Information on this specific subject could not be found among the sources currently available to the DIRB.

Please consult the attachments for general information on Afghanistan's police force and the secret police known as KHAD (Khedamat-e Etela'ate Dawlati), also known as the State Information Service. According to the AI January 1990 attachment, KHAD was renamed WAD. Further details are not provided within the article.

Please refer to the following Responses to Information Requests, available at Regional Documentation Centres, for further information on KHAD: AFG16509.E of 8 February 1994, AFG15748.E of 1 December 1993 and AFG2108 of 28 September 1989. The attachments to Response to Information Request AFG15748.E provide more detailed information on KHAD, in particular, the AI March 1991 attachment entitled Afghanistan: Reports of Torture and Long-term Detention Without Trial, which describes KHAD's interrogation centres. The latter Response contains information on KHAD's organizational structure.

This response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the DIRB within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Please find attached the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Amnesty International (AI). 19 January 1990. Urgent Action: Afghanistan: Legal Concern. (AI Index: ASA 11/01/90). London: Amnesty International.

Encyclopedia of the Third World. 1992. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Edited by George Thomas Kurian. New York: Facts on File, pp. 5, 13.

World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Penal Systems. 1989. Edited by George Thomas Kurian. New York: Facts on File, pp. 1-2.

Afghanistan: A Country Study. 1986.

Afghanistan Forum [New York]. Bi-monthly. 1994.

Amnesty International (AI) [London, UK]. March 1991. Afghanistan: Reports of Torture and Long-term Detention Without Trial. (AI Index: ASA 11/01/91). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International Reports. Yearly. 1993, 1994.

Asia Watch. 23 February 1991. Afghanistan: The Forgotten War.

DIRB "Amnesty International: Afghanistan" country file. 1988 to 1992.

DIRB "Afghanistan" country file. 1990 to 1991.

The Europa World Year Book. Yearly. 1993, 1994.

Klass, Rosanne (ed.). 1987. Afghanistan: The Great Game Revisited.

Laber, Jeri and Barnett R. Rubin. 1988. A Nation is Dying: Afghanistan Under the Soviets 1979-1987.

Maley, William and Fazel Haq Saikal. 1992. Political Order in Post-Communist Afghanistan.

News from Asia Watch [New York]. 1991.

Operation Salam News [Geneva]. Monthly. 1988 to 1990.

On-line search of media sources.

Oral sources.