10 August 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation
Afghanistan
Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
ecoi.net featured topic on Afghanistan: Overview of recent developments and key players in Afghanistan (Periodical Report, English)
- ecoi.net featured topic on Afghanistan: Overview of recent developments and key players in Afghanistan
- Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
- Kurze Zusammenstellung zu aktuellen Entwicklungen und zentralen Akteuren in Afghanistan
- , and
Pakistan—has been active in Afghanistan since mid-2014.” […] International Federation for Human Rights: UN Human Rights Council :
Urgent debate on women and girls’ rights in Afghanistan, 1 July 2022
https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/afghanistan/women-girls-rights-afghanistan-human-rights-council [https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/afghanistan/women-girls-rights-afghanistan-human-rights-council]
* France24: Taliban 'not victorious' in Afghanistan's Panjshir […] 15 November 2021 (two-week coverage period),
15 November 2021 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064265/2021.11.15+EXTERNAL+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR urges Tajikistan to halt
returns of Afghans at risk, 19 November 2021 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2064255.html []
* UNHCR – UN High […] Situation #15; As of 15
March 2022, 22 March 2022 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2070099/2022.03.15+EXTERNAL+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Situation Update; Afghanistan
situation: Emergency preparedness and response in Iran; 15 May 2022, 15 May
2022 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2073463 […] /UNHCR+Iran+-+Afghanistan+Situation+Update++%281-15+May%29.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR Regional Bureau for Asia
and Pacific (RBAP); External Update: Afghanistan Situation #18; As of 01 July
2022, 14 July 2022 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2075525/2022.07.01+EXTERNAL+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf [] (available at ecoi.net)
* USCIRF
10 August 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation
Afghanistan
Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
ecoi.net-Themendossier zu Afghanistan: Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und zentrale Akteure in Afghanistan (Periodical Report, German)
- ecoi.net-Themendossier zu Afghanistan: Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und zentrale Akteure in Afghanistan
- Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
- Kurze Zusammenstellung zu aktuellen Entwicklungen und zentralen Akteuren in Afghanistan
- Juli 2022
https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/afghanistan/women-girls-rights-afghanistan-human-rights-council [https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/afghanistan/women-girls-rights-afghanistan-human-rights-council]
* France24: Taliban 'not victorious' in Afghanistan's Panjshir region,
National Resistance Front says, 5. […] Mai 2022
https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/08/14-people-suffer-casualties-in-afghanistan-last-week/ [https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/08/14-people-suffer-casualties-in-afghanistan-last-week/]
* Pajhwok Afghan News: 21 killed, 38 injured in Afghanistan last week, 28. […] August 2022
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/06/afghanistan-blast-taliban/ [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/06/afghanistan-blast-taliban/]
* UNAMA – UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: Briefing to the United Nations
Security Council by the Secretary-General’s Special Representative for
Afghanistan, Ms. Deborah Lyons, 26. […] Jänner 2022 (verfügbar auf
ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2067089/2022.01.15+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Afghanistan situation: Emergency
preparedness and response in Iran; 23 January 2022, 23. […] Juli 2022 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2075525/2022.07.01+EXTERNAL+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf [] (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
* UN Security Council: Eighth report of the Secretary-General on the threat
posed by ISIL (Da’esh) to international peace and security and the range of
United Nations efforts in support of Member States in countering the threat
[S/2019
13 June 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation
Afghanistan
Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
ecoi.net featured topic on Afghanistan: Overview of recent developments and key players in Afghanistan (Periodical Report, English)
- ecoi.net featured topic on Afghanistan: Overview of recent developments and key players in Afghanistan
- Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
- Kurze Zusammenstellung zu aktuellen Entwicklungen und zentralen Akteur·innen in Afghanistan
- -23-april-6-may-2022/]
* ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: ACLED Regional
Overview - South Asia and Afghanistan (7 - 13 May 2022), 19 May 2022
https://acleddata.com/2022/05/19/regional-overview-south-asia-and-afghanistan-7-13-may-2022/ [https://acleddata.com/2022/05/19/regional-overview-south-asia-and-afghanistan-7-13-may-2022/]
* AI – Amnesty International: Afghanistan: Taliban […] / [https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/08/14-people-suffer-casualties-in-afghanistan-last-week/]
* Pajhwok Afghan News: 21 killed, 38 injured in Afghanistan last week, 28 May
2022
https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/28/21-killed-38-injured-in-afghanistan-last-week/ [https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/28/21-killed-38-injured-in-afghanistan-last-week/]
* RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Intensifying Violence Between […] /UNHCR+Iran+-+Afghanistan+Situation+Update+9.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Afghanistan situation: Emergency
preparedness and response in Iran, 26 October 2021 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2063017/UNHCR+Iran+Afghanistan+Situation+Update+8.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Flash External Update:
Afghanistan Situation #10; As of […] 15 November 2021 (two-week coverage period),
15 November 2021 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064265/2021.11.15+EXTERNAL+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR urges Tajikistan to halt
returns of Afghans at risk, 19 November 2021 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2064255.html []
* UNHCR – UN High […] Situation #15; As of 15
March 2022, 22 March 2022 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2070099/2022.03.15+EXTERNAL+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Situation Update; Afghanistan
situation: Emergency preparedness and response in Iran; 15 May 2022, 15 May
2022 (available at ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2073463
13 June 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation
Afghanistan
Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
ecoi.net-Themendossier zu Afghanistan: Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und zentrale Akteure in Afghanistan (Periodical Report, German)
- ecoi.net-Themendossier zu Afghanistan: Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und zentrale Akteure in Afghanistan
- Brief compilation on recent developments and key actors in Afghanistan
- Kurze Zusammenstellung zu aktuellen Entwicklungen und zentralen Akteur·innen in Afghanistan
- Juni 2022, wenn nicht anders angegeben)
* AAN – Afghanistan Analysts Network: Preparing for a Post-Departure
Afghanistan: Changing political dynamics in the wake of the US troop withdrawal
announcement, 10. […] Mai 2022
https://acleddata.com/2022/05/19/regional-overview-south-asia-and-afghanistan-7-13-may-2022/ [https://acleddata.com/2022/05/19/regional-overview-south-asia-and-afghanistan-7-13-may-2022/]
* AI – Amnesty International: Afghanistan: Taliban responsible for brutal
massacre of Hazara men – new investigation, 19. […] Mai 2022
https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/08/14-people-suffer-casualties-in-afghanistan-last-week/ [https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/08/14-people-suffer-casualties-in-afghanistan-last-week/]
* Pajhwok Afghan News: 21 killed, 38 injured in Afghanistan last week, 28. […] Mai
2022
https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/28/21-killed-38-injured-in-afghanistan-last-week/ [https://pajhwok.com/2022/05/28/21-killed-38-injured-in-afghanistan-last-week/]
* RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Intensifying Violence Between
Taliban, IS-K Heralds New War In Afghanistan, 13. […] Jänner 2022 (verfügbar auf
ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2067089/2022.01.15+AFG+Situation+Emergency+Update.pdf []
* UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Afghanistan situation: Emergency
preparedness and response in Iran; 23 January 2022, 23.
2 June 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation
Iran
Query response on Iran: Information on the "Ahl-ul-Bayt" organization (denomination, mission, responsibilities in granting and handling scholarships to Yemeni students)
Anfragebeantwortung zum Iran: Informationen zur Organisation „Ahl-ul-Bayt“ (Glaubensrichtung, Aufgabe, Zuständigkeiten bei der Gewährung und Abwicklung von Stipendien an jemenitische Student·innen) [a-11900-2] (Response, German)
- Mitglieder des Obersten Rates von ABWA seien angesehene schiitische Geistliche
aus Afghanistan, Bahrain, Indien, Iran, Irak, Kenia, Kuwait, Libanon, Pakistan,
Saudi-Arabien und Syrien. Mit ABWA verbundene Zentren seien aktiv in den
Bereichen schiitischer Bildung und Koranstudien, sowie bei der Bereitstellung
sozialer und kultureller Dienstleistungen. […] ABWA’s
objectives, networking strategies and activities in Afghanistan and Malaysia
suggest that the non-Iranian Shi’ites and Sunnite sympathizers of the
Revolution are political and strategic asset and Iran under the guise of the
narrative of exporting revolution expects their loyalty and sympathy rather
than to the state of their citizenship and residence. […] Unlike Malaysia, ABWA’s
networking activity in Afghanistan also entails integrating the Afghan Shi’ites
into sensitive positions in the post-Taliban political system, indeed a breach
of the claim that ABWA is apolitical and neutral institution. […] Members
of the Ahlul Bayt World Assembly’s Supreme Council are distinguished Shia
clerics from Afghanistan, Bahrain, India, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. The organization claims to have a presence
in thirty-nine countries in Asia alone.
30 May 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation

Afghanistan
Update on conflict-related incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (covering 4th quarter 2021)
Afghanistan, 4. Quartal 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) (Map or infographic, German)
- Afghanistan, 4. Quartal 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
- = Afghanistan, 4. Quartal 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed
Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) =
AFGHANISTAN, 4. QUARTAL 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed
Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) zusammengestellt von ACCORD, 30.
Mai 2022
Staatsgrenzen: GADM, 6. Mai 2018b; Verwaltungsgliederung: GADM, 6. […] Mai 2015
Anzahl der berichteten Todesopfer Anzahl der berichtetenVorfälle mit
mindestens einem Todesopfer
AFGHANISTAN, 4. QUARTAL 2021: KURZÜBERSICHT ÜBER VORFÄLLE AUS DEMARMED
CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) ZUSAMMENGESTELLTVONACCORD, 30. […] Bitte beachten Sie ACLEDs besondere methodischen Hinweise zu Afghanistan:
ACLED, Februar 2022a
Die beiden obendargestellten Karten dienen dazu, dieAnzahl
berichteterTodesop- fer (die Schätzungen beinhalten kann) mit der Anzahl an
Vorfällen mit mindestens einem berichteten Todesopfer zu vergleichen. […] In Sari Pulwurde 1 Vorfall mit 3 Toten erfasst und an folgendem Ort
lokalisiert: Sar-e-Pul.
6
AFGHANISTAN, 4. QUARTAL 2021: KURZÜBERSICHT ÜBER VORFÄLLE AUS DEMARMED
CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) ZUSAMMENGESTELLTVONACCORD, 30. […] Zitieren als
• ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and
Documentation: Afghanistan, 4. Quartal 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus
dem Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), 30.
30 May 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation

Afghanistan
Update on conflict-related incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (covering 4th quarter 2021)
Afghanistan, Fourth Quarter 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) (Map or infographic, English)
- Afghanistan, Fourth Quarter 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
- = Afghanistan, fourth quarter 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed
Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) =
AFGHANISTAN, FOURTH QUARTER 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed
Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 30 May 2022
National borders: GADM, 6 May 2018b; administrative divisions: GADM, 6 May
2018a; Kashmir border status: CIA, 2004 […] ; geodata of disputed bor- ders: GADM, 6
May 2018b; Natural Earth, nodate; incident data: ACLED, 20 May 2022b;
coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015
Number of reported fatalitiesNumber of reported incidents with at least one
fatality
AFGHANISTAN, FOURTH QUARTER 2021: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED
CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD […] Please see ACLED’s additional methodological papers for Afghanistan: ACLED,
February 2022a
Geographic map data is primarily based on GADM, complemented with other
sources if necessary. Incidents are mapped to GADMprovinces using the provinces
in ACLED data. Province names and borders may differ between ACLED and
GADM. Incidents that could not be located are ignored. […] The following
4
AFGHANISTAN, FOURTH QUARTER 2021: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED
CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD, 30 MAY 2022
locations were among the affected: Baharak, Eshkashim, Faiz Abad, KiranWa
Menjan, Mashhad, Nusay, Yaftal-e-Sufla, Yamgan, Zargaran, Ziraki.
In Badghis, 8 incidents killing 4 people were reported. […] The following location
was among the affected:Qalat.
6
AFGHANISTAN, FOURTH QUARTER 2021: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED
CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD, 30 MAY 2022
Sources
• ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: ACLED Methodo- logy
and Coding Decisions around Political Violence and Demonstrations in
Afghanistan; Version 5, February
30 May 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation

Afghanistan
Update on conflict-related incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (covering 2021)
Afghanistan, Year 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) (Map or infographic, English)
- Afghanistan, Year 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
- = Afghanistan, year 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict
Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) =
AFGHANISTAN, YEAR 2021: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict
Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 30 May 2022
National borders: GADM, 6 May 2018b; administrative divisions: GADM, 6 May
2018a; Kashmir border status: CIA, 2004; geodata of disputed […] bor- ders: GADM, 6
May 2018b; Natural Earth, nodate; incident data: ACLED, 20 May 2022b;
coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015
Number of reported fatalitiesNumber of reported incidents with at least one
fatality
AFGHANISTAN, YEAR 2021: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT
LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD, 30 MAY 2022
Contents
Number […] Please see ACLED’s additional methodological papers for Afghanistan: ACLED,
February 2022a
Geographic map data is primarily based on GADM, complemented with other
sources if necessary. Incidents are mapped to GADMprovinces using the provinces
in ACLED data. Province names and borders may differ between ACLED and
GADM. Incidents that could not be located are ignored. […] The following
locations were among the affected:Alingar, Alishing, Badayabad, Dawlat Shah,
Islamabad, Kharoti, Kotali, Lalkhanabad, Manjan, Mehterlam,
6
AFGHANISTAN, YEAR 2021: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT
LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD, 30 MAY 2022
Mindrawur, Najil, Sabrabad, Shamakat. […] The following
7
AFGHANISTAN, YEAR 2021: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT
LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD, 30 MAY 2022
locations were among the affected: Chenartu, Chora, Dehraoud, Khas Urozgan,
Khayrabad, Kotwal, Lublan, Mirabad, Naychin, Shahidi Hassas, Tirinkot.
InWardak, 272 incidents killing 776 people were reported.
30 May 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation

Afghanistan
Update on conflict-related incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (covering 2021)
Afghanistan, Jahr 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) (Map or infographic, German)
- Afghanistan, Jahr 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
- = Afghanistan, Jahr 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed Conflict
Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) =
AFGHANISTAN, JAHR 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem Armed Conflict
Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) zusammengestellt von ACCORD, 30. Mai 2022
Staatsgrenzen: GADM, 6. Mai 2018b; Verwaltungsgliederung: GADM, 6. […] Mai 2015
Anzahl der berichteten Todesopfer Anzahl der berichtetenVorfälle mit
mindestens einem Todesopfer
AFGHANISTAN, JAHR 2021: KURZÜBERSICHT ÜBER VORFÄLLE AUS DEMARMED CONFLICT
LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) ZUSAMMENGESTELLTVONACCORD, 30. […] Mai 2022b).
2
AFGHANISTAN, JAHR 2021: KURZÜBERSICHT ÜBER VORFÄLLE AUS DEMARMED CONFLICT
LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) ZUSAMMENGESTELLTVONACCORD, 30. MAI 2022
Methodologie
Die Daten, die in diesem Bericht verwendet werden, stammen vom Armed Conflict
Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). […] Bitte beachten Sie ACLEDs besondere methodischen Hinweise zu Afghanistan:
ACLED, Februar 2022a
Die beiden obendargestellten Karten dienen dazu, dieAnzahl
berichteterTodesop- fer (die Schätzungen beinhalten kann) mit der Anzahl an
Vorfällen mit mindestens einem berichteten Todesopfer zu vergleichen. […] Zitieren als
• ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and
Documentation: Afghanistan, Jahr 2021: Kurzübersicht über Vorfälle aus dem
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), 30.
30 May 2022 | ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation

Afghanistan
Update on conflict-related incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (covering 1st quarter 2022)
Afghanistan, First Quarter 2022: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) (Map or infographic, English)
- Afghanistan, First Quarter 2022: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
- = Afghanistan, first quarter 2022: Update on incidents according to the Armed
Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) =
AFGHANISTAN, FIRSTQUARTER 2022: Update on incidents according to the Armed
Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 30 May 2022
National borders: GADM, 6 May 2018b; administrative divisions: GADM, 6 May
2018a; Kashmir border status: CIA, 2004 […] ; geodata of disputed bor- ders: GADM, 6
May 2018b; Natural Earth, nodate; incident data: ACLED, 20 May 2022b;
coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015
Number of reported fatalitiesNumber of reported incidents with at least one
fatality
AFGHANISTAN, FIRSTQUARTER 2022: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED
CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD, […] Please see ACLED’s additional methodological papers for Afghanistan: ACLED,
February 2022a
Geographic map data is primarily based on GADM, complemented with other
sources if necessary. Incidents are mapped to GADMprovinces using the provinces
in ACLED data. Province names and borders may differ between ACLED and
GADM. Incidents that could not be located are ignored. […] The following
4
AFGHANISTAN, FIRSTQUARTER 2022: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED
CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BYACCORD, 30 MAY 2022
locations were among the affected: Eshkashim, Faiz Abad, Jamarj-e Bala,
Mashhad, Nusay, Ragh, Wakhan, Yaftal-e-Sufla, Yamgan, Ziraki.
In Badghis, 6 incidents killing 5 people were reported. […] in
Afghanistan; Version 5, February 2022a https://www.acleddata.com/download/13399/
• ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: Central Asia & the
Caucasus (20 May 2022), 20 May 2022b https://www.acleddata.com/download/18750/
• CIA – U.