Information on the Shi'a [IRQ26194.E]

Exhaustive information on this subject for 1996-1997 is scarce. General information on the Shi'a in Iraq is available in the attached documents.

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the DIRB within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum.

Attachments


Agence France Press (AFP) [Paris]. 27 August 1996. "Iraqi Army Mounts Assault on South: Shiite Opposition." (NEXIS)

_____. 13 August 1996. "Iraq: AFP Reports 10 republican Guards Executed for Coup Attempt." (FBIS-NES-96-158 13 August 1996).

_____. 20 March 1996. "Iraq: INC Statement Says Iraqi Officer Defects, Joins Opposition." (FBIS-NES-96-056 20 March 1996).

Al-Sharq Al-Awsat [London]. 15 May 1996. "Iraq: Saddam's 'New Deal' to Revive Tribal System." (FBIS-NES-96-096 15 may 1996).

_____. 19 April 1996. "Iraq: Saddam Said Considering Government Changes, Reconciliation." (FBIS-NES-96-078 19 April 1996).

_____. 10 May 1996. "Iraq: 'Secret' List Bans Various Tribes From Military Academies."

(FBIS-NES-96-092 10 May 1996).

Corriere Della Sera [Milan]. 28 August 1996. "Iraq: Opposition Leader Views Hijacking, Saddam's Hold on Power." (FBIS-NES-96-169 28 August 1996).

Dialogue [London]. November 1996. "The Marsh Arabs: A Scientific Response," pp. 4-5.

The Economist. 8 April 1995. "Iraq: Down But Not Out." (NEXIS)

Extremist Groups. 1996. "Ad-Da'awah." Edited by Jeffrey A. Builta. Office of International Criminal Justice, pp. 649-651.

Federal News Service. 28 March 1996. "Prepared Testimony of Rend Rahim Francke, Executive Director, The Iraqi Foundation Before the House International Committee." (NEXIS)

Human Rights Watch. 1997. Report 1997. New York: Human Rights Watch Publications.

The Independent. 8 January 1995. Sarah Helm. "Famine After the Desert Storm." (NEXIS)

_____. 23 July 1994. Charles Richards. "Leading Iraqi Shia Dies in Staged Crash." (NEXIS)

Jane's Intelligence Review. 1 February 1997. Sean Boyne. Vol. 4, No. 2. "Iraqi Dissidents Active in Enclave." (NEXIS)

Laizer, Sheri. 1996. Martyrs, Traitors and Patriots: Kurdistan After the Gulf War. London and New Jersey: Zed Books.

Libération [Paris]. 16 December 1996. "L'attentat contre le fils de Saddam revendiqué."

The Middle East. October 1995. "Saddam's Fate in the Balance?."

The Middle East and North Africa 1996. 1996. London: Europa Publications.

Middle East Report [Washington]. March-April 1995. Pierre-Jean Luizard. "The Iraqi Question From the Inside."

_____. March - April 1995. No. 193, Vol. 25. Sarah Graham-Brown. "Intervention, Sovereignty and Responsibility: The Iraq Sanctions Dilemma."

_____. March - April 1995. No. 193, Vol. 25. Rend Rahim Francke. "The Iraqi Opposition and the Sanctions Debate."

The Times. 14 October 1994. "Baghdad Drives Shia Muslims Into Arid Exile." (NEXIS)

United Press International (UPI). 15 March 1996. BC Cycle. "U.N. Says Iraq Kills, Tortures Opponents." (NEXIS)

United States Department of State. 30 January 1997. Taiwan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996. Washington, DC: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. [Internet] URL: http://www.state.gov/rights. [Accessed 30 Jan. 1997]

Voice of Iraqi Islamic Revolution [Clandestine]. 2 September 1996. "Iraq: Shiite Radio Says Government Planning New Attacks in South." (FBIS-NES-96-171 2 September 1996).

_____. 29 August 1996. "Iraq: Shiite Radio Reports on Several Days of Fighting in the South." (FBIS-NES-96-170 29 August 1996).

_____. 28 August 1996. "Iraq: 'Fierce Fighting' Reportedly Continues in Southern Marshlands." (FBIS-NES-96-169 28 August 1996).

Voice of the Rebellious Iraq [Clandestine, in Arabic]. 8 October 1996. "Shi'i Rebel Radio Reports Attacks on Government Officials in Southern Iraq." (BBC Summary 10 Oct. 1996) (NEXIS)

_____. 3 September 1996. "Iraq: Shiite Radio Reports 'Movements' to Expel Regime Forces Begin." (FBIS-NES-96-171 3 September 1996).

_____. 15 April 1996. "Iraq: Regime Reportedly Planning to Expel Shiites from Baghdad." (FBIS-NES-96-075 15 April 1996).

Additional Sources Consulted


Database

FBIS (01.01.91- 17.02.97)

World News Connection (01.01.95 -17.02.97)

PAIS (01.01.91-17.02.97)

Sociofile

America: History and Life

ABI/Inform

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