a-7618 (ACC-AFG-7618)

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Die New York Times (NYT) schreibt in einem Bericht vom Jänner 2010, dass über eine Million Hazara in Kabul leben würden. Diese würden nun mehr als ein Viertel der Stadtbevölkerung darstellen (NYT, 3. Jänner 2010).
 
Das US Department of State (USDOS) schreibt im Länderbericht zur Menschenrechtslage vom April 2011, dass die langjährigen Streitigkeiten zwischen Kuchi-Nomaden und Hazara im Berichtsjahr 2010 eskaliert seien. Unter anderem wird erwähnt, dass am 14. und 15. August 2010 in West-Kabul Kämpfe zwischen Hazara und Kuchi ausgebrochen seien, bei denen es um Landstreitigkeiten gegangen sei. Dabei seien mehrere Personen zu Tode gekommen. Laut dem Fernsehsender Tolo TV hätten sich die Unruhen anschließend auf die Kabuler Stadtteile Kota-e Sangi, Dasht-e Barchi, Pol-e Sorkh und Qala-e Shada ausgebreitet. Nach Angaben des Senders Shamshad TV hätten Hazara im Stadtteil Qala-e Qazi Nomaden angegriffen und mindestens zehn Personen getötet und über 50 weitere (darunter 24 Polizisten) verletzt. Das USDOS hält fest, dass Hazara und andere SchiitInnen in bestimmten Gebieten Afghanistans weiterhin von Diskriminierung in Form von Gelderpressung, Zwangsrekrutierung, Zwangsarbeit, körperlicher Misshandlung und Inhaftierung betroffen seien:
„Long-standing disputes between the Kuchis (nomads) and Hazaras escalated during the year. In April tensions with Kuchis flared in Baraki Barak, Logar Province. Villagers claimed that the Kuchis allowed their animals to graze too close to the settled areas. At least one person was killed in the fighting. On April 8 in Wardak Province, senior government officials negotiated a settlement of a 30-year-old land dispute between the Hazaras and the Kuchis, but on May 19, Hazaras and Kuchis fought over land disputes. On August 14 and 15, fighting broke out over land disputes between Hazaras and Kuchis in western Kabul, and several persons were killed. Tolo TV reported that following the clash, unrest spread to the Kota-e Sangi, Dasht-e Barchi, Pol-e Sorkh, and Qala-e Shada areas of the capital. Shamshad TV reported that Hazaras attacked nomads in the Qala-e Qazi area of Kabul city, killing at least 10 persons, injuring more than 50 (including 24 police officers), and destroying hundreds of houses.
Discrimination against Hazaras and other Shias continued in certain areas, in the form of extortion of money through illegal taxation, forced recruitment and forced labor, physical abuse, and detention.“ (USDOS, 8. April 2011, Sec. 6).
Die Nachrichtenagentur Agence France-Presse (AFP) berichtet am 13. August 2010, dass bei ethnischen Ausschreitungen in Kabul mindestens zwei Menschen getötet worden seien. Nach Angaben von Behörden seien die Unruhen ausgebrochen, als Angehörige der Hazara am südwestlichen Stadtrand Lehmziegelhäuser von paschtunischen Nomaden, die sich auf einem Hügel oberhalb von Hazara-Siedlungen befunden hätten, in Brand gesteckt hätten.
Es sei zu Zusammenstößen mit der Polizei gekommen, dabei seien laut Angaben eines Regierungsbeamten zwei jugendliche Hazara durch Schüsse der Polizei getötet worden. Hunderte paschtunische Nomaden seien aus ihren zerstörten Häusern geflohen. Nach Angaben eines Hazara-Ältesten, dem zufolge das betreffende Land Eigentum der Hazara sei, hätten Paschtunen auf sie geschossen:
„At least two people were killed in ethnic clashes that broke out in Kabul on Friday when Hazara villagers allegedly burnt down the hilltop homes of Pashtun nomads, an official and witnesses said. The violence started when Hazara men allegedly burnt mud houses built on a hilltop above Hazara villages on the southwestern edge of the Afghan capital, according to officials. Police fired bullets into the air and used batons to try and disperse the crowd, but hundreds of youths marched through Hazara-dominated villages towards the city, witnesses and an official said. At around sunset the crowd clashed with police, throwing rocks at hundreds of members of the security forces blocking the way to the city centre, a senior government official told AFP on condition of anonymity. Two Hazara youths were killed by police fire in the clashes, the official said. A senior Kabul police officer refused to comment. An AFP photographer saw two bodies: one with bullet wounds at a mosque and the second in a nearby hospital. The rioters smashed windows of shops and homes on their march towards the city, the photographer witnessed. Crying women and children were among hundreds of Pashtun nomads who abandoned their mud-brick homes, which an AFP reporter saw burning, surrounded by police and army personnel. At least three wounded people were taken towards the city in police vehicles, an AFP reporter witnessed. ‚The Pashtuns fired at us as we arrived there,‘ Ghulam Sakhi, a Hazara elder, told AFP earlier in the day. ‚We deserve the land. We own it, why should the Pashtuns have it?‘ he said. But Pashtun elder Mohammad Omar said the Hazara had ‚forced us out of our homes‘ and burnt them down.
Pashtun nomads, estimated to number 2.4 million people, move around Afghanistan in search of pastures for their camels, sheep and donkeys. They come mainly from tribes that dominate southern and eastern Afghanistan and sometimes clash with other ethnic groups as they travel. There has been no significant ethnic unrest in Kabul since the civil war of the 1990s, but there were heavy clashes earlier this year between resident Hazaras and Pashtun nomads over pastures in Afghanistan's central highlands.“ (AFP, 13. August 2010)
Voice of America (VOA) berichtet am 13. August 2010, dass bei Zusammenstößen zwischen rivalisierenden Hazara und paschtunischen Nomaden in Kabul eine Person getötet und mehrere weitere verletzt worden seien. Die Kämpfe seien im Kabuler Stadtteil Kotasangi aufgrund eines Konflikts um Land ausgebrochen. Hazara hätten mehrere Lehmhäuser von Paschtunen zerstört, dann hätten Polizei und Armee eingegriffen. Nach den Zusammenstößen habe es eine Demonstration einer Gruppe von Hazara gegeben, bei der diese den Sicherheitskräften vorgeworfen hätten, auf sie geschossen zu haben:
„Afghan officials say clashes between rival ethnic groups have broken out in the capital, leaving one dead and several injured. Witnesses said the fighting erupted Friday in the Kotasangi area of Kabul when a group of Hazara villagers confronted Pashtun nomads in a dispute over land. The Hazaras destroyed several mud homes inhabited by the Pashtuns before Afghan police and army troops arrived at the scene to intervene. A group of Hazara villagers staged a protest after the clashes and accused security forces of firing on them.” (VOA, 13. August 2010)
Der afghanische Privatsender Tolo News berichtet im August 2010, dass sich die Sicherheitslage in Kabul wegen Spannungen zwischen Nomaden und Hazara zwei Tage lang verschlechtert habe. Bei den Zusammenstößen zwischen diesen Gruppen, auf die gewaltsame Demonstrationen in westlichen Teilen Kabuls gefolgt seien, seien drei Personen getötet und etwa 50 weitere verletzt worden. Die meisten Demonstranten seien Hazara gewesen. Auslöser für die Ausschreitungen, bei denen Personen auf beiden Seiten zu Tode gekommen seien, sei ein Streit um Landeigentum im Kabuler Stadtteil Daru-l-Aman gewesen. Beide Seiten hätten einander den Gebrauch von Waffen vorgeworfen. Nach den Unruhen hätten einige Vertreter der Kuchi- und Hazara im Parlament die Landmafia und bestimmte Regierungsbehörden für diese Spannungen verantwortlich gemacht:
„Tensions between nomads and the Hazara ethnic group deteriorated security in the Afghan capital Kabul for two days. On Friday's clashes between nomads and the Hazara ethnic group, followed by violent demonstrations, 3 people were killed and about 50 others were wounded
Later, the land mafia and some high-ranking government officials also interfered in the issue. The Afghan government reported that it had identified the master-minders of the incident, but no step has been taken in connection to the incident so far.
The Start of the Clashes
The clashes between the two sides apparently erupted over land ownership in Daru-l-Aman area of Kabul, the Afghan capital, in which people from both sides were killed. Both sides blamed each other for using weapons.
Demonstrations and the Looting of Food Stores
Following the eruption of these clashes, some residents in western parts of Kabul conducted violent demonstrations on Friday. The demonstrators also looted shops, set fire to some police checkpoints and also attacked a hospital. Majority of the protesters were from the Hazara ethnic group.
Who were the protesters and why did the clashes erupt between the nomads and the Hazaras? Some Kuchi and Hazara representatives in the parliament blame the land mafia and some government authorities for causing these tensions.
The Afghan government sent a delegation comprised of representatives from Kuchis, Hazaras and the government itself after the incident to investigate the issue. Previously, there were also commissions formed to solve tensions between nomads and Hazaras, but the commissions were not effective.“ (Tolo News, 27. August 2010)
Die Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) erwähnt in einem im Februar 2011 veröffentlichten Bericht zu den Parlamentswahlen des Jahres 2010, es habe im Gebiet Kabul einige Beschwerden darüber gegeben, dass bestimmte ethnische Gruppen, insbesondere die Hazara-Gemeinde, vom Wählen abgehalten worden sei:
„Voting in 2010
In Kabul, especially among the younger generation, there was considerable enthusiasm for the process of elections despite an evident dissatisfaction with the electoral bodies. Most complaints about the election in the Kabul area ostensibly concerned technical problems, such as the running out of ballot papers before polling had ended. According to some, this was not merely a technical shortcoming but also a political ploy to prevent certain ethnic groups—especially the Hazara community—from voting. In more rural districts in Kabul Province, complaints tended to centre on the role of candidates and other local leaders in coercing voters on election day and manipulating the counting process through political connections in the IEC. Here, votes were not considered manipulated along ethnic lines but were perceived as being divided among local commanders and elders with political connections to candidates and other national-level political figures in Kabul.“ (AREU, Februar 2011, S. 4)
In einem Artikel vom Juni 2010 berichtet die New York Times über einen Hinterhalt durch Taliban in einem Gebiet in der Provinz Uruzgan, das weitgehend von diesen kontrolliert werde. Dabei seien mindestens neun Hazara getötet worden. Laut Angaben der Polizei seien diese Hazara von den Taliban als Spione für die Nato- und Spezialeinsatztruppen in diesem Gebiet angesehen worden (NYT, 25. Juni 2010).  
Quellen:(Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 1. Juni 2011)
·      AFP – Agence France-Presse: Deadly ethnic clashes erupt in Afghan capital, 13. August 2010 (veröffentlicht auf Google.com)
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gDqSaDDuajyakzHwtrp1fAMdhnYQ
·      AREU - Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit: Undermining Representative Governance; Afghanistan’s 2010 Parliamentary Election and Its Alienating Impact, Februar 2011
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1300105779_undermining-representative-governance-bp-2011-web.pdf
·      NYT - New York Times: Hazaras Hustle to Head of Class in Afghanistan, 3. Jänner 2010
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/04/world/asia/04hazaras.html
·      NYT - New York Times: Taliban Kill 9 Members of Minority in Ambush, 25. Juni 2010
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/26/world/asia/26kabul.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
·      Tolo News: Why Tensions Erupted Between Nomads (Kuchis) and the Hazara Ethnic Group in Kabul?, 27. August 2010
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:GvYjp9ZnAy0J:www.tolonews.com/en/6:30-report/379-why-tensions-erupted-between-nomads-kuchis-and-the-hazara-ethnic-group-in-kabul +%22Tensions+between+nomads+and+the+Hazara+ethnic+group+deteriorated+security&cd=1&hl=de&ct=clnk&gl=de&source=www.google.de
·      USDOS - US Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2010 - Afghanistan, 8. April 2011
https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/158210/275144_de.html
·      VOA - Voice of America: Ethnic Clashes Erupt in Afghan Capital; 1 Killed, 13. August 2010
http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/Ethnic-Clashes-Erupt-in-Afghan-Capital-1-Killed--100639034.html