Die folgenden Ausschnitte aus ausgewählten Quellen enthalten Informationen zu oben genannter Fragestellung (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 24. September 2010):

 

In den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Quellen konnten im Rahmen der zeitlich begrenzten Recherche keine Berichte gefunden werden, die spezifisch auf die Lage von alleinerziehenden muslimischen Müttern eingehen. Daher wurden im Folgenden Quellen berücksichtigt, die entweder auf die Lage von MuslimInnen oder auf die Situation von alleinerziehenden Eltern sowie Frauen und Kindern Bezug nehmen.

 

Bezüglich der Lage von MuslimInnen konnten folgende Informationen gefunden werden:

 

·       FH - Freedom House: Freedom in the World 2010 – Philippines, Mai 2010

“The Muslim minority is concentrated on the southern island of Mindanao and, according to the most recent census, represents 5 to 9 percent of the total population. Perceptions of relative socioeconomic deprivation and political disenfranchisement, and resentment toward Christian settlement in traditionally Muslim areas, have played a central role in the Muslim separatist movement.” (FH, Mai 2010)

·       USDOS - US Department of State: International Religious Freedom Report 2009 – Philippines, 26. Oktober 2009

“Islam is the largest minority religion and Muslims constitute between 5 and 9 percent of the total population. Most Muslims are members of various ethnic minority groups, commonly referred to as Moros. They reside principally on Mindanao and nearby islands. Although most belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, a small number of Shi'a Muslims live in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Zamboanga del Sur in Mindanao.” (USDOS, 26. Oktober 2009, Section 1)

“The Government generally respected religious freedom in practice. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom by the Government during the reporting period. There were no reports of religious detainees or prisoners in the country. The Government does not ban or discourage specific religious groups or religious factions. However, Muslims, who are concentrated in some of the most impoverished provinces, complained that the Government had not made sufficient efforts to promote their economic development. Some Muslim religious leaders asserted that Muslims suffered from economic discrimination.” (USDOS, 26. Oktober 2009, Section 2)

“Historically, Muslims have been alienated socially from the Christian majority, and some ethnic and cultural discrimination against Muslims have been recorded. Young Muslim professionals reported that some employers stereotyped Muslims as being less educated. Some Muslims reported that they had difficulty renting rooms in boarding houses or being hired for retail work if they used their real names or wore distinctive Muslim dress. Therefore, many resorted to adopting Christian pseudonyms and wearing Western clothing.” (USDOS, 26. Oktober 2009, Section 3)

·       MRG - Minority Rights Group International: State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009, 16. Juli 2009

“The rights of the Muslim Moro minority in the southern island of Mindanao continue to be violated in a number of key areas. State schools do not use Moro languages as medium of instruction to any significant extent (despite positive efforts such as the 2004 Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao), nor do most of the civil service and governmental positions require fluency in one of these languages, though they do demand fluency in Filipino. This language policy continues to create a very real obstacle to the full participation of the Moro Muslims in the country’s public and political life, and they remain vastly under-represented in categories of educational attainment and in civil service employment and political representation. This in turn perpetuates the perception of the Moros as a disadvantaged group.” (MRG, 16. Juli 2009, S. 169-170)

·       ABS-CBN News: Muslims up in arms against discrimination, 7. April 2009

“Some Muslims also find finding homes difficult at times. Tarhata Sumayan-Mapandi, Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Director in Lanao del Sur, tried to buy a house in a Cagayan de Oro subdivision on October 6, 2006, but was turned away by a real estate agent from Gran Europa La Buena Vida II allegedly because she was a Muslim. The real estate agent reportedly told her to ask another person, a Christian, to buy the house for her instead. Mapandi asked the management to explain this policy, but was not entertained. Two years later, on October 23, 2008, Mapandi and her sister, upon inquiring about available Johndorf Ventures units, were told by a sales agent at a housing fair at Limketkai Mall in Cagayan de Oro that units were closed. However, when the two asked their brother-in-law to inquire about the same housing units, he was readily accommodated.“ (ABS-CBN News, 7. April 2009)

·       Mindanao Times: Muslims in GenSan bewail discrimination in job hiring, 15. Juli 2010

“General Santos City — Some 1,000 Muslim residents here have asked city officials to help in eradicating discrimination against them, particularly in the area of employment. Members of the Sangir, Maranao, Maguindanaon, Tausug, and Yakan tribes aired this gripe during the first general assembly of Muslims at the covered court near the Oval Plaza on July 7. Aside from discrimination, the meeting also tackled poverty, distrust, and the involvement of some Moros in drug trafficking. Esmael Mutalib, chairman of General Santos City Muslim Leaders Forum (GSCMLF) and the principal organizer of the assembly lamented the refusal of private companies to hire Muslim job applicants. He described it as a lingering problem which the government has reportedly failed to address. […] Former city mayor and now Rep. Pedro B. Acharon Jr. said he could not say if there is discrimination in the city in as far as employment is concerned. He noted that there are many Muslim employees in the city hall. He added private companies have the discretion to refuse or accept any job applicant.” (Mindanao Times, 15. Juli 2010)

Folgende Berichte gehen auf die soziale Situation von alleinerziehenden Eltern sowie Frauen und Kindern ein:

 

·       ABS-CBN News: Benefits for solo parents pushed, 11. August 2010

“With most solo parents bearing the burden of raising the family alone, a bill has been filed in the Senate calling for additional benefits in the form of discounts for purchases of milk, food, medicines, and clothing, and income tax exemption. Senate Bill No. 1439 entitled ‘Solo Parents Welfare Act of 2010’, filed by Senator Loren Legarda, seeks the following support and benefits for solo parents: 1. Ten percent (10%) discount from all purchases of clothing and clothing materials for the child from birth up to two years; 2. Fifteen (15%) discount from all purchases of baby's milk, food and food supplements; 3. Fifteen (15%) percent discount from all purchases of medicines and other medical supplements/supplies for the child; and 4. Basic personal exemption from individual income tax. ‘Solo parent’ refers to a parent who is taking on the responsibility of parenthood alone due to the spouse's death, detention, mental incapacity or legal separation. Also considered solo parents are women who became pregnant due to abuse. ‘Double hardship saddles solo parents. They perform parental duties single-handedly in the face of economic turmoil that is characterized by skyrocketing prices, poverty and massive unemployment,’ said Legarda, also a solo parent herself. ‘There is a need to amend Republic Act No. 8972, otherwise known as the Solo Parents' Welfare Act, to address the financial concerns of solo parents amidst the economic difficulties that the country is experiencing.’ […] Republic Act No. 8972 (Solo Parents' Welfare Act of 2000) was signed by then President Joseph Estrada in 2000. It gave solo parents the right to take parental leave of not more than 7 working days a year in addition to leave privileges under existing laws. The Act also called for employers to give solo parents flexible working arrangements. Under that law, solo parents are also granted medical assistance in the form of a comprehensive health care program for them and their children. They are also eligible for housing benefits in the form of allocation in government low-cost housing projects. Scholarships for qualified solo parents and children were also made available based on the said law. Legarda said, ‚The enactment of this proposed measure [Senate Bill No. 1439] will help lessen the financial burden carried by solo parents by affording them additional remuneration to be able to provide a better future for their children.’” (ABS-CBN News, 11. August 2010)[1]

·       ILO – International Labour Organization: Social protection in case of unemployment in the Philippines, Februar 2010

“II. Executive Summary

The report analyzes the current situation of unemployed workers in the Philippines and comes to the conclusion that there is a gap in social protection. The Philippine Social Security System (SSS) provides protection in case of illness, old age, accident and even provides social assistance in case of poverty. But there is hardly any formalized social protection for the unemployed.” (ILO, Februar 2010, S. 6)

“VI. Existing social protection measures in relation to risk of unemployment

The current situation in the Philippines is that workers, who lose their jobs, mostly (except GSIS members) have no unemployment insurance. However, there is a variety of laws and benefits that give workers some kind of protection.

• Public employees can avail of a regular unemployment benefit from GSIS (50% of the average monthly compensation. maximum 6 months, sec also (3SJS Act in the attachment). This, however, is little known by employees and consequently hardly practiced. The condition is, however, that he or she at the time of separation is a permanent employee. To date, many public employees arc on fixed term contracts, so they arc not protected by this provision.

• Employers are obliged to pay each year of contract one month of severance pay. This, however, is mostly practiced in the formal sector. Especially in the informal sector and in small enterprises (less than 10 employees) most employers tend to neglect this obligation.

• Formal sector employees can avail of a Ioan (80% of the savings) from Pag-Ibig Fund to bridge the period of unemployment. This, however, is only a substantial amount if workers have fulfilled a number of years of contract. In terms of optimal social policy outcomes, this is also limited.

• Formal sector employees can avail of a loan front SSS (maximum 24,000 Pesos). This facility is quite in demand though it can he questioned, whether taking loans against old age security is appropriate from a social protection point of view as it defeats the purpose of securing pension benefits. For unemployed they cannot avail of these loans in any case as only those employed can apply for them.

• All workers can avail of 3 months contribution-free health insurance (PhilHealth) coverage as long as they have paid their premiums.

• Unemployed workers can obtain assistance from PESO offices and from LESDA (job facilitation and training).

For the rest, most of the unemployed depend on family support if they have no savings or their own means.  To lose a job in most cases also means a loss of regular income for the family.” (ILO, Februar 2010, S. 13)

·       USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009 - Philippines, 11. März 2010

„In law, but not always in practice, women have most of the rights and protections accorded to men. Although they faced workplace discrimination, women continued to occupy senior positions in the workforce. In an April labor force survey, 57 percent of government officials, corporate executives, managers, and supervisors were women. The survey also revealed that of the 2.83 million unemployed persons, 38.5 percent were women and 61.5 percent were men. […] The government devoted considerable resources to the education, welfare, and development of children. The Department of Education's (DepEd) 12 percent share of the national budget was the largest of any cabinet department. Nevertheless, children faced serious problems. Elementary and secondary education is free and compulsory through age 11, but the quality of education remained poor. During the year according to DepEd figures, the estimated annual per pupil expenditure for basic education was 7,789 pesos (approximately $163). The public school enrollment rate was 76 percent. According to the 2007 UNICEF Mid-Term Review, boys were more likely than girls to drop out of school. Children could be deprived of education if they lacked required documents, such as birth certificates. (USDOS, 11. März 2010, Section 6)

·       Manila Times: Philippines fares badly in protecting children, 7. September 2010

“To help encourage parents to send and to keep their children in school, the Aquino government last week acquired a $400-million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to expand what is now called the ‚Conditional Cash Transfer’ (CCT) scheme. Originally called the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps under the Arroyo administration, the program entails giving a monthly cash subsidy to selected poor families, provided that they comply with certain conditions related to education and health. The program also has set limits: only three children per family will be covered by the subsidies, and even then, a family could benefit from the subsidies for a maximum of only five years. […] But some observers worry that although the scheme is clearly a palliative, the government may be deluding itself into thinking it is a solution. Rep. Antonio Tinio of Alliance of Concerned Teachers party-list even described the CCT as ‚a fig leaf that covers the absence of a real, substantial, and comprehensive strategy to eliminate poverty.’ [The CCT] would never be enough for children to claim their right to a fully subsidized education,’ he said. […] Multilateral financing institutions had lauded the 4Ps at its incarnation. The ADB, for instance, noted its potential to ‘reduce poverty in the country by 9.3 percent’ and to make ‘one in every three children aged six to 14 who are currently not attending school to choose to go to school.’ The World Bank (WB) meanwhile, attributed a 15-percent reported increase in elementary school enrolment to the program. Yet the CCT program may not be as praiseworthy as it appears to these agencies and government officials. For example, the subsidy for each child who attends school amounts to P300 a month, or a mere P15 for every school day. Lory Geronimo, a single mother of three, said that her two school-going children would need a weekly budget of as much as P250 each for food and other school-related expenses, excluding fare. She said her high schooler’s project expenses alone can reach up to P400 a week. Monthly, the real subsidy each of her children would require would be from P1,000 to P1,200. ‚Kakapusin talaga [You’d really fall short],’ said Geronimo, who is a canteen worker in a Pasig City public high school. That was probably why her eldest daughter Mona was forced to drop out in her freshman year. Now 16, Mona has taken on odd jobs, most recently as market vendor, to help her mother provide for her two younger siblings who are still in school.” (Manila Times, 7. September 2010)

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