Children in the Central African Republic are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in recruitment and use in armed conflict and forced labor in diamond mining, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also engage in child labor in agriculture and domestic work. (1-3) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in the Central African Republic. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2017, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2022. (4)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 6 (MICS 6), 2018–2019. (5)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.

† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.

Children in the Central African Republic are subjected to recruitment and use by non-state armed groups. (1,2) The government and 14 armed groups signed the Political Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic (APPR) in 2019. (14,15) The APPR called for the immediate cessation of recruitment of child soldiers by all parties involved in the conflict. (15) However, the armed groups' attempted overthrow of the government following the December 2020 elections stalled implementation of the APPR. (1,9,10) In December 2020, major rebel groups formed the Coalition des Patriotes pour le Changement in response to the country’s constitutional court finding ex-president Francois Bozizé ineligible to be a presidential candidate in the December 2020 election due to his documented history of human rights abuses. Anti-Balaka-affiliated armed groups and ex-Séléka factions—including the Front Populaire pour la Renaissance de la Centrafrique; Mouvement des Libérateurs Centrafricains pour la Justice; Mouvement Patriotique pour la Centrafrique; Unité pour la Paix en Centrafrique; and unaffiliated elements—continued to recruit children in greater numbers as combatants, informants, cooks, and sex slaves. (1,2) In 2021, the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in CAR (MINUSCA) child rights division verified and documented the recruitment and use of 316 children (254 boys and 62 girls) by all parties to the conflict, including the Russian-supported Wagner Group forces, the Central African Armed Forces (FACA), and a variety of non-state armed groups. (1) Eight children were identified as being used by government and pro-government forces to support checkpoints and run errands, including by FACA, FACA/Forces de Sécurité Intérieure (FSI), and by Wagner Group personnel working in cooperation with the government. (16,17) Wagner forces also reportedly forced a child to gather intelligence against an armed group. (17,18) In addition, media reports indicated that in December 2021, Wagner Group and FACA forces used forced child labor to do construction and improvements on a Wagner military base. (19,20)

Armed groups and criminal elements, including in some pastoralist groups, subjected children to forced domestic servitude and commercial sexual exploitation. (2,10,21) In some instances, relatives or family friends exploited children to generate additional income. (1,10) Girls may be trafficked into forced domestic work, especially in rural areas in which government presence is limited or non-existent. In maisons de joie (“houses of joy”), girls as young as age 13 are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation. (1,2) Maisons de joie are typically private residences at which alcohol and food are served to middle and upper-class customers. (1,2) Children in rural areas are forced to work in artisanal diamond and gold mines, often for long hours and without protective equipment. They are exposed to hazardous chemicals, including silver nitrate, and suffer from injuries and waterborne diseases. (1,9)

In 2021, ongoing civil conflict in the Central African Republic increased child vulnerability to labor exploitation. An estimated 2.8 million people, including 1.3 million children, required humanitarian assistance during the reporting period. (22) At least 100,000 IDPs were directly linked to post-electoral violence, and the Central African Republic's IDP population ballooned to 681,930, half of whom were children. (14,22-25) Displacement and chronic food insecurity are aggravating risk factors for child labor and commercial sexual exploitation of children. (1,2,22)

Fewer than 60 percent of children in the Central African Republic complete their primary school education, and only 6 percent graduate from secondary school. (10,26) The combined effects of resurgent violence throughout the country, structural fragility, and the pandemic have exacerbated this trend. The loss of income has compelled children to seek employment or remain at home. (1,22,27-30) The pandemic has also disrupted reintegration and rehabilitation services for survivors of armed group recruitment. (30)

During the reporting year, most of the country's schools were closed for several months as a result of military operations. (22) Although state security forces have extended their presence through most of the national territory since February 2021, government and rebel forces frequently trade control of territory in many parts of the country. (1) As a result, most schools remained closed. Other barriers to education include displacement due to conflict and the occupation of some school buildings by armed groups, including Wagner forces. (1) Children also continue to experience difficulties accessing education due to school fees, an absence of teachers, security concerns, destruction or looting of school materials and buildings by armed groups, and the unavailability of schools, especially in rural areas or IDP camps. (9,12,29,31,32)

The Central African Republic's 2020 Child Protection Code (CPE) provided free birth registration for all children. (33) However, the country's birth registration rate, stymied by endemic poverty and administrative collapse, remains one of the lowest in Africa. (34) The government also failed to fully implement this provision of the law, and many municipal governments continue to levy fees on birth registration and other vital records. (1) Despite this provision, the Family Code and a Presidential Decree mandate that schools will only accept children with documented proof of identity, such as a birth record/certificate. Based on this legal requirement, undocumented children were denied access to education and other social services. (1,10) Moreover, in 2021, members of a minority Muslim population who lost identification documents while fleeing intra-communal violence or internal conflict faced discrimination when trying to obtain new identification documents. As a result, many were left undocumented and unable to register for school. (1) Nevertheless, the Ministry of Education has attempted to improve access to education by providing free school admission to children from IDP camps, waiving school exam fees for children affected by conflict, and expanding programs to provide birth registration, which may be required for school enrollment. (9,11,35)

The Central African Republic has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in the Central African Republic’s legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the minimum age for work.

* Country has no conscription (40,43)

The Presidential Minister Counselor for Child Protection worked with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to draft a Trafficking in Persons law. The bill, which was submitted to the National Assembly for a vote in 2022, will add an additional element to the legal framework prohibiting commercial sexual exploitation of children. (1,19) Separately, in September, Law 21.003 was adopted. This legislation authorized the government to ratify ILO Convention 190, which includes protections for domestic workers. (1)

Although the Labor Code prohibits work by children under age 14, the law does not apply to children outside of formal employment relationships. This fails to meet international standards, which require the protection of all children under minimum age for work laws. (36,44) A draft revision of the Labor Code is pending before the National Assembly. This revised code would raise the minimum age of employment, although it does not address the minimum age for hazardous work. (1) However, under Article 260 of the Labor Code, labor inspectors may require a physician to examine a child to verify whether the work for which they are charged exceeds his or her strength. (1)

The Central African Republic has not determined by national law or regulation the types of hazardous work prohibited for children. (1,9,36,45) Moreover, the minimum age for work is lower than the compulsory education age, which may encourage children to leave school before the completion of compulsory education. (33,36) Research was unable to locate original copies of laws establishing the compulsory education age at 15. (33,42)

The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.

Due to ongoing violence and the operation of non-state armed rebel groups, the government did not control a significant amount of its territory during the reporting period. This restricted the geographic reach of the enforcement agencies' operations. (19)

Labor Law Enforcement

In 2021, the exceptionally low number of worksite inspections conducted at the national level in the Central African Republic may have impeded the enforcement of child labor laws (Table 6).

Labor inspectors received training on a new law authorizing implementation of ILO Convention 190, and on the CPE. An additional 40 inspectors, including 7 regional labor directors, underwent additional training under the auspices of the African Regional Training Center for Labor Administration. (1) During the reporting period, the government created an "alert" system for reporting child labor violations. This mechanism is linked to the Ministry of Labor (MOL), the Mixed Unit for Rapid Intervention and Repression of Sexual Violence (UMIRR), the Ministry for the Protection of Women, Gender, and Protection of the Child, and the Ministry of Social Affairs (MSA). (1) In addition, UNICEF worked with the Ministry of Social Welfare to establish a child welfare case management standard operating procedure. (1)

Nevertheless, the budget allocated to labor inspectorates decreased significantly during the reporting period. (1) Inadequate financial and material resources, including transportation, office facilities and supplies, and computers, hindered the government's efforts to address child labor. (1,35,50) Moreover, the passage of Decree No. 12.177 in 2012 effectively removed regional labor directorates from the general directorate's chain of command. Thus, regional directorates are no longer required to submit periodic reports on inspection activities, as required under ILO C. 81. (51) Moreover, civil unrest prevented labor inspectors outside Bangui from visiting artisanal mining sites. (1) In 2021, the labor inspectorate conducted 28 inspections. The exceptionally low number of worksite inspections conducted in the Central African Republic may have impeded the enforcement of child labor laws. (1) Labor inspectors often do not issue formal penalties or sanctions, with community reconciliation remaining the principle avenue for mediation. (10,36)

The MOL is supposed to work with other ministries and UNICEF to provide assistance to victims of child labor, including its worst forms. Due to a lack of resources, the government relies primarily on MINUSCA, NGOs, and UNICEF to provide social services to survivors. (12,52-54)

Criminal Law Enforcement

In 2021, criminal law enforcement agencies in the Central African Republic took actions to address child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including insufficient allocation of human resources.

In 2021, UMIRR brought charges against an alleged human trafficker in the Bimbo Criminal Court in Bangui. The alleged trafficker was tried and found guilty of child trafficking. (19) This was the Central African Republic's first completed prosecution and conviction of a human trafficking crime. While the law provides a prison sentence of five-to-ten years for trafficking in persons, the convicted trafficker received a suspended sentence of one year in prison. (19) UMIRR is also currently investigating the case of a customs official accused of trafficking in persons, including the trafficking of 11 girls for commercial sexual exploitation. (19) The government did not provide information on its criminal law enforcement efforts for inclusion in this report. (1)

The CPE created specialized children's police units to monitor industrial or mining areas for hazardous conditions. (10,33,55) The CPE also broadens social protections and creates new enforcement mechanisms for cases of sexual exploitation, forced labor, or human trafficking; and includes provisions for at-risk groups such as demobilized child soldiers, children of religious and ethnic minorities, and non-residents. (9,21,33) Under the law, children associated with armed groups were entitled to state social protection services and immunity from prosecution. (9,33,56) The country’s criminal court partnered with international organizations to establish a mechanism to refer victims of child soldiering to welfare services instead of prison. (1) As of October 2021, however, five former child soldiers were detained in the Ngaragba prison, as the government was unable to find alternative holding and rehabilitation centers. Two were detained in 2019, one in 2020, and two in July and August 2021. (1)

During the reporting period, the government took steps to implement the CPE by developing cross-sectoral plans to incorporate elements of the code om various sectors including justice, social welfare, birth registration, and education. As part of this effort, the Ministries of Education and Social Welfare are developing a child protection code of conduct for teachers and other personnel. (1) However, limited resources and technical capacity, coupled with ongoing violence, slowed implementation of the law. (1) The 2020 Trafficking in Persons National Action Plan extends UMIRR's authority to include human trafficking, and UMIRR has investigated and referred cases to the High Court of Bangui. (21) Despite limited funding, UMIRR continuously investigated and referred the victims of gender-based violence to psychosocial assistance, though no convictions were reported. (56) During the reporting period, the MOL and World Vision hosted a workshop and training on identifying and protecting children from the worst forms of child labor. Participants included Ministry of Defense personnel from the Central African Armed Forces and UMIRR, and Ministry of the Interior personnel, including 16 police and gendarmerie units. (1) In addition, the government worked with NGOs to provide 12 trainings on trafficking in persons for officials from UMIRR and the Ministries of Disarmament and Demobilization; Defense; Foreign Affairs; Mining and Geology; Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises; Labor; Youth; Gender; and Communications. (19) UMIRR operated a reporting hotline for victims of human trafficking. (13,57)

There is approximately 1 police officer for every 1,300 Central Africans. Government authority is largely absent outside the capital, and many security forces outside Bangui may lack the resources and knowledge to enforce the law, including a lack of access to copies of relevant laws. (10,56) Moreover, judicial authorities lack the staff and resources to conduct investigations outside Bangui. (13,58) The non-enforcement of the law remains a problem. Instead, judges used mediation as a recourse to alternative dispute resolution. (10) Cases were widely resolved outside of formal legal proceedings due to a lack of public trust, access, or knowledge about the justice system. (58)

The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including a lack of coordinating mechanisms that include all worst forms of child labor.

While the government has established mechanisms to address some of the worst forms of child labor—including human trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation, and children in armed conflict—these efforts do not extend to other sectors, such as mining, in which child labor is prevalent. (1,12,56)

The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including a lack of coverage of all forms of child labor.

‡ The government had other policies that may have addressed child labor issues or had an impact on child labor. (62)

During the reporting period, the resurgence of violence hindered the ability of the government to implement existing policies throughout its territory. (1) Research found no evidence of a policy on other forms of child labor, such as in mining or domestic work. In addition, a draft of a national policy addressing the elimination of child labor has yet to be adopted. (45,46)

In 2021, the government funded and participated in programs that may contribute to eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the inadequacy of programs to address the problem in all sectors.

† Program is partially funded by the Government of the Central African Republic.

The absence of resources and government authority throughout much of the country significantly hindered the government’s ability to address child labor. (1) Coordination with non-government actors to support children used in armed conflict and the scope of programs is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem. (35,68) Due to a lack of funding and persistent insecurity, as much as 25 percent of children released since 2014 have not received reintegration support. (23,69) Research found no evidence that the government has programs to assist children engaged in other worst forms of child labor, such as in mining or commercial sexual exploitation. (1)

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in the Central African Republic (Table 11).

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