In 2020, Guinea-Bissau made minimal advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The National Institute for Women and Children identified and assisted 75 talibé children with medical assistance, shelter, family identification and the registration of birth certificates. In addition, in October 2020, the government reopened schools with provisions aimed at addressing lost school time due to lengthy teacher strikes and the COVID-19 pandemic, including an increase of an additional school day to each week of the school calendar to ensure minimal repercussions to children's education. However, children in Guinea-Bissau are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in forced begging, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Children also engage in child labor in agriculture. Furthermore, the minimum age for work is not in compliance with international standards since the law’s minimum age protections do not apply to children without a work contract. Lastly, law enforcement officials do not receive sufficient training and resources to adequately conduct inspections and prosecute cases of child labor, and social programs do not fully address the extent of the problem in the country.
Children in Guinea-Bissau are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in forced begging, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. (1-3) Children also engage in child labor in agriculture. (2,4-6) According to a national child labor survey, more than 169,200 children ages 5 to 17 work; 85 percent of these children work in agriculture. (5) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Guinea-Bissau. Data on some of these indicators are not available from the sources used in this report.
Children |
Age |
Percent |
---|---|---|
Working (% and population) |
5 to 14 |
57.4 (Unavailable) |
Attending School (%) |
5 to 14 |
68.1 |
Combining Work and School (%) |
7 to 14 |
48.4 |
Primary Completion Rate (%) |
Unavailable |
Primary completion rate was unavailable from UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2021. (7)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization’s analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5 (MICS 5), 2014. (8)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
Sector/Industry |
Activity |
---|---|
Agriculture |
Farming, including the production of cashews (4-6,9) |
Fishing, activities unknown (5,6) |
|
Services |
Domestic work (4-6,10,11) |
Street work, including car washing, shoe shining, and vending (6) |
|
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ |
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (2,3,12) |
Forced labor in domestic work, agriculture, and street work, including begging, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1-3,10,11) |
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
In Guinea-Bissau, organized networks of human traffickers affiliated with Koranic schools force boys to beg within the country and in The Gambia, Guinea, Mali, and Senegal. Although many Koranic school teachers provide religious education as traditionally intended, some force the students, known as talibés, to beg on the streets for money and food. (1,2,11,13) Most talibés originate from the areas of Bafatá and Gabú in the eastern region of the country. (1,2,13,14)
Bissau-Guinean boys are forced to work in street vending domestically; they are also transported by human traffickers to Senegal for forced labor in agriculture, mining, and street vending. Boys from Guinea-Bissau and boys from neighboring countries are forced to beg and harvest cashews domestically. (2,3,9,11,13) Girls are subjected to forced labor in street vending and domestic work in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. Girls are also subjected to commercial sexual exploitation, including in sex tourism, in the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau, on mainland Guinea-Bissau in bars and hotels, and in Senegal. (2,3,10,13)
Barriers to education for children include lack of schools, poor infrastructure, and long distances, particularly in rural areas. (1,6,15) Reports indicate that only one in three children have access to primary education in Guinea-Bissau. (1,11) During the reporting period, most children did not attend school due to strikes by teachers over unpaid salaries, which have been ongoing since 2019. (6,16) The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in further school closings, and public school children's access to virtual classes was limited. (6) However, in October 2020 schools reopened with provisions aimed at addressing the lost school time, including an increase of an additional day to each week of the school calendar to ensure minimal consequences to children's education. (17)
Political instability may have affected the government’s ability to address the worst forms of child labor. (6,18)
Guinea-Bissau has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
Convention |
Ratification |
---|---|
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age |
✓ |
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor |
✓ |
UN CRC |
✓ |
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict |
✓ |
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography |
✓ |
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons |
✓ |
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Guinea-Bissau's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the minimum age for work.
Standard |
Meets International Standards |
Age |
Legislation |
---|---|---|---|
Minimum Age for Work |
No |
14 |
Articles 1, 2, 146 and 186 of the General Labor Law (19) |
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work |
Yes |
18 |
Articles 148 and 186 of the General Labor Law (19) |
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children |
No |
Article 148 of the General Labor Law (19) |
|
Prohibition of Forced Labor |
Yes |
Articles 2, 4, and 15 of the Law to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking; Article 106 of the Penal Code (20,21) |
|
Prohibition of Child Trafficking |
Yes |
Articles 2, 4, and 15 of the Law to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking (21) |
|
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children |
Yes |
Articles 3–5 of the Law to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking; Articles 134 and 136 of the Penal Code (20,21) |
|
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities |
Yes |
Articles 3 and 7 of the Decree on Narcotic Substances (22) |
|
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment |
Yes |
17 |
Article 31 of Law No. 4/99 (23) |
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military |
Yes |
Article 2 of Law No. 4/99 (23) |
|
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups |
No |
||
Compulsory Education Age |
Yes |
15‡ |
Articles 12–13 of the Education System Law (24) |
Free Public Education |
No |
Article 12 (2) of the Education System Law (24) |
‡ Age calculated based on available information (24,25)
The legislature is in the process of adopting amendments to the Code of Child Protection, which were drafted in 2019, to harmonize its human trafficking provisions with international law. (26)
The minimum age for work is not in compliance with international standards because the law’s minimum age protections do not apply to children working without a work contract. Moreover, the government has not determined by national law or regulation the types of hazardous work prohibited for children. (19,25)
The Education System Law states that basic education is compulsory and lasts 9 years; however, it only makes basic education free through grade six, leaving children in grades seven through nine without access to free basic education. (24) In addition, because the minimum age for work is lower than the compulsory education age, children may be encouraged to leave school before the completion of compulsory education. (19,24)
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
Organization/Agency |
Role |
---|---|
Ministry of Labor and Public Administration |
Enforces child labor legislation in collaboration with the Ministries of the Interior and Justice, and the National Institute for Women and Children (IMC). (13) |
Ministry of the Interior's Public Order Police and National Guard |
Combat child labor through the prevention of child trafficking. (13) |
Judicial Police's Women and Children Brigade |
Investigates the worst forms of child labor and refers cases to the IMC and NGOs. Comprising seven officers. (6) |
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2020, labor law enforcement agencies in Guinea-Bissau took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the operations of the Ministry of Labor and Public Administration that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including complaint and referral mechanisms.
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
---|---|---|
Labor Inspectorate Funding |
Unknown |
Unknown (6) |
Number of Labor Inspectors |
28 (13) |
28 (6) |
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties |
Yes (27) |
Yes (28) |
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors |
No (13) |
Yes (26) |
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor |
N/A |
N/A |
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (13) |
Unknown |
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted |
49 (13) |
Unknown |
Number Conducted at Worksite |
49 (13) |
Unknown |
Number of Child Labor Violations Found |
0 (13) |
Unknown |
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed |
N/A |
Unknown |
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected |
N/A |
Unknown |
Routine Inspections Conducted |
No (13) |
No (6) |
Routine Inspections Targeted |
No (13) |
No (6) |
Unannounced Inspections Permitted |
Yes (27) |
Yes (28) |
Unannounced Inspections Conducted |
Yes (13) |
Yes (6) |
Complaint Mechanism Exists |
No (13) |
No (6) |
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services |
No (13) |
No (6) |
Reports indicate that not only is the number of labor inspectors insufficient to target the scope of the problem in the country, but limited resources, such as 1 vehicle shared among 28 inspectors with no budget for fuel, severely hinders the Ministry of Labor and Public Administration's ability to enforce child labor laws. (13) In addition, reports indicate that due to lack of funding, inspectors respond mainly to complaints rather than initiating targeted inspections based on risk-prone sectors and patterns of serious incidents. (26)
In 2020, pre-scheduled trainings for labor inspectors were cancelled due to the pandemic. (26) The government did not provide information related to the number of labor inspections conducted, the number of child labor violations found, or the number of penalties imposed or collected for child labor violations. (6)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2020, criminal law enforcement agencies in Guinea-Bissau took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including allocation of financial resources.
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement |
2019 |
2020 |
---|---|---|
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators |
Yes (29) |
No (6) |
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor |
N/A |
N/A |
Refresher Courses Provided |
Yes (13) |
No (26) |
Number of Investigations |
4 (13) |
8 (26) |
Number of Violations Found |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Number of Prosecutions Initiated |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Number of Convictions |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services |
No (13) |
No (6) |
The government reported 34 cases of human trafficking during the reporting period. (26,30) Of these 34 cases, the Judicial Police reported investigating 8 cases of child trafficking related to talibés and 26 cases of sex trafficking. It is unknown if any of the sex trafficking cases involved children. (26,30) The government did not provide information regarding the number of prosecutions, convictions, or imposed penalties for violations related to the worst forms of child labor during the reporting period. Aside from the 34 human trafficking cases reported, comprehensive data on the number of investigations conducted during 2020 were not provided. (26,30)
In 2020, the government did not provide any specialized anti-trafficking trainings. Moreover, most planned trainings by international organizations were cancelled or postponed due to the pandemic, though some resumed during the latter part of the year, including trainings on communication and assistance to victims and data management that were funded by IOM and UNODC. (26,30)The Judicial Police received some funding and training from the UN and bilateral donors; however, it lacked an operating budget and had very limited resources, hindering criminal law enforcement from investigating cases outside of the capital of Bissau, including in Gabú and Bafatá, where child labor is known to occur. (1,6,9,26)
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that may hinder the adequate coordination of efforts to address child labor, including efficacy in accomplishing mandates.
Coordinating Body |
Role & Description |
---|---|
Inter-Ministerial Commission to Fight Child Labor |
Coordinates the government’s efforts to prevent and eliminate child labor. Established in 2010. (31) Research was unable to determine whether the Inter-Ministerial Commission to Fight Child Labor was active during the reporting period. |
Inter-Ministerial Committee to Prevent and Combat Trafficking in Persons |
Coordinates government efforts to combat human trafficking. Led by the IMC. (31) In 2020, continued coordinating efforts to combat human trafficking, including the formation of sub-committees at the regional level to prevent child trafficking. (6) |
National Institute for Women and Children (IMC) |
Coordinates with NGOs and other partner organizations to rehabilitate and reintegrate child victims of exploitation. (13) In 2020, in collaboration with the Government of Senegal, rescued and repatriated 18 child trafficking victims. Between March 2020 and February 2021, identified and assisted 75 talibés with family identification, medical assistance, shelter, and the registration of birth certificates. Provided shelter services to vulnerable children during the pandemic, and initiated dialogues with Koranic teachers regarding talibé human trafficking victims. (26) |
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including implementation.
Policy |
Description |
---|---|
National Policy for the Protection of Children and Adolescents (2018–2030) |
Guides the government’s policies for combating violence toward children, including child labor. (32) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement this policy during the reporting period. |
National Emergency Plan for the Prevention and Combat of Trafficking in Persons (2020–2021) |
Aims to prevent and reduce human trafficking by strengthening legislation, coordinating actions and initiatives among government agencies, promoting the coordination and collaboration of relevant stakeholders, and improving protective services and assistance to victims. Led by the IMC with the collaboration of national and international NGOs and relevant government entities. (33) The government officially approved the National Emergency Plan for the Prevention and Combat of Trafficking in Persons in July 2020. (26) |
Code of Conduct Against Sexual Exploitation in Tourism |
Seeks to raise awareness of commercial sexual exploitation of children and child trafficking in Guinea-Bissau, particularly in the Bijagós Archipelago. (34) In 2020, the IMC and the Ministry of Tourism continued to implement the Code of Conduct Against Sexual Exploitation in Tourism. (26) |
UN Country Partnership Framework (2016–2020) |
Aimed to assist in promoting free and universal birth registration, and enforcing human trafficking and child labor provisions. (35) Since 2016, helped the IMC reintegrate 132 talibés with their families, and provided access to shelter, schools, and psychological and medical assistance. (36) |
In 2020, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating and preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including the adequacy of programs to address the full scope of the problem.
Program |
Description |
---|---|
Friends of the Child Shelters (Associação dos Amigos da Criança)† |
Donor-funded program, with government support, implemented by a national NGO that provides social services to vulnerable children, including victims of the worst forms of child labor. (37,38) In 2020, assisted 159 child trafficking victims.(6) |
UNICEF Country Program (2016–2020) |
UNICEF-funded program, in collaboration with the government, that aimed to prevent and combat child trafficking through education, social protection mechanisms, and capacity building for law enforcement officials. (39) |
† Program is funded by the Government of Guinea-Bissau.
‡ The government had other social programs that may have included the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor. (40)
Reports suggest that the government has not conducted any national public awareness-raising campaigns on human trafficking, including child trafficking. (26)
Reports indicate that due to funding constraints, services provided by shelters do not meet quality of care standards. (37) In addition, although Guinea-Bissau has programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insufficient to fully address the extent of the problem.
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Guinea-Bissau (Table 11).
Area |
Suggested Action |
Year(s) Suggested |
---|---|---|
Legal Framework |
Ensure the minimum age for work applies to all children, including children without a work contract. |
2015 – 2020 |
Determine by national law or regulation the types of hazardous work prohibited for children, after consultation with employers' and workers' organizations. |
2009 – 2020 |
|
Ensure that the law criminally prohibits the recruitment of children under age 18 by non-state armed groups. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
Ensure that all 9 years of basic education are free. |
2015 – 2020 |
|
Raise the minimum age for work to the age up to which education is compulsory. |
2018 – 2020 |
|
Enforcement |
Ensure that the number of law enforcement officials is sufficient to address the scope of the problem, and that both law and criminal enforcement officials receive adequate training and resources to inspect, investigate, and prosecute cases of child labor throughout the country, including in Bafatá and Gabú, where child labor is known to occur. |
2009 – 2020 |
Strengthen the labor inspectorate by initiating routine inspections and targeting inspections based on the analysis of data related to risk-prone sectors and patterns of serious incidents. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
Establish a mechanism to receive child labor complaints. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
Establish referral mechanisms to ensure that children found during labor inspections and criminal investigations are referred to social services providers. |
2016 – 2020 |
|
Publish labor law enforcement data, including information on labor inspectorate funding, the number of inspections conducted, violations found, and the number of child labor violations for which penalties were imposed and collected. In addition, publish criminal law enforcement data that are disaggregated for crimes against children, including the number of child labor investigations, violations found, prosecutions initiated, convictions secured, and penalties imposed for violations related to the worst forms of child labor. |
2009 – 2020 |
|
Coordination |
Ensure that the Inter-Ministerial Commission to Fight Child Labor is able to carry out its intended mandate. |
2020 |
Government Policies |
Ensure that activities are undertaken to implement the National Policy for the Protection of Children and Adolescents. |
2017 – 2020 |
Social Programs |
Significantly increase efforts to raise national awareness of human trafficking, including child trafficking. |
2018 – 2020 |
Ensure that facilities, including shelters, have adequate resources to assist victims of the worst forms of child labor. |
2015 – 2019 |
|
Expand existing programs to address the scope of the child labor problem. |
2009 – 2019 |
|
Enhance efforts to eliminate barriers and make education accessible for all children by increasing the number of schools, improving school infrastructure, and providing transportation, particularly in rural areas. |
2019 – 2020 |
- Peyton, Nellie. Tradition or trafficking? Guinea-Bissau children suffer in Senegal's Islamic schools. March 5, 2019.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bissau-education-trafficking/tradition-or-trafficking-guinea-bissau-children-suffer-in-senegals-islamic-schools-idUSKCN1QN054 - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2020: Guinea-Bissau. Washington, DC, June 16, 2020.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/guinea-bissau/ - Candé, Amatijane. Mendicidade e exploração sexual marcam tráfico humano na Guiné-Bissau. July 30, 2016.
https://news.un.org/pt/story/2016/07/1558661-mendicidade-e-exploracao-sexual-marcam-trafico-humano-na-guine-bissau - Government of Guinea-Bissau. Plano de Desenvolvimento Agrícola Regional de Quinara. (2017-2021). 2017.
https://docplayer.com.br/81261061-Ministerio-de-agricultura-e-desenvolvimento-rural.html - Institute National De Statistique, ILO-IPEC, UNICEF. RAPPORT FINAL: Enquête nationale sur le travail des enfants en Guinée-Bissau. March 15, 2014. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Dakar. Reporting. February 24, 2021.
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed: March 3, 2021. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/ - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 5 (MICS 5), 2014. Analysis received March 2021. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- Sidibé, Alcene. Campanha de Caju e Fanado Aumentam a Taxa de Abandono Escolar na Região de Bafatá. Radio Jovem. January 13, 2018. Source on file.
- Peyton, Nellie. Underpaid and abused, Guinea-Bissau's domestic workers seek protection. Reuters, February 22, 2019.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bissau-work-women/underpaid-and-abused-guinea-bissaus-domestic-workers-seek-protection-idUSKCN1QB1DQ - ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Guinea-Bissau (ratification: 2008). Published: 2019.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3963425 - Atlantic Federation of African Press Agencies. Tráfico de crianças/Secretário Executivo da AMIC diz que o fenómeno é uma realidade na Guiné-Bissau. July 29, 2020.
http://www.faapa.info/blog/trafico-de-criancassecretario-executivo-da-amic-diz-que-o-fenomeno-e-uma-realidade-na-guine-bissau/ - U.S. Embassy- Dakar. Reporting. March 4, 2020.
- Somos. Mais de 70 crianças guineenses resgatadas da mendicidade no Senegal. September 5, 2019.
http://somosportugues.com/70-criancas-guineenses-resgatadas-da-mendicidade-no-senegal/ - DW. Guiné-Bissau: "Não há escola, não há justiça, não há saúde,não há nada." October 12, 2019.
https://www.dw.com/pt-002/guiné-bissau-não-há-escola-não-há-justiça-não-há-saúde-não-há-nada/a-51608707 - U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2019: Guinea-Bissau. Washington, DC, March 11, 2020.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/guinea-bissau/ - Agência Lusa. Covid-19. Escolas reabrem na Guiné-Bissau com fortes medidas de prevenção. October 5, 2020.
https://www.lusa.pt/article/QMQs9VOi0Tb01swXCnKOJjMSZM5iuSI1/covid-19-escolas-reabrem-na-guiné-bissau-com-fortes-medidas-de-prevenção - U.S. Embassy- Dakar. Reporting. March 25, 2020.
- Government of Guinea-Bissau. Lei Geral do Trabalho, Lei n.° 2/86. Enacted: April 25, 1986.
http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation Per Country/guinea bissau/guineabissau_labour_1986_pr.pdf - Government of Guinea-Bissau. Código Penal, Lei n.° 4/93. Enacted: October 13, 1993. Source on file.
- Government of Guinea-Bissau. Lei da prevenção e combate ao tráfico de pessoas, em particular mulheres e crianças, Lei n.° 12. Enacted: July 6, 2011.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/95018/111703/F216767232/GNB95018.pdf - Government of Guinea-Bissau. Legislação Relativa a Estupefacientes, Decreto-Lei n.° 2-B/93. Enacted: October 28, 1993. Source on file.
- Government of Guinea-Bissau. Lei do Serviço Militar Obrigatório, Lei n.° 4/99. Enacted: September 7, 1999. Source on file.
- Government of Guinea-Bissau. Lei de Bases do Sistema Educativo. Enacted: 2011. Source on file.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Guinea-Bissau (ratification: 2009). Published: 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3963299:NO - U.S. Embassy- Dakar. Reporting. March 11, 2021.
- ILO. Estudo sobre a aplicação das Convenções n.° 138 e n.° 182 da OIT e suas recomendações na legislação nacional dos países da CPLP. December 2012.
https://www.cplp.org/Files/Billeder/MIC_CTI/PALOP_Studies_Guinea_Bissau_PT_Web.pdf - Government of Guinea-Bissau. Decreto n.º 24-A/90 – Aprova o Regulamento da Inspecção-Geral de Trabalho e da Segurança Social, anexo ao presente Decreto, do qual faz parte integrante. August 1, 1990. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy Dakar official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. May 6, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy Dakar official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 10, 2021.
- U.S. Embassy- Dakar. Reporting. February 14, 2019.
- Government of Guinea-Bissau. Política Nacional de Proteção Integral da Criança e do Adolescentena Guiné-Bissau (PNPIC/GB) 2018 – 2030. January 2018. Source on file.
- Government of Guinea-Bissau. Plano Nacional de Emergência de Prevenção e Combate ao Tráfico de Seres Humanos. February 2020. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Dakar. Reporting. February 6, 2017.
- UN Development Group. Cadre de Partenariat Entre la Guinée-Bissau et les Nationes Unies, 2016 - 2020. Bissau, ONU na Guiné-Bissau. April 2016. Source on file.
- Bushayija, Gaston M. and Ucaim Gomes. Mid-Term Review Partnership Framework Between Guinea-Bissau And The United Nations. UN Partnership Framework, October 2018. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Dakar. Reporting. March 21, 2019.
- Associação dos Amigos da Criança. Associação dos Amigos da Criança. Página inicial. Accessed: November 28, 2016.
http://amic-gb.blogspot.com/ - UNICEF. Annual Report 2016 Guinea Bissau. 2016.
https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Guinea_Bissau_2016_COAR.pdf - World Food Programme. Guinea-Bissau Country Strategic Plan (2019–2024). June 10–14, 2019.
https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000104701/download/?_ga=2.152476409.1132749660.1583520148-844739849.1583520148