancipation.” Reviewing national divorce statistics, he noted that divorce is associated more with urbanism and urban occupations, with a higher level of development, with changing women’s roles, with developed agriculture rather than with full-scale industry, and with being barely literate (especially among women). Thus, it is the people “caught in the middle” of economic and structural change who are most vulnerable to divorce, as they are subject to the most stress. In effect, the urban poor who are dislocated and economically vulnerable are more likely to get divorced. Levine views the patriarchal family as a hindrance to individual autonomy and initiative, in which the needs of the family hold primacy over those of individual members. In this family type, divorce can be seen as a liberating act, although it brings with it serious problems of readjustment, especially for the woman, in a society which does not condone it.”

Hindustan Times: No Honour In Honour Killings, By Dr Bhaskar Dasgupta, 21. Februar 2004
http://www.countercurrents.org/gender-dasgupta210204.htm

“This “stain” on the family honour comes from a variety of alleged offences, such as allegations of premarital or extramarital sex, refusing an arranged marriage, attempting to obtain a divorce from an abusive husband, or simply talking innocently with any man who is not a relative. As is with these things, it’s only when the allegation become exposed and public the stain on the family honour is perceived as such. Note that this allegation is not in a legal sense. It just needs a bunch of moronic people getting together and gossiping, or somebody wanting to spread a rumour or something equally stupid like this for the charge to spread. Forget about the facts of the case. In many cases, just the allegation is enough to trigger this honour killing as has been shown by the numerous autopsies of the victims proving they were mostly still virgins.”

Situation alleinstehender geschiedener Frauen

BBC News: Turkish women get equal rights, 1. Jänner 2002
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1737099.stm

„But many women feel that the new law does not go far enough. It does not automatically apply retrospectively, so 17 million Turkish women - who are already married - will be no better off should they wish to get divorced. And Turkey remains a country full of contradictions. Although the percentage of women lawyers, doctors and stockbrokers is higher than in many Western nations, huge sectors of Turkish society - particularly the rural areas - remain deeply conservative. Last month, one education authority noted particularly high numbers of schoolgirl absentees in the western Turkish town of Achela. An investigation revealed that the children, some of them as young as 10 years old, were no longer in school because they had been married off by their families, and many of them now had children of their own. It is going to take more than just new legislation to change attitudes that are rooted firmly in the traditions of eastern Mediterranean and Muslim societies. These latest reforms to Turkey’s legal system are unlikely to have much impact on the lives of the children of Achela.”

Zeugen Jehovas

  • USDOS - US Department of State: International Religious Freedom Report 2004, 15. September 2004
    http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35489.htm

    “An 2001 circular from the Ministry of Interior encouraged some provincial governors to use existing laws, such as those regulating meetings, religious building zoning, and education, to regulate gatherings of "Protestants, Baha’is, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Believers in Christ" within their provinces, while "bearing in mind" those provisions of the law that provide for freedom of religion. According to one Protestant group, as well as reports by the media and other observers, local authorities asked more than a dozen churches in Istanbul and elsewhere to close. Other churches experienced increased police harassment following the publication of the circular. Several Protestant groups that have engaged in religious activities, including worship, Bible study, and religious education, had charges filed against them for zoning violations.” (Section 2)
    “In April 2003, Mersin police arrested 12 members of Jehovah’s Witnesses for allegedly holding an illegal meeting in a private home after being notified in 2002 that they would no longer be allowed to use a rented Kingdom Hall due to zoning laws. When the group planned in May 2003 to hold services in an old Kingdom Hall, police reportedly threatened to close down the Hall if it was used, then attended the next 17 meetings at the Hall, taking notes. In September, a court acquitted the 12 members of Jehovah’s Witnesses. On several occasions during the period covered by this report, members of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Mersin and Istanbul were fined for conducting religious meetings without permission.” (Section 2)
    “Jehovah’s Witnesses reported increasing official harassment over meeting for worship due to the fact that they are not members of an officially recognized religion. Members also have reported some difficulties in claiming conscientious objector status and exemption from required military service. Jehovah’s Witnesses who are conscripted into the military refuse to take the military oath or carry weapons and have faced arrest and detention as a result; generally the detention lasts for about a month, after which the individual is released pending trial.” (Section 2)
    “During 2003, Bulent Bozdogen, a member of Jehovah’s Witnesses, was reportedly tried on two separate occasions and sentenced to a total of 3 months in military prison on charges related to his refusal to serve in the military. During the period, he was reportedly beaten and mistreated numerous times.” (Section 2)
  • Council of the European Union: Note from the Netherlands delegation to CIREA: Official general report on Turkey, January 2002, Rf. 7838/02, 15. April 2002 
    http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/02/st07/07838en2.pdf

    “Jehovah’s witnesses There are some 1 500 Jehovah’s witnesses in Turkey. They live mainly in the cities of Istanbul and Izmir. As a result of around fifty court cases which they have won over recent decades, Jehovah’s witnesses are now de facto accepted as a separate religious group. The group is nevertheless hampered in its activities by the local authorities from time to time. For instance, local authorities in the cities of Mersin and Tethiye have forbidden Jehovah’s witnesses to hire rooms for meetings. An appeal has been lodged with the courts against these decisions. Individual Jehovah’s witnesses are occasionally prosecuted for proselytising - which is a duty for Jehovah’s witnesses according to their beliefs. There have been no convictions so far but there are cases in which Jehovah’s witnesses have spent periods in custody. According to a spokesman for the Jehovah’s witnesses, there have recently been much fewer problems with the performance of military service. In general it is accepted that Jehovah’s witnesses may not use weapons because of their faith. They are allotted administrative or back-up tasks. There are individual cases of harassment, according to the spokesman.” (S. 98-99)

Diese Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen. Die Antwort stellt keine abschließende Meinung zur Glaubwürdigkeit eines bestimmten Asylansuchens dar.